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Schneider LW, Rupp JD, Scarboro M, Pintar F, Arbogast KB, Rudd RW, Sochor MR, Stitzel J, Sherwood C, Macwilliams JB, Halloway D, Ridella S, Eppinger R. BioTab--a new method for analyzing and documenting injury causation in motor-vehicle crashes. Traffic Inj Prev 2011; 12:256-265. [PMID: 21660892 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2011.560500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a new method for analyzing and documenting the causes of injuries in motor vehicle crashes that has been implemented since 2005 in cases investigated by the Crash Injury Research Engineering Network (CIREN). METHODS The new method, called BioTab, documents injury causation using evidence from in-depth crash investigations. BioTab focuses on developing injury causation scenarios (ICSs) that document all factors considered essential for an injury to have occurred as well as factors that contributed to the likelihood and/or severity of an injury. The elements of an injury causation scenario are (1) the source of the energy that caused the injury, (2) involved physical components (IPCs) contacted by the occupant that are considered necessary for the injury to have occurred, (3) the body region or regions contacted by each IPC, (4) the internal paths between body regions contacted by IPCs and the injured body region, (5) critical intrusions of vehicle components, and (6) factors that contributed to the likelihood and/or the severity of injury. RESULTS Advantages of the BioTab method are that it attempts to identify all factors that cause or contribute to clinically significant injuries, allows for coding of scenarios where one injury causes another injury, associates injuries with a source of energy and allows injuries to be associated with sources of energy other than the crash, such as air bag deployment energy, allows for documenting scenarios where an injury was caused by two different body regions contacting two different IPCs, identifies and documents the evidence that supports ICSs and IPCs, assigns confidence levels to ICSs and IPCs based on available evidence, and documents body region and organ/component-level "injury mechanisms" and distinguishes these mechanisms from ICSs. CONCLUSION The BioTab method provides for methodical and thorough evidenced-based analysis and documentation of injury causation in motor vehicle crashes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence W Schneider
- The University of Michigan, Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109–2150, USA
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Takashima S, Casaleggio A, Giuliano F, Morando M, Arrigo P, Ridella S. Study of bound water of poly-adenine using high frequency dielectric measurements. Biophys J 2010; 49:1003-8. [PMID: 19431672 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(86)83728-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The high frequency dielectric constant of poly-adenine (poly-A) was measured between 1 MHz and 1 GHz. The purpose of these experiments was to investigate the state of water molecules that are bound to the charged groups of the poly-A molecule. Analysis of the data using the Maxwell's mixture equation revealed the dielectric constant of bound water higher than we expected. Using Onsager's internal field in Debye's equation, we calculated the dielectric constant of water in the vicinity of a charged ion. The result of this computation demonstrates that the dielectric constant of bound water is much smaller than the normal value only in the immediate proximity of charged ions (within 2 A). The dielectric constant increases rapidly to the normal value as the distance increases from 2 to 4 A. This observation indicates that charged sites of polyions have only short range interactions with the surrounding water molecules. However, this conclusion pertains only to rotary diffusion of bound water since dielectric measurement is unable to detect translational diffusion.
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Forman J, Lopez-Valdes F, Lessley D, Kindig M, Kent R, Ridella S, Bostrom O. Rear seat occupant safety: an investigation of a progressive force-limiting, pretensioning 3-point belt system using adult PMHS in frontal sled tests. Stapp Car Crash J 2009; 53:49-74. [PMID: 20058550 DOI: 10.4271/2009-22-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Rear seat adult occupant protection is receiving increased attention from the automotive safety community. Recent anthropomorphic test device (ATD) studies have suggested that it may be possible to improve kinematics and reduce injuries to rear seat occupants in frontal collisions by incorporating shoulder-belt force-limiting and pretensioning (FL+PT) technologies into rear seat 3-point belt restraints. This study seeks to further investigate the feasibility and potential kinematic benefits of a FL+PT rear seat, 3-point belt restraint system in a series of 48 kmh frontal impact sled tests (20 g, 80 ms sled acceleration pulse) performed with post mortem human surrogates (PMHS). Three PMHS were tested with a 3-point belt restraint with a progressive (two-stage) force limiting and pretensioing retractor in a sled buck representing the rear seat occupant environment of a 2004 mid-sized sedan. Instrumentation included belt tension load cells, accelerometers on the head and at multiple locations on the spine, and chestbands to measure the chest deformation contours in the transverse plane. The kinematics of the subjects were quantified using off-board, high-speed video. The results of these tests were then compared to matched PMHS tests, published in 2008, performed in the same environment with a standard (not-force limited, not pretensioning) 3-point belt restraint. The FL+PT restraint system resulted in significant (p<0.05) decreases in peak shoulder belt tension (average +/- standard deviation: 4.4 +/- 0.13 kN with the FL+PT belt, 7.8 +/- 0. 6 kN with the standard belt) and 3 ms-resultant, mid-spine acceleration (FL+PT: 34 +/- 3.8 g; standard belt: 44 +/- 1.4 g). The FL+PT tests also produced more forward torso rotation caused by decreased forward excursion of the pelvis and increased payout out of the shoulder belt by the force-limiter. These results support the previous ATD studies that suggest that it may be possible to improve the kinematics of rear seat occupants in this type of collision using a 3-point belt system with a shoulder belt retractor equipped with a two-stage force-limiter and pretensioner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Forman
- University of Virginia, Center for Applied Biomechanics, USA.
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Marconi L, Morgavi G, Ridella S, Rolando C. Ionic Fluxes in A Spherical Cell, with Nonlinear Membrane, Stimulated by An Electric Field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378509040376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
Using conditional class entropy (CCE) as a cost function allows feedforward networks to fully exploit classification-relevant information. CCE-based networks arrange the data space into partitions, which are assigned unambiguous symbols and are labeled by class information. By this labeling mechanism the network can model the empirical data distribution at the local level. Region labeling evolves with the network-training process, which follows a plastic algorithm. The paper proves several theoretical properties about the performance of CCE-based networks, and considers both convergence during training and generalization ability at run-time. In addition, analytical criteria and practical procedures are proposed to enhance the generalization performance of the trained networks. Experiments on artificial and real-world domains confirm the accuracy of this class of networks and witness the validity of the described methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ridella
- Department of Biophysical and Electronic Engineering, University of Genoa, 16145 Genova, Italy
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Abstract
This letter proves the equivalence between vector quantization (VQ) classifiers and circular backpropagation (CBP) networks. The calibrated prototypes for a VQ schema can be plugged in a CBP feedforward structure having the same number of hidden neurons and featuring the same mapping. The letter describes how to exploit such equivalence by using VQ prototypes to perform a meaningful initialization for BP optimization. The approach effectiveness was tested considering a real classification problem (NIST handwritten digits).
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Anguita D, Boni A, Ridella S. A digital architecture for support vector machines: theory, algorithm, and fpga implementation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 14:993-1009. [DOI: 10.1109/tnn.2003.816033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ridella S, Zunino R. Empirical measure of multiclass generalization performance: the K-winner machine case. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; 12:1525-9. [DOI: 10.1109/72.963791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
In this paper, we propose some very simple algorithms and architectures for a digital VLSI implementation of Support Vector Machines. We discuss the main aspects concerning the realization of the learning phase of SVMs, with special attention on the effects of fixed-point math for computing and storing the parameters of the network. Some experiments on two classification problems are described that show the efficiency of the proposed methods in reaching optimal solutions with reasonable hardware requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Anguita
- DIBE, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Anguita
- Department of Biophysical and Electronic Engineering, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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Nicolini C, Carlo P, Ridella S. The physical state of intranuclear water and ions: changes during cell proliferation and chemically induced carcinogenesis. Toxicol Pathol 1987; 15:184-9. [PMID: 3616402 DOI: 10.1177/019262338701500209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The complex dielectric constant of small quantities of liver nuclei in various functional states was measured in the frequency range of 50-2,000 MHz using an Automatic Network Analyzer. From these measurements, through an electric model of macromolecules in solution, several quantities such as ion content, bound water, and free water have been estimated. Unique changes in the physical state of intranuclear water and ions were then apparent in the resting liver nuclei immediately following induced cell proliferation, as compared to nuclei either from early carcinogen-altered hepatocytes or from late selected carcinogen-initiated hepatocytes. Possible implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the molecular events controlling chemically-induced neoplastic transformation.
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Drago GP, Marchesi M, Ridella S. The frequency dependence of an analytical model of an electrically stimulated biological structure. Bioelectromagnetics 1984; 5:47-62. [PMID: 6712749 DOI: 10.1002/bem.2250050106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A digital computer simulation has been carried out of the exposure of a cell, modeled as a multilayered spherical structure, to an alternating electrical field. Electrical and electrochemical quantities of possible biological interest can be evaluated everywhere inside the cell. A strong frequency behavior in the range 0-10 MHz has been obtained.
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Beall PT, Narayana PA, Amtey SR, Spiga L, Intra E, Ridella S, Mela GS. The systemic effect of cancers on human sera proton NMR relaxation times. Magn Reson Imaging 1984; 2:83-7. [PMID: 6085132 DOI: 10.1016/0730-725x(84)90061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In animal models of cancer, an elevation of T1 and T2 in uninvolved tissues and in the blood of tumor bearing animals has been termed "the systemic effect." This study reports T1 values in sera of human patients from Genoa, Italy, with several types of cancer and non-cancerous diseases. T1 values were significantly elevated over normal controls (1628 +/- 113 ms) in colorectal cancers (1725 +/- 149 ms) and stomach cancers (1817 +/- 219 ms). However a systemic effect was not demonstrated in acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphatic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, or plasma cell myeloma, or in pancreatic and lung cancers. Noncancerous states of cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, and monoclonal gammapathies did not show a T1 elevation. In general, T1 values of sera correlated with protein content of the sera; however, a disproportionate contribution of gamma-globulin protein on water proton relaxation times was observed in several cases.
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Drago GP, Ridella S. Evaluation of electrical fields inside a biological structure. Br J Cancer Suppl 1982; 5:215-9. [PMID: 6279135 PMCID: PMC2149332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A digital computer simulation has been carried out of exposure of a cell, modelled as a multilayered spherical structure, to an alternating electrical field. Electrical quantities of possible biological interest can be evaluated everywhere inside the cell. A strong frequency selective behaviour in the range 0-10 MHz has been obtained.
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Bianco B, Drago GP, Marchesi M, Martini C, Mela GS, Ridella S. Electromagnetic properties of biological solutions. - V) Electromagnetic characteristics of the interior of human erythrocytes. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1979; 55:2492-6. [PMID: 548075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Bianco B, Drago GP, Intra E, Marchesi M, Martini C, Mela GS, Ridella S. Electromagnetic properties of biological solutions. - III. Differences between sera of normal young men and children. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1979; 55:2334-6. [PMID: 549598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Bianco B, Drago GP, Marchesi M, Martini C, Mela GS, Ridella S. Electromagnetic properties of biological solutions. - I) General considerations and presentation of an improved system for microwave spectroscopy of small biological samples. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1979; 55:2322-8. [PMID: 549596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Bianco B, Drago GP, Marchesi M, Martini C, Mela GS, Ridella S. Electromagnetic properties of biological solutions. - II. Methodological considerations on microwave spectroscopy of human sera. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1979; 55:2329-33. [PMID: 549597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A wide-band analysis is proposed about the behaviour of the dielectric constant of human sera, using a proper mathematical model. Each serum is identified by two parameters. There is a good agreement between theoretical and experimental data.
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Mela GS, Bianco B, Ridella S, Chiabrera A, Sacchetti C. [Study of the statistical distribution of the neutrophilic granulocytes in normal subjects checked for 180 consecutive days]. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1974; 50:434-40. [PMID: 4441439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Mela GS, Bianco B, Derchi L, Ridella S, Chiabrera A. [Demonstration of a linear correlation between leukocytes and neutrophilic granulocytes in normal subjects monitored for 180 days]. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1974; 50:441-5. [PMID: 4441440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Bianco B, Mela GS, Chiabrera A, Ridella S, Derchi L. [Error in the calculation of the hematic concentration of cell lines in subjects monitored for 6 consecutive months]. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1974; 50:446-52. [PMID: 4441441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Mela GS, Bianco B, Ridella S, Sacchetti C. [Granulocyte under conditions of altered equilibrium induced with endotoxins]. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1973; 49:1173-9. [PMID: 4802233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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