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Towers AE, Oelschlager ML, Juda MB, Jain S, Gainey SJ, Freund GG. HFD refeeding in mice after fasting impairs learning by activating caspase-1 in the brain. Metabolism 2020; 102:153989. [PMID: 31697963 PMCID: PMC6906226 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.153989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diets that include some aspect of fasting have dramatically increased in popularity. In addition, fasting reduces inflammasome activity in the brain while improving learning. Here, we examine the impact of refeeding a low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) after fasting. METHODS Male wildtype (WT), caspase-1 knockout (KO) and/or IL-1 receptor 1 (IL-1R1) KO mice were fasted for 24 h or allowed ad libitum access to food (chow). Immediately after fasting, mice were allowed to refeed for 2 h in the presence of LFD, HFD or chow. Mouse learning was examined using novel object recognition (NOR) and novel location recognition (NLR). Caspase-1 activity was quantified in the brain using histochemistry (HC) and image analysis. RESULTS Refeeding with a HFD but not a LFD or chow fully impaired both NOR and NLR. Likewise, HFD when compared to LFD refeeding increased caspase-1 activity in the whole amygdala and, particularly, in the posterior basolateral nuclei (BLp) by 2.5-fold and 4.6-fold, respectively. When caspase-1 KO or IL-1R1 KO mice were examined, learning impairment secondary to HFD refeeding did not occur. Equally, administration of n-acetylcysteine to fasted WT mice prevented HFD-dependent learning impairment and caspase-1 activation in the BLp. Finally, the free-fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1) antagonist, DC260126, mitigated learning impairment associated with HFD refeeding while blocking caspase-1 activation in the BLp. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of a HFD after fasting impairs learning by a mechanism that is dependent on caspase-1 and the IL-1R1 receptor. These consequences of a HFD refeeding on the BLP of the amygdala appear linked to oxidative stress and FFAR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert E Towers
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Michal B Juda
- Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sparsh Jain
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stephen J Gainey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Gregory G Freund
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Gainey SJ, Horn GP, Towers AE, Oelschlager ML, Tir VL, Drnevich J, Fent KW, Kerber S, Smith DL, Freund GG. Exposure to a firefighting overhaul environment without respiratory protection increases immune dysregulation and lung disease risk. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201830. [PMID: 30130361 PMCID: PMC6103500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Firefighting activities appear to increase the risk of acute and chronic lung disease, including malignancy. While self-contained breathing apparatuses (SCBA) mitigate exposures to inhalable asphyxiates and carcinogens, firefighters frequently remove SCBA during overhaul when the firegrounds appear clear of visible smoke. Using a mouse model of overhaul without airway protection, the impact of fireground environment exposure on lung gene expression was assessed to identify transcripts potentially critical to firefighter-related chronic pulmonary illnesses. Lung tissue was collected 2 hrs post-overhaul and evaluated via whole genome transcriptomics by RNA-seq. Although gas metering showed that the fireground overhaul levels of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen cyanine (HCN), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and oxygen (O2) were within NIOSH ceiling recommendations, 3852 lung genes were differentially expressed when mice exposed to overhaul were compared to mice on the fireground but outside the overhaul environment. Importantly, overhaul exposure was associated with an up/down-regulation of 86 genes with a fold change of 1.5 or greater (p<0.5) including the immunomodulatory-linked genes S100a8 and Tnfsf9 (downregulation) and the cancer-linked genes, Capn11 and Rorc (upregulation). Taken together these findings indicate that, without respiratory protection, exposure to the fireground overhaul environment is associated with transcriptional changes impacting proteins potentially related to inflammation-associated lung disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Gainey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gavin P. Horn
- Illinois Fire Service Institute, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Albert E. Towers
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Maci L. Oelschlager
- Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Vincent L. Tir
- Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jenny Drnevich
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kenneth W. Fent
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Stephen Kerber
- Director, UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, Columbia, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Denise L. Smith
- Illinois Fire Service Institute, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Spring, New York, United States of America
| | - Gregory G. Freund
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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Towers AE, Oelschlager ML, Patel J, Gainey SJ, McCusker RH, Freund GG. Acute fasting inhibits central caspase-1 activity reducing anxiety-like behavior and increasing novel object and object location recognition. Metabolism 2017; 71:70-82. [PMID: 28521881 PMCID: PMC5439304 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation within the central nervous system (CNS) is frequently comorbid with anxiety. Importantly, the pro-inflammatory cytokine most commonly associated with anxiety is IL-1β. The bioavailability and activity of IL-1β are regulated by caspase-1-dependent proteolysis vis-a-vis the inflammasome. Thus, interventions regulating the activation or activity of caspase-1 should reduce anxiety especially in states that foster IL-1β maturation. METHODS Male C57BL/6j, C57BL/6j mice treated with the capase-1 inhibitor biotin-YVAD-cmk, caspase-1 knockout (KO) mice and IL-1R1 KO mice were fasted for 24h or allowed ad libitum access to food. Immediately after fasting, caspase-1 activity was measured in brain region homogenates while activated caspase-1 was localized in the brain by immunohistochemistry. Mouse anxiety-like behavior and cognition were tested using the elevated zero maze and novel object/object location tasks, respectively. RESULTS A 24h fast in mice reduced the activity of caspase-1 in whole brain and in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus by 35%, 25%, 40%, 40%, and 40% respectively. A 24h fast also reduced anxiety-like behavior by 40% and increased novel object and object location recognition by 21% and 31%, respectively. IL-1β protein, however, was not reduced in the brain by fasting. ICV administration of YVAD decreased caspase-1 activity in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala by 55%, respectively leading to a 64% reduction in anxiety like behavior. Importantly, when caspase-1 KO or IL1-R1 KO mice are fasted, no fasting-dependent reduction in anxiety-like behavior was observed. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that fasting decrease anxiety-like behavior and improves memory by a mechanism tied to reducing caspase-1 activity throughout the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert E Towers
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Jay Patel
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stephen J Gainey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Robert H McCusker
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Gregory G Freund
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Gainey SJ, Kwakwa KA, Bray JK, Pillote MM, Tir VL, Towers AE, Freund GG. Short-Term High-Fat Diet (HFD) Induced Anxiety-Like Behaviors and Cognitive Impairment Are Improved with Treatment by Glyburide. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:156. [PMID: 27563288 PMCID: PMC4980396 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity-associated comorbidities such as cognitive impairment and anxiety are increasing public health burdens that have gained prevalence in children. To better understand the impact of childhood obesity on brain function, mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) from weaning for 1, 3 or 6 weeks. When compared to low-fat diet (LFD)-fed mice (LFD-mice), HFD-fed mice (HFD-mice) had impaired novel object recognition (NOR) after 1 week. After 3 weeks, HFD-mice had impaired NOR and object location recognition (OLR). Additionally, these mice displayed anxiety-like behavior by measure of both the open-field and elevated zero maze (EZM) testing. At 6 weeks, HFD-mice were comparable to LFD-mice in NOR, open-field and EZM performance but they remained impaired during OLR testing. Glyburide, a second-generation sulfonylurea for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, was chosen as a countermeasure based on previous data exhibiting its potential as an anxiolytic. Interestingly, a single dose of glyburide corrected deficiencies in NOR and mitigated anxiety-like behaviors in mice fed with HFD-diet for 3-weeks. Taken together these results indicate that a HFD negatively impacts a subset of hippocampal-independent behaviors relatively rapidly, but such behaviors normalize with age. In contrast, impairment of hippocampal-sensitive memory takes longer to develop but persists. Since single-dose glyburide restores brain function in 3-week-old HFD-mice, drugs that block ATP-sensitive K(+) (KATP) channels may be of clinical relevance in the treatment of obesity-associated childhood cognitive issues and psychopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Gainey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA; Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois College of MedicineUrbana, IL, USA
| | - Kristin A Kwakwa
- Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois College of Medicine Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Julie K Bray
- Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois College of Medicine Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Melissa M Pillote
- Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois College of Medicine Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Vincent L Tir
- Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois College of Medicine Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Albert E Towers
- Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois College of MedicineUrbana, IL, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA
| | - Gregory G Freund
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA; Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois College of MedicineUrbana, IL, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA
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Joesting JJ, Moon ML, Gainey SJ, Tisza BL, Blevins NA, Freund GG. Fasting Induces IL-1 Resistance and Free-Fatty Acid-Mediated Up-Regulation of IL-1R2 and IL-1RA. Front Immunol 2014; 5:315. [PMID: 25071776 PMCID: PMC4089087 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Weight-loss is a near societal obsession and many diet programs use significant calorie restriction including fasting/short term starvation to generate rapid effects. Fasting is also a well-recognized cause of immunosuppression especially within the innate immune system. In this study, we sought to determine if the IL-1 arm of the neuroimmune system was down-regulated by a 24 h fast and how fasting might generate this effect. DESIGN Mice were allowed ad libitum access to food or had food withheld for 24 h. Expression of the endogenous IL-1 antagonists, IL-1 receptor type 2 (IL-1R2), and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) was determined as were sickness behaviors before and after IL-1β administration. RESULTS Fasting markedly increased gene expression of IL-1R2 (83-fold in adipose tissue, 9.5-fold in liver) and IL-1RA (68-fold in liver). Fasted mice were protected from IL-1β-induced weight-loss, hypoglycemia, loss of locomotor, and social anxiety. These protections were coupled to a large positive interaction of fasting and IL-1β on IL-1R2 gene expression in adipose tissue and liver (2.6- and 1.6-fold, respectively). Fasting not only increased IL-1RA and IL-1R2 protein 2.5- and 3.2-fold, respectively, in liver but also increased IL-1R2 1.8-fold in adipose tissue. Fasting, in turn, triggered a 2.4-fold increase in plasma free-fatty acids (FFAs) and a 2.1-fold increase in plasma corticosterone. Inhibition, of glucocorticoid action with mifepristone did not impact fasting-dependent IL-1R2 or IL-1RA gene expression. Administration of the FFA, palmitate, to mice increased liver IL-1R2 and IL-1RA gene expression by 14- and 11-fold, respectively. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that fasting augments expression of endogenous IL-1 antagonists inducing IL-1 resistance. Fasting-induced increases in plasma FFAs appears to be a signal that drives immunosuppression during fasting/short term starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Joesting
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign , Urbana, IL , USA ; Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign , Urbana, IL , USA
| | - Morgan L Moon
- Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign , Urbana, IL , USA ; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign , Urbana, IL , USA
| | - Stephen J Gainey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign , Urbana, IL , USA ; Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign , Urbana, IL , USA
| | - Brittany L Tisza
- Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign , Urbana, IL , USA
| | - Neil A Blevins
- Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign , Urbana, IL , USA
| | - Gregory G Freund
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign , Urbana, IL , USA ; Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign , Urbana, IL , USA ; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign , Urbana, IL , USA
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Kaczmarczyk MM, Machaj AS, Chiu GS, Lawson MA, Gainey SJ, York JM, Meling DD, Martin SA, Kwakwa KA, Newman AF, Woods JA, Kelley KW, Wang Y, Miller MJ, Freund GG. Methylphenidate prevents high-fat diet (HFD)-induced learning/memory impairment in juvenile mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:1553-64. [PMID: 23411461 PMCID: PMC3659210 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of childhood obesity has risen dramatically and coincident with this upsurge is a growth in adverse childhood psychological conditions including impulsivity, depression, anxiety and attention deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD). Due to confounds that exist when determining causality of childhood behavioral perturbations, controversy remains as to whether overnutrition and/or childhood obesity is important. Therefore, we examined juvenile mice to determine if biobehaviors were impacted by a short-term feeding (1-3wks) of a high-fat diet (HFD). After 1wk of a HFD feeding, mouse burrowing and spontaneous wheel running were increased while mouse exploration of the open quadrants of a zero maze, perfect alternations in a Y-maze and recognition of a novel object were impaired. Examination of mouse cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus for dopamine and its metabolites demonstrated increased homovanillic acid (HVA) concentrations in the hippocampus and cortex that were associated with decreased cortical BDNF gene expression. In contrast, pro-inflammatory cytokine gene transcripts and serum IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 were unaffected by the short-term HFD feeding. Administration to mice of the psychostimulant methylphenidate prevented HFD-dependent impairment of learning/memory. HFD learning/memory impairment was not inhibited by the anti-depressants desipramine or reboxetine nor was it blocked in IDO or IL-1R1 knockout mice. In sum, a HFD rapidly impacts dopamine metabolism in the brain appearing to trigger anxiety-like behaviors and learning/memory impairments prior to the onset of weight gain and/or pre-diabetes. Thus, overnutrition due to fats may be central to childhood psychological perturbations such as anxiety and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M. Kaczmarczyk
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA,Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
| | - Agnieszka S. Machaj
- Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
| | - Gabriel S. Chiu
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA,Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
| | - Marcus A. Lawson
- Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
| | - Stephen J. Gainey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
| | - Jason M. York
- Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
| | - Daryl D. Meling
- Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
| | - Stephen A. Martin
- Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA,Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
| | - Kristen A. Kwakwa
- Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
| | - Andrew F. Newman
- Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Woods
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA,Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA,Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
| | - Keith W. Kelley
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA,Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Michael J. Miller
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Gregory G. Freund
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA,Department of Pathology, Program in Integrative Immunology and Behavior, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
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