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Jailingeswari I, Gopinathan S. Tamil handwritten palm leaf manuscript dataset (THPLMD). Data Brief 2024; 53:110100. [PMID: 38357458 PMCID: PMC10864864 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2024.110100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Most palm leaf manuscripts are generally accessible in deteriorated condition, including cracks, discoloration, moisture and humidity, and insects bite. Such a manuscript is considered challenging in the research field. We captured deteriorated Tamil palm leaves around 262 dataset samples are 'Naladiyar(27)',' Tholkappiyam(221)', and' Thirikadugam(14)' which are genned up mortal health, discipline, authoritative text on Tamil grammar. We contribute the high-quality raw dataset with the aid of a Nikon camera, pre-enhance samples by editing software tool, and applied the Otsu threshold to deliver the ground images through binarization as readily accessible content presenting a highly time-consuming task to play a vital role in Machine/Deep/ Transfer learning, AI, and ANN.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Jailingeswari
- Department of Computer Science, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - S. Gopinathan
- Department of Computer Science, University of Madras, Chennai, India
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Gopinathan S, Loh H. Universitising teacher education in Singapore: from the TTC to the NIE. Educ Res Policy Pract 2023:1-13. [PMID: 38625316 PMCID: PMC9901831 DOI: 10.1007/s10671-023-09335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of a modern teacher education system in Singapore can be traced to 1950 when the Teachers Training College (TTC) was established. The TTC was a separate entity from the School of Education at the University of Singapore. Rapid economic growth in the 1970s and 80s necessitated changes to upgrade the education system, such that school leavers could be better prepared for work in a post-industrial economy. It was recognised then that teacher preparation had to be upgraded to represent the field as an evidence-based profession, thus leading to the establishment of the Institute of Education in 1973; this was a significant first step in the journey towards universitising teacher education in Singapore. Continued and transformative economic growth in the 1980s and 90 s necessitated further changes in education goals, best represented by the Thinking Schools, Learning Nation initiative in 1997, the Teach Less Learn More initiative in 2004, and the ICT MasterPlans initiatives. In response, in 1991, the National Institute of Education (NIE) was established, as an institute of Nanyang Technological University. The move to universitise teacher education in Singapore enabled the profession to attract a better calibre of teacher-students, develop rigorous graduate and postgraduate programmes in education, recruit faculty with postgraduate qualifications, and invest in Singapore-centric education research. Though the journey has been long, steady progress towards universitisation has contributed significantly to Singapore's development, and the NIE can today claim to be an internationally recognised Institute of Distinction.
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Luo G, Chen L, Kostich WA, Hamman B, Allen J, Easton A, Bourin C, Gulianello M, Lippy J, Nara S, Maishal TK, Thiyagarajan K, Jalagam P, Pattipati SN, Dandapani K, Dokania M, Vattikundala P, Sharma V, Elavazhagan S, Verma MK, Das ML, Wagh S, Balakrishnan A, Johnson BM, Santone KS, Thalody G, Denton R, Saminathan H, Holenarsipur VK, Kumar A, Rao A, Putlur SP, Sarvasiddhi SK, Shankar G, Louis JV, Ramarao M, Conway CM, Li YW, Pieschl R, Tian Y, Hong Y, Ditta J, Mathur A, Li J, Smith D, Pawluczyk J, Sun D, Yip S, Wu DR, Vetrichelvan M, Gupta A, Wilson A, Gopinathan S, Wason S, Bristow L, Albright CF, Bronson JJ, Macor JE, Dzierba CD. Discovery of ( S)-1-((2',6-Bis(difluoromethyl)-[2,4'-bipyridin]-5-yl)oxy)-2,4-dimethylpentan-2-amine (BMS-986176/LX-9211): A Highly Selective, CNS Penetrable, and Orally Active Adaptor Protein-2 Associated Kinase 1 Inhibitor in Clinical Trials for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain. J Med Chem 2022; 65:4457-4480. [PMID: 35257579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent mouse knockout studies identified adapter protein-2 associated kinase 1 (AAK1) as a viable target for treating neuropathic pain. Potent small-molecule inhibitors of AAK1 have been identified and show efficacy in various rodent pain models. (S)-1-((2',6-Bis(difluoromethyl)-[2,4'-bipyridin]-5-yl)oxy)-2,4-dimethylpentan-2-amine (BMS-986176/LX-9211) (34) was identified as a highly selective, CNS penetrant, potent AAK1 inhibitor from a novel class of bi(hetero)aryl ethers. BMS-986176/LX9211 (34) showed excellent efficacy in two rodent neuropathic pain models and excellent central nervous system (CNS) penetration and target engagement at the spinal cord with an average brain to plasma ratio of 20 in rat. The compound exhibited favorable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, had an acceptable preclinical toxicity profile, and was chosen for clinical trials. BMS-986176/LX9211 (34) completed phase I trials with good human pharmacokinetics and minimum adverse events and is currently in phase II clinical trials for diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04455633) and postherpetic neuralgia (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04662281).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Luo
- Department of Neuroscience Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Neuroscience Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Walter A Kostich
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Brian Hamman
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, Texas 77381, United States
| | - Jason Allen
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, Texas 77381, United States
| | - Amy Easton
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Clotilde Bourin
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Michael Gulianello
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Jonathan Lippy
- Department of Lead Evaluation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Rd, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Susheel Nara
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Maishal
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Kamalraj Thiyagarajan
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Prasadrao Jalagam
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Sreenivasulu Naidu Pattipati
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Kumaran Dandapani
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Manoj Dokania
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Pradeep Vattikundala
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Saravanan Elavazhagan
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Verma
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Manish Lal Das
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Santosh Wagh
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Anand Balakrishnan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Benjamin M Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Kenneth S Santone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - George Thalody
- Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Rd, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Rex Denton
- Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Rd, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Hariharan Saminathan
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Vinay K Holenarsipur
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Abhijith Rao
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Siva Prasad Putlur
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Sarat Kumar Sarvasiddhi
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Ganesh Shankar
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Justin V Louis
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Manjunath Ramarao
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Charles M Conway
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Yu-Wen Li
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Rick Pieschl
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Yang Hong
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Jonathan Ditta
- Department of Neuroscience Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Rd, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Jianqing Li
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Rd, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Daniel Smith
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Rd, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Joseph Pawluczyk
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Rd, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Dawn Sun
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Rd, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Shiuhang Yip
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Rd, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Dauh-Rurng Wu
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Rd, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Muthalagu Vetrichelvan
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Anuradha Gupta
- Biocon-Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Centre, Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 and 3, Bommasandra Phase IV, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Alan Wilson
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, Texas 77381, United States
| | - Suma Gopinathan
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, Texas 77381, United States
| | - Suman Wason
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, Texas 77381, United States
| | - Linda Bristow
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Charles F Albright
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Joanne J Bronson
- Department of Neuroscience Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - John E Macor
- Department of Neuroscience Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Carolyn D Dzierba
- Department of Neuroscience Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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Abdulkareem NM, Chikermane SG, Gopinathan S, Johnson ML, Trivedi MV. Abstract P2-11-09: Comparing the effects of various beta blockers on cardiovascular-related mortality in breast cancer patients. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs21-p2-11-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer mortality has decreased along with advances in diagnosis and treatments. However, cardiovascular (CV) disease-related mortality is a growing concern in this population. Increased risk of CV diseases is primarily contributed by chemotherapy such as anthracyclines, anti-HER2 drugs like trastuzumab, and radiotherapy in breast cancer patients in addition to increased age. While beta blockers have been investigated to manage CV complications associated with these breast cancer treatments in general, various beta blockers have not been compared for their effects on death due to CV events. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of commonly used beta-blockers (metoprolol, carvedilol and atenolol) on CV-related mortality among older patients with breast cancer. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the multi-year Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare data (2009 to 2015). Patients diagnosed with breast cancer as the 1st or only cancer were included in this study and the date of diagnosis was the index date. The primary exposure was receipt of beta blocker monotherapy (metoprolol, carvedilol and atenolol) for at least 6 months prior to the index date. CV-related mortality was the outcome and was defined as death due to diseases of the heart. Patients were followed from the index date until the outcome or were censored at: the date of death due to breast cancer, death due to other reasons, discontinuation of the index beta-blocker, switching or addition of other beta-blockers, or end of the study period (December 31st 2015), whichever occurred first. Demographic and clinical covariates were identified using the Andersen Behavioral Model conceptual framework. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the difference in covariates between the three exposure groups. The competing risk regression model, adjusted for potential confounding variables, was used to study the association between the beta-blockers and the risk of CV-related mortality. Results: The study cohort included 6,540 patients of which 3,622 (55.4%) were metoprolol users, 989 (15.1%) carvedilol users, and 1,929 (29.5%) atenolol users. The mean age was 77.9 years for metoprolol users, 78.7 years for carvedilol users, and 76.8 years for atenolol users. A majority of the patients were White (86.8%), of Non- Hispanic or Latino ethnicity (95.1%), female (99.2%), diagnosed at stage 1 breast cancer (41.8%), of HR+/HER2- breast cancer subtype (62.8%), had between 1 to 3 Charlson comorbidities (50.6%), and did not have any other cancer after the incident diagnosis (87.8%). There were 36 (1.9%) atenolol users, 40 (4.0%) carvedilol users, and 70 (1.9%) metoprolol users with the outcome. The median time to outcome was 528 days in metoprolol users, 356 days in carvedilol users, and 411 days in atenolol users. In the adjusted model, older patients, and those with more than 3 Charlson comorbidities had a higher risk of CV-related mortality. Metoprolol was associated with a 38% (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 0.63, 95% CI: 0.41 to 0.96, p=0.03) reduced risk of CV-related mortality compared to carvedilol users after adjusting for the covariates. There was no significant difference in the risk of CV-related mortality between atenolol and carvedilol users. Conclusion: In older patients with breast cancer, metoprolol was associated with a reduced risk of CV-related mortality compared to carvedilol. Future prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Citation Format: Noor M Abdulkareem, Soumya G Chikermane, Suma Gopinathan, Michael L Johnson, Meghana V Trivedi. Comparing the effects of various beta blockers on cardiovascular-related mortality in breast cancer patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-11-09.
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Yande SD, Masurkar PP, Gopinathan S, S Sansgiry S. A naturalistic observation study of medication counseling practices at retail chain pharmacies. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2020; 18:1696. [PMID: 32206141 PMCID: PMC7075423 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2020.1.1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated medication counseling procedures and trends at retail pharmacies in the Houston metropolitan area through a naturalistic observational study. METHODS A blinded cross-sectional observational study was conducted at retail pharmacies in the Houston metropolitan area. Data were collected by trained observers utilizing an observational log, to record various parameters that could have an impact on the duration of patient-pharmacist interaction in a naturalistic pharmacy practice setting. Additionally, indicators of counseling such as utilization of the counseling window and performance of show-and-tell were recorded. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, t-tests, Pearson correlations, ANOVAs, and multiple linear regressions. RESULTS One hundred and sixty-five interactions between patients and pharmacy staff were recorded at 45 retail pharmacies from 7 retail pharmacy chains. The counseling window was utilized in only 3 (1.81%) out of 165 observations and the show-and-tell process was observed in just 1(0.61%) interaction during this study. Mean (SD) interaction time between patient and pharmacists [159.50 (84.50)] was not statistically different (p>0.05) from the mean interaction time between patients and pharmacy technicians [139.30 (74.19)], irrespective of type of the retail chain observed. However, it was influenced by the number of patients waiting in queue. Patient wait time significantly differed by the time of the day the interaction was observed, weekends and weekdays had significantly different wait times and patient interaction times Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that, patient interaction time, pharmacy chain type, initial contact (pharmacist/technician), and time of the day, were significantly associated with patient wait time whereas patient wait time, pharmacy chain type, number of patients in queue, and number of pharmacy technician were significantly associated with interaction time. CONCLUSIONS Our study found that the key indicators of counseling including the use of the counseling window and the show-and-tell process were absent, suggesting lack of adequate pharmacists counseling. Further studies are needed to evaluate the validity of this conclusion and the role of pharmacy services and its value towards medication use and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham D Yande
- BPharm. Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston. Houston, TX (United States).
| | - Prajakta P Masurkar
- MPharm. Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston. Houston, TX (United States).
| | - Suma Gopinathan
- MPharm. Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston. Houston, TX (United States).
| | - Sujit S Sansgiry
- MS, PhD, Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston. Houston, TX (United States).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Sharpe
- Policy and Management Studies Division, Nanyang Technological University, National Institute of Education, 469 Bukit Timah Road, Republic of Singapore 259756
| | - S. Gopinathan
- School of Education, Nanyang Technological University, National Institute of Education, 469, Timah Road. Republic of Singapore, Singapore 259756
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Powell DR, Smith MG, Doree DD, Harris AL, Greer J, DaCosta CM, Thompson A, Jeter-Jones S, Xiong W, Carson KG, Goodwin NC, Harrison BA, Rawlins DB, Strobel ED, Gopinathan S, Wilson A, Mseeh F, Zambrowicz B, Ding ZM. LX2761, a Sodium/Glucose Cotransporter 1 Inhibitor Restricted to the Intestine, Improves Glycemic Control in Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 362:85-97. [PMID: 28442582 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.240820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
LX2761 is a potent sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 inhibitor restricted to the intestinal lumen after oral administration. Studies presented here evaluated the effect of orally administered LX2761 on glycemic control in preclinical models. In healthy mice and rats treated with LX2761, blood glucose excursions were lower and plasma total glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels higher after an oral glucose challenge; these decreased glucose excursions persisted even when the glucose challenge occurred 15 hours after LX2761 dosing in ad lib-fed mice. Further, treating mice with LX2761 and the dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitor sitagliptin synergistically increased active GLP-1 levels, suggesting increased LX2761-mediated release of GLP-1 into the portal circulation. LX2761 also lowered postprandial glucose, fasting glucose, and hemoglobin A1C, and increased plasma total GLP-1, during long-term treatment of mice with either early- or late-onset streptozotocin-diabetes; in the late-onset cohort, LX2761 treatment improved survival. Mice and rats treated with LX2761 occasionally had diarrhea; this dose-dependent side effect decreased in severity and frequency over time, and LX2761 doses were identified that decreased postprandial glucose excursions without causing diarrhea. Further, the frequency of LX2761-associated diarrhea was greatly decreased in mice either by gradual dose escalation or by pretreatment with resistant starch 4, which is slowly digested to glucose in the colon, a process that primes the colon for glucose metabolism by selecting for glucose-fermenting bacterial species. These data suggest that clinical trials are warranted to determine if LX2761 doses and dosing strategies exist that provide improved glycemic control combined with adequate gastrointestinal tolerability in people living with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Deon D Doree
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, Texas
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wendy Xiong
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, Texas
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alan Wilson
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, Texas
| | - Faika Mseeh
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, Texas
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Goodwin NC, Ding ZM, Harrison BA, Strobel ED, Harris AL, Smith M, Thompson AY, Xiong W, Mseeh F, Bruce DJ, Diaz D, Gopinathan S, Li L, O'Neill E, Thiel M, Wilson AGE, Carson KG, Powell DR, Rawlins DB. Discovery of LX2761, a Sodium-Dependent Glucose Cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) Inhibitor Restricted to the Intestinal Lumen, for the Treatment of Diabetes. J Med Chem 2017; 60:710-721. [PMID: 28045524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The increasing number of people afflicted with diabetes throughout the world is a major health issue. Inhibitors of the sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters (SGLT) have appeared as viable therapeutics to control blood glucose levels in diabetic patents. Herein we report the discovery of LX2761, a locally acting SGLT1 inhibitor that is highly potent in vitro and delays intestinal glucose absorption in vivo to improve glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Goodwin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals , 110 Allen Road, Basking Ridge, New Jersey 07920, United States
| | | | - Bryce A Harrison
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals , 110 Allen Road, Basking Ridge, New Jersey 07920, United States
| | - Eric D Strobel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals , 110 Allen Road, Basking Ridge, New Jersey 07920, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kenneth G Carson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals , 110 Allen Road, Basking Ridge, New Jersey 07920, United States
| | | | - David B Rawlins
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals , 110 Allen Road, Basking Ridge, New Jersey 07920, United States
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9
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Baugh SDP, Pabba PK, Barbosa J, Coulter E, Desai U, Gay JP, Gopinathan S, Han Q, Hari R, Kimball SD, Nguyen HV, Ni CY, Powell DR, Smith A, Terranova KM, Wilson A, Yu XC, Lombardo VK. Design, synthesis, and in vivo activity of novel inhibitors of delta-5 desaturase for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3836-9. [PMID: 26235947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, SAR, and in vivo activity of inhibitors of delta-5 desaturase are described. Ring-constraint of the initial series provided access to a variety of in vitro active chemotypes, from which the indazole was selected. Examples from the indazole series displayed in vivo activity in reducing the enzymatic activity of liver delta-5 desaturase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D P Baugh
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States.
| | - Praveen K Pabba
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Joseph Barbosa
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Eric Coulter
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 7738, United States
| | - Urvi Desai
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 7738, United States
| | - Jason P Gay
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 7738, United States
| | - Suma Gopinathan
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 7738, United States
| | - Qiang Han
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Rajee Hari
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 7738, United States
| | - S David Kimball
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Huy V Nguyen
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Chi-You Ni
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - David R Powell
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 7738, United States
| | - Arian Smith
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 7738, United States
| | - Kristen M Terranova
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
| | - Alan Wilson
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 7738, United States
| | - Xuan-Chuan Yu
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 7738, United States
| | - Victoria K Lombardo
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, NJ 08540, United States
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10
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Powell DR, Smith MG, Doree DD, Harris AL, Xiong WW, Mseeh F, Wilson A, Gopinathan S, Diaz D, Goodwin NC, Harrison B, Strobel E, Rawlins DB, Carson K, Zambrowicz B, Ding ZM. LP-925219 maximizes urinary glucose excretion in mice by inhibiting both renal SGLT1 and SGLT2. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00129. [PMID: 26038705 PMCID: PMC4448982 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a new class of oral anti-diabetic agents that improve glycemic control by inhibiting SGLT2-mediated renal glucose reabsorption. Currently available agents increase urinary glucose excretion (UGE) to <50% of maximal values because they do not inhibit SGLT1, which reabsorbs >50% of filtered glucose when SGLT2 is completely inhibited. This led us to test whether LP-925219, a small molecule dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitor, increases UGE to maximal values in wild-type (WT) mice. We first tested LP-925219 inhibition of glucose transport by HEK293 cells expressing SGLT1 or SGLT2, and then characterized LP-925219 pharmacokinetics. We found that LP-925219 was a potent inhibitor of mouse SGLT1 (IC50 = 22.6 nmol/L) and SGLT2 (IC50 = 0.5 nmol/L), and that a 10 mg/kg oral dose was bioavailable (87%) with a long half-life (7 h). We next delivered LP-925219 by oral gavage to WT, SGLT1 knockout (KO), SGLT2 KO, and SGLT1/SGLT2 double KO (DKO) mice and measured their 24-h UGE. We found that, in vehicle-treated mice, DKO UGE was maximal and SGLT2 KO, SGLT1 KO, and WT UGEs were 30%, 2%, and 0.2% of maximal, respectively; we also found that LP-925219 dosed at 60 mg/kg twice daily increased UGE of SGLT1 KO, SGLT2 KO, and WT mice to DKO UGE levels. These findings show that orally available dual SGLT1/SGLT2 inhibitors can maximize 24-h UGE in mammals, and suggest that such agents merit further evaluation for their potential, in diabetic patients, to achieve better glycemic control than is achieved using selective SGLT2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Deon D Doree
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc. The Woodlands, Texas
| | | | | | - Faika Mseeh
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc. The Woodlands, Texas
| | - Alan Wilson
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc. The Woodlands, Texas
| | | | - Damaris Diaz
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc. The Woodlands, Texas
| | | | | | - Eric Strobel
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc. Princeton, New Jersey
| | | | - Ken Carson
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc. Princeton, New Jersey
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11
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Harrison BA, Almstead ZY, Burgoon H, Gardyan M, Goodwin NC, Healy J, Liu Y, Mabon R, Marinelli B, Samala L, Zhang Y, Stouch TR, Whitlock NA, Gopinathan S, McKnight B, Wang S, Patel N, Wilson AGE, Hamman BD, Rice DS, Rawlins DB. Discovery and Development of LX7101, a Dual LIM-Kinase and ROCK Inhibitor for the Treatment of Glaucoma. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:84-8. [PMID: 25589936 DOI: 10.1021/ml500367g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of LX7101, a dual LIM-kinase and ROCK inhibitor for the treatment of ocular hypertension and associated glaucoma, is disclosed. Previously reported LIM kinase inhibitors suffered from poor aqueous stability due to solvolysis of the central urea. Replacement of the urea with a hindered amide resulted in aqueous stable compounds, and addition of solubilizing groups resulted in a set of compounds with good properties for topical dosing in the eye and good efficacy in a mouse model of ocular hypertension. LX7101 was selected as a clinical candidate from this group based on superior efficacy in lowering intraocular pressure and a good safety profile. LX7101 completed IND enabling studies and was tested in a Phase 1 clinical trial in glaucoma patients, where it showed efficacy in lowering intraocular pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce A. Harrison
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Zheng Y. Almstead
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Hugh Burgoon
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Michael Gardyan
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Nicole C. Goodwin
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Jason Healy
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Ying Liu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Ross Mabon
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Brett Marinelli
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Lakshman Samala
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Yulian Zhang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Terry R. Stouch
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David B. Rawlins
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
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12
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Gopinathan S, O’Neill E, Rodriguez LA, Champ R, Phillips M, Nouraldeen A, Wendt M, Wilson AG, Kramer JA. In vivo toxicology of excipients commonly employed in drug discovery in rats. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2013; 68:284-295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Bagdanoff JT, Donoviel MS, Nouraldeen A, Carlsen M, Jessop TC, Tarver J, Aleem S, Dong L, Zhang H, Boteju L, Hazelwood J, Yan J, Bednarz M, Layek S, Owusu IB, Gopinathan S, Moran L, Lai Z, Kramer J, Kimball SD, Yalamanchili P, Heydorn WE, Frazier KS, Brooks B, Brown P, Wilson A, Sonnenburg WK, Main A, Carson KG, Oravecz T, Augeri DJ. Inhibition of sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: discovery of (E)-1-(4-((1R,2S,3R)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)ethanone oxime (LX2931) and (1R,2S,3R)-1-(2-(isoxazol-3-yl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)butane-1,2,3,4-tetraol (LX2932). J Med Chem 2010; 53:8650-62. [PMID: 21090716 DOI: 10.1021/jm101183p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase (S1PL) has been characterized as a novel target for the treatment of autoimmune disorders using genetic and pharmacological methods. Medicinal chemistry efforts targeting S1PL by direct in vivo evaluation of synthetic analogues of 2-acetyl-4(5)-(1(R),2(S),3(R),4-tetrahydroxybutyl)-imidazole (THI, 1) led to the discovery of 2 (LX2931) and 4 (LX2932). The immunological phenotypes observed in S1PL deficient mice were recapitulated by oral administration of 2 or 4. Oral dosing of 2 or 4 yielded a dose-dependent decrease in circulating lymphocyte numbers in multiple species and showed a therapeutic effect in rodent models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Phase I clinical trials indicated that 2, the first clinically studied inhibitor of S1PL, produced a dose-dependent and reversible reduction of circulating lymphocytes and was well tolerated at dose levels of up to 180 mg daily. Phase II evaluation of 2 in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis is currently underway.
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14
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Kramer JA, O'Neill E, Phillips ME, Bruce D, Smith T, Albright MM, Bellum S, Gopinathan S, Heydorn WE, Liu X, Nouraldeen A, Payne BJ, Read R, Vogel P, Yu XQ, Wilson AGE. Early toxicology signal generation in the mouse. Toxicol Pathol 2010; 38:452-71. [PMID: 20305093 DOI: 10.1177/0192623310364025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The rat has been the preferred rodent toxicology species since before regulatory requirements have been in place, and there exists in the pharmaceutical industry and the regulatory agencies a significant amount of historical data for the rat. The resulting experience base with the rat makes the possibility of replacing it with the mouse for regulated toxicology studies untenable for all but the most extreme circumstances. However, toxicologists are very familiar with the mouse as a model for chronic carcinogenicity studies, and there exist multiple preclinical mouse models of disease. The authors evaluated the use of the mouse for early in vivo toxicology signal generation and prioritization of small molecule lead compounds prior to nomination of a development candidate. In five-day oral gavage studies with three test agents in the mouse, the authors were able to identify the same dose-limiting toxicities as those identified in the rat, including examples of compound-mediated hemolysis as well as microscopic lesions in the alimentary canal, kidney, and pancreas. Performing early signal generation studies in the mouse allows for earlier assessment of the safety liabilities of small molecules, requires significantly less compound, and allows evaluation of more compounds earlier in the project's life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Kramer
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology, and Pathology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, The Woodlands, Texas, USA.
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15
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Harrison BA, Whitlock NA, Voronkov MV, Almstead ZY, Gu KJ, Mabon R, Gardyan M, Hamman BD, Allen J, Gopinathan S, McKnight B, Crist M, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Courtney LF, Key B, Zhou J, Patel N, Yates PW, Liu Q, Wilson AGE, Kimball SD, Crosson CE, Rice DS, Rawlins DB. Novel Class of LIM-Kinase 2 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Ocular Hypertension and Associated Glaucoma. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6515-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901226j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryce A. Harrison
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | | | - Michael V. Voronkov
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Zheng Y. Almstead
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Kun-jian Gu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Ross Mabon
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Michael Gardyan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | | | | | - Suma Gopinathan
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, and Toxicology
| | | | | | - Yulian Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Lawrence F. Courtney
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | | | | | | | - Phil W. Yates
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, 167 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | | | | | - S. David Kimball
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
| | - Craig E. Crosson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, 167 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | | | - David B. Rawlins
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 350 Carter Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
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16
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Bagdanoff JT, Donoviel MS, Nouraldeen A, Tarver J, Fu Q, Carlsen M, Jessop TC, Zhang H, Hazelwood J, Nguyen H, Baugh SDP, Gardyan M, Terranova KM, Barbosa J, Yan J, Bednarz M, Layek S, Courtney LF, Taylor J, Digeorge-Foushee AM, Gopinathan S, Bruce D, Smith T, Moran L, O'Neill E, Kramer J, Lai Z, Kimball SD, Liu Q, Sun W, Yu S, Swaffield J, Wilson A, Main A, Carson KG, Oravecz T, Augeri DJ. Inhibition of sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase for the treatment of autoimmune disorders. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3941-53. [PMID: 19489538 DOI: 10.1021/jm900278w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
During nearly a decade of research dedicated to the study of sphingosine signaling pathways, we identified sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (S1PL) as a drug target for the treatment of autoimmune disorders. S1PL catalyzes the irreversible decomposition of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) by a retro-aldol fragmentation that yields hexadecanaldehyde and phosphoethanolamine. Genetic models demonstrated that mice expressing reduced S1PL activity had decreased numbers of circulating lymphocytes due to altered lymphocyte trafficking, which prevented disease development in multiple models of autoimmune disease. Mechanistic studies of lymphoid tissue following oral administration of 2-acetyl-4(5)-(1(R),2(S),3(R),4-tetrahydroxybutyl)-imidazole (THI) 3 showed a clear relationship between reduced lyase activity, elevated S1P levels, and lower levels of circulating lymphocytes. Our internal medicinal chemistry efforts discovered potent analogues of 3 bearing heterocycles as chemical equivalents of the pendant carbonyl present in the parent structure. Reduction of S1PL activity by oral administration of these analogues recapitulated the phenotype of mice with genetically reduced S1PL expression.
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17
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Shanbhogue KR, Mutharasu C, Gopinathan S, Balasubramanian S, Chandramohan, Kingsly J, Jawahar M, Menon B. "Mirror agnosia" in a patient with right occipitotemporal infarct. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2006. [DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.29207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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18
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Dubey AK, Gupta RK, Gopinathan S. FURAZOLIDINE INDUCED ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME. Med J Armed Forces India 2001; 57:256-7. [PMID: 27365613 PMCID: PMC4925062 DOI: 10.1016/s0377-1237(01)80061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A K Dubey
- Classified Specialist (Paediatrics), Base Hospital, Delhi Cantt - 110 010
| | - R K Gupta
- Graded Specialist (Paediatrics), Base Hospital, Delhi Cantt - 110 010
| | - S Gopinathan
- Trainee (Paediatrics), Base Hospital, Delhi Cantt - 110 010
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19
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Joseph T, Halligudi S, Satyanarayan C, Sawant DP, Gopinathan S. Oxidation by molecular oxygen using zeolite encapsulated Co(II)saloph complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1169(00)00443-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Alekar NA, Indira V, Halligudi S, Srinivas D, Gopinathan S, Gopinathan C. Kinetics and mechanism of selective hydroxylation of benzene catalysed by vanadium substituted heteropolymolybdates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1169(00)00374-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Halligudi S, Kala Raj N, Deshpande S, Gopinathan S. Kinetics of oxidation of β-isophorone to keto-isophorone catalyzed by manganese Schiff base complex using molecular oxygen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1169(99)00436-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Gopinathan S, Degaonkar MP, Hundekar AM, Gopinathan C. Organotin(IV) complexes of dibasic tridentate Schiff bases containing ONO donor atoms. Appl Organomet Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.590070108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Maurya MR, Gopinathan S, Gopinathan C, Maurya RC. Reactivity of bis(acetylacetonato)dinitrosylmolybdenum(0) towards schiff bases derived from salicylaldehyde or o-vanillin and benzoylhydrazide, or isonicotinoylhydrazide. Polyhedron 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0277-5387(00)81622-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Gopinathan S, Raman N. Indole 3-acetic acid production by ectomycorrhizal fungi. Indian J Exp Biol 1992; 30:142-3. [PMID: 1521864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ability of 8 ectomycorrhizal fungi to synthesise indole 3-acetic acid from L-tryptophan and their growth rate were studied. Differences in the levels of IAA synthesis and biomass production among the 8 mycorrhizal fungi were observed. A positive correlation was recorded between IAA level and mycelial growth. The synthesis of IAA and mycelial biomass were maximum on 30th day after incubation. Pisolithus tinctorius and Laccaria laccata exhibited higher amounts of IAA production than other fungi, whereas Amanita muscaria and Rhizopogon luteolus showed least quantity of IAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gopinathan
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, University of Madras, India
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25
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Gopinathan S, Pardhy SA, Gopinathan C. Schiff Base Complexes of Rhodium(I) with Tridentate N-Methyl-S-methyldithiocarbazate Ligands. Z Anorg Allg Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.19865360520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Gopinathan S, Ling QM. A child reading: some educational and psychological considerations. Ann Acad Med Singap 1979; 8:237-43. [PMID: 547866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper notes that reading is a significant and complex task; effective reading skills are crucial for educational success and psychological integration; Data from the Remedial Reading Clinic, Institute of Education and data from a reading survey amongst 1,157 Primary Six pupils from 18 schools is with the two aspects noted above as a framework. The work of Bruno Bettelheim, a noted child psychiatrist is given special attention.
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