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Annor FB, Amene EW, Zhu L, Stamatakis C, Picchetti V, Matthews S, Miedema SS, Brown C, Thorsen VC, Manuel P, Gilbert LK, Kambona C, Coomer R, Trika J, Kamuingona R, Dube SR, Massetti GM. Parental absence as an adverse childhood experience among young adults in sub-Saharan Africa. Child Abuse Negl 2024; 150:106556. [PMID: 37993366 PMCID: PMC10961199 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parental absence in childhood has been associated with multiple negative consequences, such as depression and anxiety in young adulthood. OBJECTIVE To assess whether parental absence for six months or more in childhood is associated with poor mental health and substance use in young adulthood and whether parental absence accounts for additional variance beyond those explained by other adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among youth in sub-Saharan Africa. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGS We used combined Violence Against Children and Youth Survey (VACS) data from Cote d'Ivoire (2018), Lesotho (2018), Kenya (2019), Namibia (2019), and Mozambique (2019). Analyses were restricted to 18-24-year-olds (nf = 7699; nm = 2482). METHODS We used logistic regression to examine sex-stratified relationships between parental absence in childhood (defined as biological mother or father being away for six months or more before age 18) and mental health problems and substance use and whether parental absence explained additional variance beyond those explained by other ACEs. RESULTS In sub-Saharan Africa, parental absence in childhood was common (30.5 % in females and 25.1 % in males), significantly associated with poor mental health and substance use among females and males and accounted for additional variance beyond those explained by conventional ACEs. For example, after controlling for study covariates and other ACEs, females who experienced any parental absence had 1.52 (95 % CI = 1.02-2.26) higher odds of experiencing moderate/serious psychological distress compared with those who did not. CONCLUSION The observed association between parental absence and poor mental health suggests that this experience has significant adverse consequences and merits consideration as an ACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis B Annor
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, United States.
| | - Ermias W Amene
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Liping Zhu
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Caroline Stamatakis
- Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Rwanda
| | - Viani Picchetti
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sarah Matthews
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Stephanie S Miedema
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Colvette Brown
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Viva C Thorsen
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Pedro Manuel
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mozambique
| | - Leah K Gilbert
- United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, United States; Office of the Chief Operating Officer, Office of Safety, Security and Asset Management, Occupational Health Clinic, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Caroline Kambona
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kenya
| | - Rachel Coomer
- Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Namibia
| | | | | | - Shanta R Dube
- Levine College of Public Health Program, Wingate University, Wingate, NC, United States
| | - Greta M Massetti
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Meehan AA, Jeffers A, Barker J, Ray CM, Laws RL, Fields VL, Miedema SS, Cha S, Cassell CH, DiPietro B, Cary M, Yang M, McLendon H, Marcus R, Mosites E. Barriers to COVID-19 Prevention Measures Among People Experiencing Homelessness with Substance Use Disorder or Serious Mental Illness. J Prev (2022) 2023; 44:663-678. [PMID: 37750981 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-023-00739-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
People experiencing homelessness (PEH) are at disproportionate risk of becoming infected and having severe illness from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), especially when residing in congregate settings like homeless shelters. Behavioral health problems related to substance use disorder (SUD) and severe mental illness (SMI) may have created additional challenges for PEH to practice prevention measures like mask wearing, physical distancing, handwashing, and quarantine and isolation. The study objective was to understand the perceived barriers PEH face regarding COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical prevention strategies and identify recommendations for overcoming barriers. From August-October 2020, qualitative phone interviews with 50 purposively selected behavioral health professionals across the United States serving PEH with SUD or SMI were conducted. Professionals described that PEH faced barriers to prevention that were structural (e.g., access to necessary resources), behavioral (related to SUD or SMI), or related to the priority of other needs. Recommendations to overcome these barriers included providing free prevention resources (e.g., masks and hand sanitizer), providing education about importance of prevention strategies, and prioritizing access to stable housing. Interviews took place before COVID-19 vaccines were available, so barriers to vaccination are not included in this paper. Findings can help support tailored approaches during COVID-19 and future public health threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Meehan
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Emergency Response, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Alexiss Jeffers
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Emergency Response, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jordan Barker
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Emergency Response, Atlanta, Georgia
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Fellow, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Colleen M Ray
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Emergency Response, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rebecca L Laws
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Emergency Response, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Victoria L Fields
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Emergency Response, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephanie S Miedema
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Emergency Response, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Susan Cha
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Emergency Response, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Cynthia H Cassell
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Emergency Response, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Barbara DiPietro
- National Health Care for the Homeless Council, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Maria Yang
- Seattle Downtown Emergency Service Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Ruthanne Marcus
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Emergency Response, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Emily Mosites
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Emergency Response, Atlanta, Georgia
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Miedema SS, Le VD, Chiang L, Ngann T, Shortt JW. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Intimate Partner Violence Among Youth in Cambodia: A Latent Class Analysis. J Interpers Violence 2023; 38:NP1446-NP1472. [PMID: 35471130 PMCID: PMC10263171 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221090573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are a global public health problem, including in low- and middle-income country settings, and are associated with increased risk of intimate partner violence (IPV) during young adulthood. However, current measurement of ACEs may underestimate sequelae of different combinations, or classes, of ACEs and mask class-specific associations with adult exposure to IPV. We used data among ever-partnered young women and men aged 18-24 years from the Cambodia Violence Against Children Survey (Nw = 369; Nm = 298). Participants retrospectively reported on seven ACEs and lifetime physical and/or sexual IPV victimization and perpetration. Latent classes comprised of ACEs were used as predictors of physical and/or sexual IPV perpetration and victimization, controlling for household wealth. Identified latent classes for women were "Low ACEs" (60%), "Community Violence and Physical Abuse" (23%), and "Physical, Sexual and Emotional Abuse" (17%). Latent classes for men were "Low ACEs" (48%) and "Household and Community Violence" (52%). Among women, those in the Physical, Sexual and Emotional Abuse class were more likely to experience and perpetrate physical and/or sexual IPV in their romantic relationships compared to the reference group (Low ACEs). Women in the Community Violence and Physical Abuse class were more likely to perpetrate physical and/or sexual IPV, but not experience IPV, compared to women in the Low ACEs class. Among men, those in the Household and Community Violence class were more likely to perpetrate physical and/or sexual IPV against a partner, compared to men in the Low ACEs class. Overall, patterns of ACEs were differently associated with IPV outcomes among young women and men in Cambodia. National violence prevention efforts might consider how different combinations of childhood experiences shape risk of young adulthood IPV and tailor interventions accordingly to work with youth disproportionately affected by varied combinations of ACEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S. Miedema
- Research and Evaluation Branch, Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vi Donna Le
- Research and Evaluation Branch, Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Laura Chiang
- Field Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thanak Ngann
- Gender and Development for Cambodia (GAD/C), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Joann Wu Shortt
- Research and Evaluation Branch, Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Khan Z, Cheong YF, Miedema SS, Naved RT, Yount KM. Women's experiences of economic coercion and depressive symptoms in Matlab, Bangladesh. SSM Popul Health 2020; 12:100641. [PMID: 33304983 PMCID: PMC7714676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies of the association between intimate partner violence (IPV) and depressive symptoms have typically excluded economic coercion (EC), a prevalent form of IPV worldwide. Here, we used structural equation models (SEM) to estimate the association of EC with depressive symptoms, with and without adjustment for physical/psychological/sexual IPV, among women in rural Matlab, Bangladesh. Data were collected from cross-sectional surveys with married women 15-49 years, conducted between November 2018 and January 2019. Prior-week depressive symptoms were measured using the 10-item Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression short-form. Lifetime EC was assessed using a bi-dimensional, 36-item scale developed in Matlab. Lifetime physical/sexual/psychological IPV was assessed using the 20-item WHO Domestic Violence module. Covariates were age, age at marriage, and schooling; partner's schooling; and household wealth. Among 929 women, lifetime experience of EC ranged from 41.9% (control over access to work, schooling, and training) to 50.0% (control over use/maintenance of economic resources), while any lifetime physical/psychological/sexual IPV was 89.5%. Coercion involving the use and maintenance of economic resources had a significant, adjusted association with depressive symptoms (standardized coefficient = 0.491, p<0.001, R2=0.221). The standardized association of any physical/psychological/sexual IPV with depressive symptoms, adjusted for covariates and cluster sampling, was 0.346 (p <0.001, R2=0.143). When further adjusted for the two measures of EC, the association was attenuated and non-significant (0.049, p = 0.817). These findings suggest that EC is prevalent, significantly associated with depressive symptoms, and attenuates the association of other forms of IPV with depressive symptoms. Addressing EC with other forms of IPV may be necessary to reduce depressive symptoms in exposed women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara Khan
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yuk F Cheong
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Suite 270, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Stephanie S Miedema
- Department of Sociology, Emory University, 1555 Dickey Drive, Tarbutton Hall Room 225, Atlanta, 30322, Georgia
| | - Ruchira T Naved
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), GPO Box 128, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Kathryn M Yount
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Sociology, Emory University, 1555 Dickey Drive, Tarbutton Hall Room 225, Atlanta, 30322, Georgia
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5
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Salem R, Cheong YF, Miedema SS, Yount KM. Women's agency in Egypt: construction and validation of a multidimensional scale in rural Minya. East Mediterr Health J 2020; 26:652-659. [PMID: 32621499 DOI: 10.26719/2020.26.6.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Background Measurement of women's agency in specific sociocultural conditions, particularly in Middle Eastern settings, has received limited attention, making its usefulness as an outcome or predictor of gender equality unclear. Aims This study aimed to construct and validate a multidimensional and context-specific scale of women's agency in rural Minya, Egypt. Methods Using data from 608 ever-married women in 2012, confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis were used to construct a scale measuring women's agency in rural Minya. The scale was validated through exploratory structural equation models. Results The 21-item model consisted of three factors (decision-making, freedom of movement and gender role attitudes), each corresponding to a previously-theorized domain of women's agency. The three factors were positively correlated, supporting women's agency as a multidimensional, context-specific construct. The strongest correlation was between decision-making and freedom of movement (0.410), and then between freedom of movement and gender attitudes (0.307); the weakest correlation was between decision-making and gender attitudes (0.211). Although we hypothesized that each domain would be positively associated with age, only decision-making was significantly and positively associated with women's age. Conclusion Similarities between the items used here and a study at the national level in Egypt suggest these indicators could be used in various Egyptian settings to monitor progress on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5 on empowering women and girls, and to assess the effect of policies and programmes. Future research should build on the findings to identify the best observable indicators of women's agency in Egypt and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Salem
- Department of Sociology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuk Fai Cheong
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephanie S Miedema
- Department of Sociology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kathryn M Yount
- Hubert Department of Global Health & Department of Sociology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Jones RE, Haardörfer R, Ramakrishnan U, Yount KM, Miedema SS, Roach TD, Girard AW. Intrinsic and instrumental agency associated with nutritional status of East African women. Soc Sci Med 2020; 247:112803. [PMID: 31978705 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development prioritizes women's empowerment in Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) #5: to achieve gender equality and empowerment among all women and girls. Research on the relationships of women's empowerment and nutrition has focused on the child's nutrition. Less is known about how women's empowerment influences their own nutritional status. We examined the pathways by which three domains of women's empowerment (WE)-assets, intrinsic agency, and instrumental agency-may influence women's nutritional status (WNS) in East Africa. We used data from 42,721 married non-pregnant women, 15-49 years old interviewed in Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from five east Africa countries (2011-2016). WNS was operationalized through body mass index (BMI) and altitude-adjusted blood-hemoglobin level (Hb). A latent factor for women's human/social assets (assets) measured women's enabling resources. Two additional latent factors measured women's intrinsic agency (power within; women's non-justification of intimate partner violence (IPV) against wives) and instrumental agency (power to; influence in household decision-making). We used structural equation models with latent variables to estimate the strength of the hypothesized pathways from women's assets to WNS through measures of intrinsic and instrumental agency. All three domains of WE had direct, positive associations with women's BMI [(estimate (95% CI) (Assets: [0.17 (0.14,0.20)]; Intrinsic Agency: [0.25 (0.22,0.27)]; Instrumental Agency [0.08 (0.03,0.10)])]. Women's instrumental agency was positively associated with women's Hb [0.12 (0.09,0.14)]. Total associations, including direct and indirect effects, with women's BMI were positive through intrinsic agency & instrumental agency. Total associations with women's Hb were positive through instrumental agency. Direct and indirect effects from assets through both components of agency to BMI were higher in magnitude by household wealth category. Domains of WE were positively associated with WNS. Findings indicate that the process of women's empowerment may be an important driver of their nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Jones
- Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, USA.
| | - Regine Haardörfer
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University, USA
| | - Usha Ramakrishnan
- Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, USA; Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, USA
| | - Kathryn M Yount
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, USA; Department of Sociology, Emory University, USA
| | | | - Timmie D Roach
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, USA
| | - Amy Webb Girard
- Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, USA; Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, USA
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Yount KM, Cheong YF, Miedema SS, Chen JS, Menstell E, Maxwell L, Ramakrishnan U, Clark CJ, Rochat R, Del Rio C. Gender equality in global health leadership: Cross-sectional survey of global health graduates. Glob Public Health 2019; 15:852-864. [PMID: 31869280 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2019.1701057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Women comprise two-thirds of the global-health (GH) workforce but are underrepresented in leadership. GH departments are platforms to advance gender equality in GH leadership. Using a survey of graduates from one GH department, we compared women's and men's post-training career agency and GH employment and assessed whether gender gaps in training accounted for gender gaps in career outcomes. Master-of-Public-Health (MPH) and mid-career-fellow alumni since 2010 received a 31-question online survey. Forty-four per cent of MPH alum and 24% of fellows responded. Using logistic regression, we tested gender gaps in training satisfaction, career agency, and GH employment, unadjusted and adjusted for training received. Women (N = 293) reported lower satisfaction with training (M7.6 vs 8.2) and career agency (leadership ability: M6.3 vs 7.4) than men (N = 60). Women more often than men acquired methods-related skills (95% vs 78%), employment recommendations (42% vs 18%), and group membership. Men more often than women acquired leadership training (43% vs 23%), award recommendations (53% vs 17%), and conference support (65% vs 35%). Women and men had similar odds of GH employment. Accounting for confounders and gender-gaps in training eliminated gender gaps in five of six career-agency outcomes. Panel studies of women's and men's career trajectories in GH are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Yount
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Sociology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yuk Fai Cheong
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Julia S Chen
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Menstell
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lauren Maxwell
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Usha Ramakrishnan
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cari Jo Clark
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Roger Rochat
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carlos Del Rio
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Yount KM, Krause KH, Miedema SS. Preventing gender-based violence victimization in adolescent girls in lower-income countries: Systematic review of reviews. Soc Sci Med 2017; 192:1-13. [PMID: 28941786 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review of reviews synthesizes evidence on the impact of interventions to prevent violence against adolescent girls and young women 10-24 years (VAWG) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Theories of women's empowerment and the social ecology of multifaceted violence frame the review. Child abuse, female genital mutilation/cutting (FGMC), child marriage, intimate partner violence (IPV), and sexual violence were focal outcomes. Our review followed the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) for the systematic review of reviews, and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) for a systematic review of recent intervention studies. Of 35 reviews identified between June 7 and July 20, 2016, 18 were non-duplicate systematic reviews of medium-to-high quality. Half of these 18 reviews focused on interventions to prevent IPV. Only four focused on adolescents, of which three focused on child marriage and one compared findings across early and late adolescence. None focused on interventions to prevent child abuse or sexual violence in adolescent/young women. From these 18 reviews and the supplemental systematic review of intervention studies, data were extracted on 34 experimental or quasi-experimental intervention studies describing 28 interventions. Almost all intervention studies measured impacts on one form of VAWG. Most studies assessed impacts on child marriage (n = 13), then IPV (n = 8), sexual violence (n = 4), child abuse (n = 3), and FGMC (n = 3). Interventions included 1-6 components, involving skills to enhance voice/agency (n = 17), social networks (n = 14), human resources like schooling (n = 10), economic incentives (n = 9), community engagement (n = 11) and community infrastructure development (n = 6). Bundled individual-level interventions and multilevel interventions had more favorable impacts on VAWG. Interventions involving community engagement, skill-building to enhance voice/agency, and social-network expansion show promise to reduce VAWG. Future interventions should target poly-victimization, compare impacts across adolescence, and include urban, out-of-school, married, and displaced/conflict-affected populations in LMICs, where VAWG may be heightened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Yount
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Sociology, Emory University, 1555 Dickey Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Kathleen H Krause
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Stephanie S Miedema
- Department of Sociology, Emory University, 1555 Dickey Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Miedema SS, Yount KM, Chirwa E, Dunkle K, Fulu E. Integrating male sexual diversity into violence prevention efforts with men and boys: evidence from the Asia-Pacific Region. Cult Health Sex 2017; 19:208-224. [PMID: 27552806 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2016.1214747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Men's perpetration of gender-based violence remains a global public health issue. Violence prevention experts call for engagement of boys and men to change social norms around masculinity in order to prevent gender-based violence. Yet, men do not comprise a homogenous category. Drawing on probability estimates of men who report same-sex practices and preferences captured in a multi-country gender-based violence prevention survey in the Asia-Pacific region, we test the effects of sexuality-related factors on men's adverse life experiences. We find that sexual minority men face statistically higher risk of lifetime adversity related to gender-based violence, stemming from gender inequitable norms in society. Sexuality is thus a key axis of differentiation among men in the Asia-Pacific region, influencing health and wellbeing and reflecting men's differential engagement with dominant norms of masculinity. Integrating awareness of male sexual diversity into gender-based violence prevention interventions, particularly those that work with boys and men, and bridging violence prevention programming between sexual minority communities and women, are essential to tackle the root drivers of violence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn M Yount
- b Hubert Department of Global Health and Department of Sociology , Emory University Atlanta , USA
| | - Esnat Chirwa
- c Gender & Health Research Unit , Medical Research Council , Pretoria , South Africa
| | - Kristin Dunkle
- c Gender & Health Research Unit , Medical Research Council , Pretoria , South Africa
| | - Emma Fulu
- d The Equality Institute , Thornbury , Australia
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Yount KM, Miedema SS, Martin CC, Crandall A, Naved RT. Men’s Coercive Control, Partner Violence Perpetration, and Life Satisfaction in Bangladesh. Sex Roles 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-016-0584-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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