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Marafante M, Bertinetti S, Carena L, Fabbri D, Malandrino M, Vione D, Berto S. Chemical characterization and speciation of the soluble fraction of Arctic PM 10. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05131-0. [PMID: 38227013 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The chemical composition of the soluble fraction of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) and how these components can combine with each other to form different species affect the chemistry of the aqueous phase dispersed in the atmosphere: raindrops, clouds, fog, and ice particles. The study was focused on the analysis of the soluble fraction of Arctic PM10 samples collected at Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard Islands, Norwegian Arctic) during the year 2012. The concentration values of Na+, K+, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe3+, Al3+, Cl-, NO2-, NO3-, SO42-, PO43-, formate, acetate, malonate, and oxalate in the water-soluble fraction of PM10 were determined by atomic spectroscopy and ion chromatography. Speciation models were applied to define the major species that would occur in aqueous solution as a function of pH (2-10). The model highlights that (i) the main cations such as Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ occur in the form of aquoions in the whole investigated pH range; (ii) Cu2+, Zn2+, and, in particular, Fe3+ and Al3+ are mostly present in their hydrolytic forms; and (iii) Al3+, Fe3+, and Cu2+ form solid hydrolytic species that precipitate at pH values slightly higher than neutrality. These latter metals show interesting interactions with oxalate and sulfate ions, too. The speciation models were also calculated considering the seasonal variability of the concentration of the components and at higher concentration levels than those found in water PM extracts, to better simulate concentrations actually found in the atmospheric aqueous phase. The results highlight the role of oxalate as the main organic ligand in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Marafante
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Bertinetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Luca Carena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Debora Fabbri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Mery Malandrino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Davide Vione
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Berto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
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Pietrodangelo A, Bove MC, Forello AC, Crova F, Bigi A, Brattich E, Riccio A, Becagli S, Bertinetti S, Calzolai G, Canepari S, Cappelletti D, Catrambone M, Cesari D, Colombi C, Contini D, Cuccia E, De Gennaro G, Genga A, Ielpo P, Lucarelli F, Malandrino M, Masiol M, Massabò D, Perrino C, Prati P, Siciliano T, Tositti L, Venturini E, Vecchi R. A PM10 chemically characterized nation-wide dataset for Italy. Geographical influence on urban air pollution and source apportionment. Sci Total Environ 2024; 908:167891. [PMID: 37852492 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Urban textures of the Italian cities are peculiarly shaped by the local geography generating similarities among cities placed in different regions but comparable topographical districts. This suggested the following scientific question: can different topographies generate significant differences on the PM10 chemical composition at Italian urban sites that share similar geography despite being in different regions? To investigate whether such communalities can be found and are applicable at Country-scale, we propose here a novel methodological approach. A dataset comprising season-averages of PM10 mass concentration and chemical composition data was built, covering the decade 2005-2016 and referring to urban sites only (21 cities). Statistical analyses, estimation of missing data, identification of latent clusters and source apportionment modeling by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) were performed on this unique dataset. The first original result is the demonstration that a dataset with atypical time resolution can be successfully exploited as an input matrix for PMF obtaining Country-scale representative chemical profiles, whose physical consistency has been assessed by different tests of modeling performance. Secondly, this dataset can be considered a reference repository of season averages of chemical species over the Italian territory and the chemical profiles obtained by PMF for urban Italian agglomerations could contribute to emission repositories. These findings indicate that our approach is powerful, and it could be further employed with datasets typically available in the air pollution monitoring networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Pietrodangelo
- C.N.R. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Monterotondo St., Rome 00015, Italy.
| | - Maria Chiara Bove
- Ligurian Regional Agency for Environmental Protection (ARPAL), Genoa 16149, Italy
| | | | - Federica Crova
- Department of Physics, University of Milan and INFN-Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bigi
- Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Erika Brattich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "Augusto Righi", University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Angelo Riccio
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples 80143, Italy
| | - Silvia Becagli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Calzolai
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Silvia Canepari
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - David Cappelletti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Cesari
- C.N.R. Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Cristina Colombi
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection of Lombardy (ARPA Lombardia), Milan 20124, Italy
| | - Daniele Contini
- C.N.R. Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cuccia
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection of Lombardy (ARPA Lombardia), Milan 20124, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Genga
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies DISTeBA, University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Pierina Ielpo
- C.N.R. Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Franco Lucarelli
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Florence and INFN-Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, 50019, Italy
| | - Mery Malandrino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Mauro Masiol
- Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari, 30172 Mestre-Venezia, Italy
| | - Dario Massabò
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa and INFN-Genoa, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Cinzia Perrino
- C.N.R. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Monterotondo St., Rome 00015, Italy
| | - Paolo Prati
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa and INFN-Genoa, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Siciliano
- Department of Mathematics and Physics "Ennio De Giorgi", University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Laura Tositti
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Elisa Venturini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Roberta Vecchi
- Department of Physics, University of Milan and INFN-Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Inaudi P, Abollino O, Argenziano M, Malandrino M, Guiot C, Bertinetti S, Favilli L, Giacomino A. Advancements in Portable Voltammetry: A Promising Approach for Iron Speciation Analysis. Molecules 2023; 28:7404. [PMID: 37959823 PMCID: PMC10650053 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron, a crucial element in our environment, plays a vital role in numerous natural processes. Understanding the presence and concentration of iron in the environment is very important as it impacts various aspects of our planet's health. The on-site detection and speciation of iron are significant for several reasons. In this context, the present work aims to evaluate the applicability of voltammetry for the on-site determination of iron and its possible speciation using a portable voltammetric analyzer. Voltammetry offers the advantage of convenience and cost-effectiveness. For iron (III) determination, the modification of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with an antimony-bismuth film (SbBiFE) using the acetate buffer (pH = 4) as a supporting electrolyte was used. The technique adopted was Square Wave Adsoptive Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry (SW-AdCSV), and we used 1-(2-piridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) as the iron (III) ligand. Linearity, repeatability, detection limit, and accuracy were determined using synthetic solutions; then, a Standard Reference Material (SRM) of 1643f Trace Elements in Water (iron content: 93.44 ± 0.78 µg L-1) was used for validation measurements in the real matrix. the accuracy of this technique was found to be excellent since we obtained a recovery of 103.16%. The procedure was finally applied to real samples (tap, lake, and seawater), and the results obtained were compared via Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The amount of iron found was 207.8 ± 6.6 µg L-1 for tap water using voltammetry and 200.9 ± 1.5 µg L-1 with ICP-OES. For lake water, 171.7 ± 3.8 µg L-1, 169.8 ± 4.1 µg L-1, and 187.5 ± 5.7 µg L-1 were found using voltammetry in the lab both on-site and using ICP-OES, respectively. The results obtained demonstrate the excellent applicability of the proposed on-site voltammetric procedure for the determination of iron and its speciation in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Inaudi
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (O.A.); (M.A.); (L.F.); (A.G.)
| | - Ornella Abollino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (O.A.); (M.A.); (L.F.); (A.G.)
| | - Monica Argenziano
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (O.A.); (M.A.); (L.F.); (A.G.)
| | - Mery Malandrino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (M.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Caterina Guiot
- Department of Neurosciences “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy;
| | - Stefano Bertinetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (M.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Laura Favilli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (O.A.); (M.A.); (L.F.); (A.G.)
| | - Agnese Giacomino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (O.A.); (M.A.); (L.F.); (A.G.)
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Gaggero E, López-Muñoz MJ, Paganini MC, Arencibia A, Bertinetti S, Fernández de Paz N, Calza P. Mercury and Organic Pollutants Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Heterogeneous Photocatalysis with ZnO-Based Materials. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062650. [PMID: 36985622 PMCID: PMC10051193 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The removal of four Contaminants of Emerging Concern, namely bisphenol A, sulfamethoxazole, diclofenac and benzotriazole; two odorous compounds, geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol, frequently detected in recirculating aquaculture systems; and Hg(II) was investigated using ZnO-based materials doped or co-doped with Ce and Cu under simulated solar radiation. Photocatalysts were synthetized via a hydrothermal route and their efficiency was assessed by changing some operational parameters in different water matrices of increasing complexity. The mixture of contaminants was successfully degraded in just 1 h, while the complete mineralization was achieved in a few hours; experiments performed in an actual aquaculture water confirmed the efficiency and broad versatility of the synthesized materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Gaggero
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.G.); (P.C.)
| | - María José López-Muñoz
- Departamento de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Amaya Arencibia
- Departamento de Tecnología Química, Energética y Mecánica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefano Bertinetti
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Paola Calza
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.G.); (P.C.)
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Giacomino A, Inaudi P, Silletta G, Diana A, Bertinetti S, Gaggero E, Malandrino M, Stilo F, Abollino O. Analytical Methods for the Characterization of Vegetable Oils. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010153. [PMID: 36615346 PMCID: PMC9822416 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The determination of the authenticity of extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs) has become more interesting in recent years. Italy is the first country in Europe in terms of number of Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) oils, which connects consumers to a feeling of tradition and thus to higher quality standards. This work focused on the consideration of the inorganic content as a possible marker of EVOOs. Ten vegetable oils (VOs), eight Italian EVOOs and seven not Italian EVOOs were analyzed. After pretreatment by acid mineralization, Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Sb, Se and Zn were determined by ICP-OES. The electrochemical properties of a selected group of EVOOs and other vegetal oils of different botanical origin were investigated by voltammetry. Carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) were prepared. The features observed in the voltammograms reflect the reactions of electroactive compounds, which are present in the oils. A chemometric treatment of the results was performed to assess the possibility to distinguish (i) the region of provenience considering the inorganic profile; and (ii) the plant species from which each oil was obtained on the basis of the current profile registered during voltammetric analysis. Inorganic composition seems to be a useful marker for the assessment of the geographical origin of an EVOO. The EVOO-CPEs voltammetry seems to have a good ability to distinguish the plant species of origin. This method could be useful to monitor the conservation status of the oils, as the redox profile is linked to the oxidative degradation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Giacomino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Inaudi
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Gessica Silletta
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Aleandro Diana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Gaggero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Mery Malandrino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Federico Stilo
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Ornella Abollino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Bertinetti S, Ardini F, Vecchio MA, Caiazzo L, Grotti M. Isotopic analysis of snow from Dome C indicates changes in the source of atmospheric lead over the last fifty years in East Antarctica. Chemosphere 2020; 255:126858. [PMID: 32387726 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) concentration and Pb isotope ratios have been determined in 109 snow pit samples collected at Dome C, on the East Antarctic Plateau, corresponding to the period 1971-2017. The Pb concentration was 8.2 ± 1.0 pg g-1 (mean ± 95%-confidence interval), with a decreasing trend from the early 1990s (the median Pb concentration halved from 9.0 pg g-1 in 1970-1980 to 4.4 pg g-1 in 2010-2017). The 206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/207Pb ratios were 2.419 ± 0.003 and 1.158 ± 0.003 (mean and 95%-confidence interval), respectively. The temporal variations of Pb isotopic composition from 1970 to mid-1990s reflect the changes in the consumption of Pb-enriched gasoline in the Southern Hemisphere, whereas the subsequent increase of the Pb isotope ratios is ascribed to a shift toward the natural isotopic signature. Accordingly, the anthropogenic Pb contribution decreased from (61 ± 3)% in 1980-1990 to (49 ± 10)% in 2010-2017. The measured ratios suggest that Australia has been a significant source of anthropogenic Pb to Antarctica, even in recent times. Differences and similarities among Pb content and isotopic composition in various sites across Antarctica have been displayed by principal component analysis, indicating that the altitude and the distance from the coast significantly affect the Pb content, while the Pb isotopic signatures are not influenced by these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bertinetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francisco Ardini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Alessia Vecchio
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Caiazzo
- Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; INFN-Florence, Via Sansone 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marco Grotti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy.
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Minella M, Bertinetti S, Hanna K, Minero C, Vione D. Degradation of ibuprofen and phenol with a Fenton-like process triggered by zero-valent iron (ZVI-Fenton). Environ Res 2019; 179:108750. [PMID: 31563032 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
It is shown here that ZVI-Fenton is a suitable technique to achieve effective degradation of ibuprofen and phenol under several operational conditions. Degradation of ibuprofen was possible in the pH interval 3-6 in both synthetic laboratory systems and actual wastewater (secondary treatment effluent), but operation at the higher pH values required higher H2O2 concentration and/or higher ZVI loading. In the case of real wastewater we offset the lower degradation efficiency, caused by the occurrence of organic and inorganic interfering agents, by carrying out multiple H2O2 additions. The studied wastewater sample had a buffer-capacity minimum at pH 4-5, and optimal treatment for ibuprofen degradation might take place at either pH 4 or 6. With a reagents cost in the order of 0.06-0.10 $ m-3, the technique appears as very competitive and promising for tertiary wastewater treatment. There is a clear trade-off between savings in pH-fixing reagents and higher consumption of ZVI-Fenton reagents at the different pH values. The final choice in real application scenarios could be based on cost considerations (which favour pH 4) and/or the eventual fate of wastewater. For instance, wastewater reuse might place requirements on the salinity that is increased by the acidification/neutralization steps: in this case, operation at pH 6 is preferred. Interestingly, the ZVI-Fenton degradation of ibuprofen led to very low generation of toxic 4-isobutylacetophenone (IBAP, which is the ibuprofen by-product raising the highest concern), because of the combination of low formation yields and limited IBAP stability in the optimal reaction conditions. In addition to ibuprofen, phenol could be degraded as well by ZVI-Fenton. Interestingly, the ability of ZVI-Fenton to degrade both ibuprofen and phenol under similar conditions might open up the way to apply this technique to additional pollutants as well as to pollutant mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Minella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Bertinetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Khalil Hanna
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR, UMR6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Claudio Minero
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Vione
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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Minella M, De Bellis N, Gallo A, Giagnorio M, Minero C, Bertinetti S, Sethi R, Tiraferri A, Vione D. Coupling of Nanofiltration and Thermal Fenton Reaction for the Abatement of Carbamazepine in Wastewater. ACS Omega 2018; 3:9407-9418. [PMID: 31459074 PMCID: PMC6644666 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The complete removal of biorecalcitrant xenobiotics, including most notably the pharmaceutical pollutants, by advanced oxidation processes is often difficult to be reached in urban or industrial wastewater because of the high concentration of organic and inorganic scavengers that compete with the xenobiotics for the oxidizing species. This work investigates a coupled treatment train in which wastewater effluents are pretreated with a negatively charged loose nanofiltration (NF) membrane (HydraCoRe70, made up of sulfonated polyethersulfone) to enhance the removal of xenobiotics with the thermal Fenton process. Carbamazepine (CBZ), a drug prescribed mainly for epilepsy treatment, is used here as a model xenobiotic. After optimizing the conditions for separation and degradation, the NF-Fenton approach was applied to both synthetic wastewater and real samples to assess the overall efficiency of CBZ removal. The Fenton degradation of CBZ was drastically enhanced in nanofiltered samples, thanks to the removal by the membrane of nearly all organic matter that would otherwise consume the reactive oxidizing species (e.g., the hydroxyl radical). On the basis of a preliminary treatment cost analysis, it can be concluded that the combined process is potentially applicable to the treatment of several kinds of wastewaters (e.g., industrial ones) to favor the removal of biorecalcitrant contaminants. Key cost savings of NF-Fenton concern the lower amounts of Fenton reagents needed to degrade CBZ and (even more importantly) the decreased levels of acids and bases for pH adjustment before and after the oxidative process because of the lower buffer capacity of the NF permeate compared to feed wastewater, after the removal by the NF of many inorganic ions and most organic carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Minella
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 5, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Nicola De Bellis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 5, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Andrea Gallo
- Department
of Environment Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino I-10129, Italy
| | - Mattia Giagnorio
- Department
of Environment Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino I-10129, Italy
| | - Claudio Minero
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 5, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Stefano Bertinetti
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 5, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Rajandrea Sethi
- Department
of Environment Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino I-10129, Italy
| | - Alberto Tiraferri
- Department
of Environment Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino I-10129, Italy
- E-mail: . Fax: +39-011-0907628. (A.T.)
| | - Davide Vione
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 5, Torino 10125, Italy
- University
of Torino, NatRisk Inter-Department Centre, Largo P. Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy
- E-mail: . Fax: +39-011-6705242. Web: http://www.environmentalchemistry.unito.it (D.V.)
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