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Waller SJ, Egan E, Crow S, Charsley A, Lokman PM, Williams EK, Holmes EC, Geoghegan JL. Host and geography impact virus diversity in New Zealand's longfin and shortfin eels. Arch Virol 2024; 169:85. [PMID: 38546898 PMCID: PMC10978610 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The fishing and aquaculture industry is vital for global food security, yet viral diseases can result in mass fish die-off events. Determining the viromes of traditionally understudied species, such as fish, enhances our understanding of the global virosphere and the factors that influence virome composition and disease emergence. Very little is known about the viruses present in New Zealand's native fish species, including the shortfin eel (Anguilla australis) and the longfin eel (Anguilla dieffenbachii), both of which are fished culturally by Māori (the indigenous population of New Zealand) and commercially. Through a total RNA metatranscriptomic analysis of longfin and shortfin eels across three different geographic locations in the South Island of New Zealand, we aimed to determine whether viruses had jumped between the two eel species and whether eel virome composition was impacted by life stage, species, and geographic location. We identified nine viral species spanning eight different families, thereby enhancing our understanding of eel virus diversity in New Zealand and the host range of these viral families. Viruses of the family Flaviviridae (genus Hepacivirus) were widespread and found in both longfin and shortfin eels, indicative of cross-species transmission or virus-host co-divergence. Notably, both host specificity and geographic location appeared to influence eel virome composition, highlighting the complex interaction between viruses, hosts, and their ecosystems. This study broadens our understanding of viromes in aquatic hosts and highlights the importance of gaining baseline knowledge of fish viral abundance and diversity, particularly in aquatic species that are facing population declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Waller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Eimear Egan
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Shannan Crow
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Anthony Charsley
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - P Mark Lokman
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Erica K Williams
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Jemma L Geoghegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand.
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington, New Zealand.
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Waller SJ, Tortosa P, Thurley T, O’Donnell CFJ, Jackson R, Dennis G, Grimwood RM, Holmes EC, McInnes K, Geoghegan JL. Virome analysis of New Zealand's bats reveals cross-species viral transmission among the Coronaviridae. Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae008. [PMID: 38379777 PMCID: PMC10878368 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The lesser short-tailed bat (Mystacina tuberculata) and the long-tailed bat (Chalinolobus tuberculatus) are Aotearoa New Zealand's only native extant terrestrial mammals and are believed to have migrated from Australia. Long-tailed bats arrived in New Zealand an estimated two million years ago and are closely related to other Australian bat species. Lesser short-tailed bats, in contrast, are the only extant species within the Mystacinidae and are estimated to have been living in isolation in New Zealand for the past 16-18 million years. Throughout this period of isolation, lesser short-tailed bats have become one of the most terrestrial bats in the world. Through a metatranscriptomic analysis of guano samples from eight locations across New Zealand, we aimed to characterise the viromes of New Zealand's bats and determine whether viruses have jumped between these species over the past two million years. High viral richness was observed among long-tailed bats with viruses spanning seven different viral families. In contrast, no bat-specific viruses were identified in lesser short-tailed bats. Both bat species harboured an abundance of likely dietary- and environment-associated viruses. We also identified alphacoronaviruses in long-tailed bat guano that had previously been identified in lesser short-tailed bats, suggesting that these viruses had jumped the species barrier after long-tailed bats migrated to New Zealand. Of note, an alphacoronavirus species discovered here possessed a complete genome of only 22,416 nucleotides with entire deletions or truncations of several non-structural proteins, thereby representing what may be the shortest genome within the Coronaviridae identified to date. Overall, this study has revealed a diverse range of novel viruses harboured by New Zealand's only native terrestrial mammals, in turn expanding our understanding of bat viral dynamics and evolution globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Waller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, 720 Cumberland Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Pablo Tortosa
- UMR PIMIT Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Université de La Réunion, CNRS 9192, INSERM 1187, IRD 249, Plateforme de recherche CYROI, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, Ste Clotilde 97490, France
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Tertia Thurley
- Department of Conservation, New Zealand Government, P.O. Box 10420, Wellington 6143, New Zealand
| | - Colin F J O’Donnell
- Department of Conservation, New Zealand Government, P.O. Box 10420, Wellington 6143, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca Jackson
- Department of Conservation, New Zealand Government, P.O. Box 10420, Wellington 6143, New Zealand
| | - Gillian Dennis
- Department of Conservation, New Zealand Government, P.O. Box 10420, Wellington 6143, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca M Grimwood
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, 720 Cumberland Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | | | - Kate McInnes
- Department of Conservation, New Zealand Government, P.O. Box 10420, Wellington 6143, New Zealand
| | - Jemma L Geoghegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, 720 Cumberland Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, 34 Kenepuru Drive, Kenepuru, Porirua, Wellington 5022, New Zealand
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Level 5, Block K, Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Si-Hoe SL, De Bree FM, Nijenhuis M, Davies JE, Howell LM, Tinley H, Waller SJ, Zeng Q, Zalm R, Sonnemans M, Van Leeuwen FW, Burbach JP, Murphy D. Endoplasmic reticulum derangement in hypothalamic neurons of rats expressing a familial neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus mutant vasopressin transgene. FASEB J 2000; 14:1680-4. [PMID: 10973916 DOI: 10.1096/fj.99-0892fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S L Si-Hoe
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, U.K
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Abstract
The effect of concurrent affective and alcohol use disorders on suicidal ideation and behavior was investigated. The Diagnostic Interview Schedule Version III-R (DIS) was administered to 307 adult veteran men ranging in age from 23 to 78. Participants were classified into one of four groups based on their final DIS diagnosis-lifetime unipolar depression and lifetime bipolar I disorder with or without a lifetime alcohol use disorder. Logistic regression analyses indicated that veterans with a major affective disorder were at greater risk for suicidality than veterans without an affective disorder. However, veterans with unipolar depression were at no greater risk for suicidality than those with bipolar I disorder. Unipolar and bipolar I disorders with a concurrent alcohol use disorder were always associated with an increased risk for suicidality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Waller
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Abstract
1. Studies of the regulation of neurosecretory cell gene expression suffer from the lack of suitable cell lines. Two approaches have been used to overcome this deficit: transfection of neuropeptide genes into heterologous cell lines and generation of transgenic animals. 2. Studies with heterologous cell lines have revealed the potential involvement of nuclear hormone receptors, POU proteins, and fos/jun/ATF family members in the regulation of the vasopressin and oxytocin genes. Although limited in their scope, these studies have contributed greatly to the dissection of basic properties of elements in the vasopressin and oxytocin gene promoters. 3. Transgenic mice, and more recently rats, have been used to elucidate genomic regions governing cell specificity and physiological regulation of neurosecretory gene expression. The genes encoding the neuropeptides vasopressin and oxytocin have been used in many transgenic studies, due to the well-defined expression patterns and physiology of the endogenous neuropeptides. Cell-specific and physiologically regulated expression of these transgenes has been achieved, demonstrating the action of putative repressor elements and regulation of the expression of one gene by sequences present in the other gene. 4. Appropriate expression and translation of transgenes have resulted in the production of several useful systems. Expression of oncogene sequences in gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons has allowed the development of cell lines from the resulting tumors, overproduction of corticotropin-releasing factor has produced animal models of anxiety and obesity, and directed ectopic expression of growth hormone has generated a potentially useful rat model of dwarfism. These and other animal models of human disease will provide important avenues for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Waller
- Neuropeptide Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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Waller SJ, Carter DA, Ang HL, Ho MY, Zeng Q, Murphy D. Regulation of the extent of polyadenylation of vasopressin and growth hormone mRNAs in response to physiological stimuli. Regul Pept 1993; 45:37-41. [PMID: 8511364 DOI: 10.1016/0167-0115(93)90179-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S J Waller
- Neuropeptide Laboratory, National University of Singapore
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Waller SJ, Kilpatrick IC, Chan MW, Evans RH. The influence of assay conditions on measurement of excitatory dibasic sulphinic and sulphonic alpha-amino acids in nervous tissue. J Neurosci Methods 1991; 36:167-76. [PMID: 1648155 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0270(91)90042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Major improvements to the HPLC separation of fluorescent derivatives of excitatory sulphur-containing amino acids have been made. Quisqualate was used as the internal standard since no endogenous derivatives coeluted with it. The artefactual generation of sulphinic and sulphonic amino acids from the oxidation of cysteine (56 microM) and homocysteine (1.2 microM) has been investigated using deionised water, an acidic phosphate/methanol mixture, perchloric acid and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) as extraction media. Of the four extraction media examined, TCA in combination with ether extraction was shown to be the most potent oxidative treatment and resulted in 23% oxidation of original cysteine or homocysteine to sulphinic and sulphonic acids. This oxidation was partially resistant to the presence of physiological concentrations of glutathione (1.5 mM) such that in the case of cysteine, 6% oxidation was observed. A 10% (v/v) mixture of methanol in 75 mM phosphate solution (pH 4.6) was found to be the most artefact-free extraction method and in spinal cord tissue processed with this medium, cysteine sulphinic acid was the only excitatory sulphur-containing amino acid consistently detectable (0.24 +/- 0.01 pmol/mg wet weight, n = 6).
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Waller
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicale Sciences, University Walk, Bristol, U.K
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Schifreen RS, Cembrowski GS, Campbell DC, Craig AR, Demyanovich ND, Jurga-Hall PA, Reider MC, Schwartz MW, Tuhy PM, Waller SJ. A quantitative automated immunoassay for fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products. Clin Chem 1985; 31:1468-73. [PMID: 4028396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe a prototype quantitative automated assay for fibrin and fibrinogen degradation products, a particle-enhanced turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay (PETINIA) in the Du Pont aca discrete clinical analyzer. This assay involves a latex particle reagent with covalently bound fibrinogen and a polyclonal antiserum raised in rabbits against human fibrinogen. A special secondary sample-collection tube quantitatively removes fibrinogen from citrated plasma and inhibits further fibrinolysis, independent of heparin concentration. The assay range is 0-100 mg/L, in fibrinogen equivalents. The CV for the assay is less than 10% when performed with the aca. Nonclottable fibrin and fibrinogen fragments are measured by the assay, the greatest sensitivity being directed at the E domain of the fibrinogen molecule. We illustrate with case studies the potential of this assay for providing clinical information not obtainable with currently available qualitative and semi-quantitative assays.
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Schifreen RS, Cembrowski GS, Campbell DC, Craig AR, Demyanovich ND, Jurga-Hall PA, Reider MC, Schwartz MW, Tuhy PM, Waller SJ. A quantitative automated immunoassay for fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products. Clin Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/31.9.1468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We describe a prototype quantitative automated assay for fibrin and fibrinogen degradation products, a particle-enhanced turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay (PETINIA) in the Du Pont aca discrete clinical analyzer. This assay involves a latex particle reagent with covalently bound fibrinogen and a polyclonal antiserum raised in rabbits against human fibrinogen. A special secondary sample-collection tube quantitatively removes fibrinogen from citrated plasma and inhibits further fibrinolysis, independent of heparin concentration. The assay range is 0-100 mg/L, in fibrinogen equivalents. The CV for the assay is less than 10% when performed with the aca. Nonclottable fibrin and fibrinogen fragments are measured by the assay, the greatest sensitivity being directed at the E domain of the fibrinogen molecule. We illustrate with case studies the potential of this assay for providing clinical information not obtainable with currently available qualitative and semi-quantitative assays.
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Lennek R, Baldwin AS, Waller SJ, Morley KW, Taylor RP. Studies of the physical biochemistry and complement-fixing properties of DNA/anti-DNA immune complexes. J Immunol 1981; 127:602-8. [PMID: 6265554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Lennek R, Baldwin AS, Waller SJ, Morley KW, Taylor RP. Studies of the physical biochemistry and complement-fixing properties of DNA/anti-DNA immune complexes. The Journal of Immunology 1981. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.127.2.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Waller SJ, Taylor RP, Wright EL, Morley KW, Johns M. DNA/anti-DNA complexes: correlation of size and complement fixation. Arthritis Rheum 1981; 24:651-657. [PMID: 7236322 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780240504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The hydrodynamic sizes of antibody/3H-dsDNA immune complexes are correlated with their ability to fix complement in a red blood cell-complement linked binding assay. The results with PM2 dsDNA and a sonicated preparation (with a molecular weight of approximately 5.10(5) suggest that packing considerations are also important in the complement binding reaction. The relevance of these findings with respect to the role of antibody/dsDNA immune complexes in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus is discussed.
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Birchmore DA, Taylor RP, Waller SJ, Davis JS, Morley KW. Interaction between rheumatoid factor and antibody/DNA complexes: enhancement of complement fixation. Arthritis Rheum 1981; 24:527-33. [PMID: 7213431 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780240313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The influence of rheumatoid factor (RF) on the complement mediated binding of antibody/double-stranded DNA immune complexes to red blood cells has been investigated. Our results indicate that RF enhances this binding reaction, apparently by fixing complement via its own Fc region. These findings suggest that under certain circumstances, RF may play an exacerbating role in the antibody/DNA induced glomerulonephritis of systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Taylor RP, Waller SJ, Davis JS, Winfield JB, Morley KW, Wright EL. Studies of artificial cryoprecipitates containing anti-DNA antibody activity. Rheumatol Int 1981; 1:1-6. [PMID: 6981179 DOI: 10.1007/bf00541215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Artificial cryoprecipitates have been prepared from SLE sera by incubation of anti-double stranded DNA with 3H-PM2 DNA. IgM rheumatoid factor, and complement to study further the relationships between natural cryoprecipitation and the DNA/anti-DNA system in this disorder. Addition of rheumatoid factor and/or complement to a mixture of SLE serum and 3H-DNA results in increased precipitation of the 3H-DNA following incubation at 4 degrees C. Precipitation formed with added complement or complement plus rheumatoid factor could be rapidly resolubilized or reprecipitated by warming to 37 degrees C or recooling to 4 degrees C, i.e., exhibited the behavior of natural cryoprecipitates. The resolubilized cryoprecipitates contained excess antibody, because they bound significant quantities of additional 3H-DNA in the Farr assay. Of special interest was the observation that DNA binding activity frequently could be recovered from solubilized cryoprecipitates even though 3H-DNA was not added during the original cryoprecipitate preparation. With certain cryoprecipitations prepared in this way, the DNA binding activity was further increased by deoxyribonuclease treatment, raising the possibility that endogenous DNA may be constituent of such cryoprecipitates. The implications of these findings with respect to the nature of antibody-DNA immune complexes in SLE are discussed.
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Taylor RP, Waller SJ, Haden C, Addis DJ. Stability of DNA/anti-DNA complexes. III. Kinetic control of immune complex size. The Journal of Immunology 1980. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.124.6.2571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The Farr assay and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation were used to study the importance of kinetic factors on the size of antibody/DNA immune complexes prepared from SLE sera and dsDNA. We have found that significantly different numbers and sizes of antibody/DNA immune complexes can be formed by varying the time course of addition of a given amount of DNA to an SLE serum. For example, the introduction of additional DNA to a preincubated antibody-DNA system does not lead to reequilibration of that system with respect to the amount of DNA bound or the size of the complexes formed even after 1 hr at 37 degrees C. The potential implications of these observations with respect to the pathogenesis of SLE is discussed.
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Taylor RP, Waller SJ, Haden C, Addis DJ. Stability of DNA/anti-DNA complexes. III. Kinetic control of immune complex size. J Immunol 1980; 124:2571-7. [PMID: 7373039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The Farr assay and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation were used to study the importance of kinetic factors on the size of antibody/DNA immune complexes prepared from SLE sera and dsDNA. We have found that significantly different numbers and sizes of antibody/DNA immune complexes can be formed by varying the time course of addition of a given amount of DNA to an SLE serum. For example, the introduction of additional DNA to a preincubated antibody-DNA system does not lead to reequilibration of that system with respect to the amount of DNA bound or the size of the complexes formed even after 1 hr at 37 degrees C. The potential implications of these observations with respect to the pathogenesis of SLE is discussed.
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Abstract
A polyethylene glycol (PEG) radioimmunoprecipitation assay for human IgG is described that is sufficiently sensitive to detect 0.5 ng of IgG. This model antibody-antigen system was also used to study the stoichiometries of PEG-precipitated complexes. Our results suggest that the presence of PEG may affect the stoichiometry of the complexes which precipitate from solution.
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