1
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Sadekar SS, Bowen M, Cai H, Jamalian S, Rafidi H, Shatz‐Binder W, Lafrance‐Vanasse J, Chan P, Meilandt WJ, Oldendorp A, Sreedhara A, Daugherty A, Crowell S, Wildsmith KR, Atwal J, Fuji RN, Horvath J. Translational approaches for brain delivery of biologics via cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 111:826-834. [PMID: 35064573 PMCID: PMC9305158 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of biologics via cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has demonstrated potential to access the tissues of the central nervous system (CNS) by circumventing the blood‐brain barrier and blood‐CSF barrier. Developing an effective CSF drug delivery strategy requires optimization of multiple parameters, including choice of CSF access point, delivery device technology, and delivery kinetics to achieve effective therapeutic concentrations in the target brain region, whereas also considering the biologic modality, mechanism of action, disease indication, and patient population. This review discusses key preclinical and clinical examples of CSF delivery for different biologic modalities (antibodies, nucleic acid‐based therapeutics, and gene therapy) to the brain via CSF or CNS access routes (intracerebroventricular, intrathecal‐cisterna magna, intrathecal‐lumbar, intraparenchymal, and intranasal), including the use of novel device technologies. This review also discusses quantitative models of CSF flow that provide insight into the effect of fluid dynamics in CSF on drug delivery and CNS distribution. Such models can facilitate delivery device design and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic translation from preclinical species to humans in order to optimize CSF drug delivery to brain regions of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha S Sadekar
- Genentech Research and Early Development Genentech, Inc., a member of the Roche Group 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Mayumi Bowen
- Pharma Technical Development. Genentech, Inc, a member of the Roche Group 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Hao Cai
- Genentech Research and Early Development Genentech, Inc., a member of the Roche Group 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Samira Jamalian
- Genentech Research and Early Development Genentech, Inc., a member of the Roche Group 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Hanine Rafidi
- Genentech Research and Early Development Genentech, Inc., a member of the Roche Group 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Whitney Shatz‐Binder
- Genentech Research and Early Development Genentech, Inc., a member of the Roche Group 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Julien Lafrance‐Vanasse
- Genentech Research and Early Development Genentech, Inc., a member of the Roche Group 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Pamela Chan
- Genentech Research and Early Development Genentech, Inc., a member of the Roche Group 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - William J. Meilandt
- Genentech Research and Early Development Genentech, Inc., a member of the Roche Group 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Amy Oldendorp
- Genentech Research and Early Development Genentech, Inc., a member of the Roche Group 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Alavattam Sreedhara
- Pharma Technical Development. Genentech, Inc, a member of the Roche Group 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Ann Daugherty
- Pharma Technical Development. Genentech, Inc, a member of the Roche Group 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Susan Crowell
- Genentech Research and Early Development Genentech, Inc., a member of the Roche Group 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Kristin R. Wildsmith
- Clinical pharmacology and translational medicine Neurology business Eisai, Nutley NJ 07110 USA
| | - Jasvinder Atwal
- Genentech Research and Early Development Genentech, Inc., a member of the Roche Group 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Reina N. Fuji
- Genentech Research and Early Development Genentech, Inc., a member of the Roche Group 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Josh Horvath
- Pharma Technical Development. Genentech, Inc, a member of the Roche Group 1 DNA Way South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
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2
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Dere E, Crowell S, Maia M, Schuetz C, Lai P, Bantseev V, Booler H. Nonclinical Safety Assessment of FHTR2163, An Antigen-Binding Fragment Against HTRA1 for the Treatment of Geographic Atrophy. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:610-620. [PMID: 33297886 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320976095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
FHTR2163 is an antigen-binding fragment of a humanized immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody directed against high-temperature requirement A serine peptidase 1 (HTRA1) that is being developed as a potential intravitreal (ITV) treatment for patients with geographic atrophy (GA), an advanced form of dry age-related macular degeneration. The nonclinical toxicology program was designed to assess the safety and tolerability of HTRA1 inhibition following ITV administration of FHTR2163 to support ITV administration in patients with GA. FHTR2163 was well tolerated in a single-dose ITV-administered 8-day toxicity study in cynomolgus monkeys following a 50 µL high (>700 mOsm/kg) osmolality formulation up to 12.5 mg/eye; however, 100 µL (2× 50 µL injections) of a high-osmolality formulation resulted in transient retinal detachment. Repeat-dose ITV administration every 2 weeks of FHTR2163 was well tolerated in 8- and 26-week studies with ITV injection of 100 µL (2× 50 μL) of iso-osmolar formulation up to 15 mg/eye, or 50 µL of the high-osmolality formulation up to 12.5 mg/eye. Observed transient and reversible ocular effects included inflammation and perivascular infiltrates, consistent with an immune response attributed to the administration of heterologous (humanized) protein. Overall, FHTR2163 was well tolerated, and the nonclinical package supported the continued clinical development of FHTR2163 in patients with GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Dere
- Department of Safety Assessment, 7412Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Susan Crowell
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, 7412Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mauricio Maia
- Department of Bioanalytical Sciences, 7412Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chris Schuetz
- Department of Safety Assessment, 7412Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Phillip Lai
- Department of Early Clinical Development OMNI, 7412Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vladimir Bantseev
- Department of Safety Assessment, 7412Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Helen Booler
- Department of Safety Assessment, 7412Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of BIOmics and Pathology, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Chen Y, Paluch M, Zorn JA, Rajan S, Leonard B, Estevez A, Brady J, Chiu H, Phung W, Famili A, Yan M, Ciferri C, Matsumoto ML, Lazar GA, Crowell S, Hass P, Agard NJ. Targeted IgMs agonize ocular targets with extended vitreal exposure. MAbs 2020; 12:1818436. [PMID: 32936727 PMCID: PMC7577241 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1818436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of ocular disease is hindered by the presence of the blood-retinal barrier, which restricts access of systemic drugs to the eye. Intravitreal injections bypass this barrier, delivering high concentrations of drug to the targeted tissue. However, the recommended dosing interval for approved biologics is typically 6-12 weeks, and frequent travel to the physician's office poses a substantial burden for elderly patients with poor vision. Real-world data suggest that many patients are under-treated. Here, we investigate IgMs as a novel platform for treating ocular disease. We show that IgMs are well-suited to ocular administration due to moderate viscosity, long ocular exposure, and rapid systemic clearance. The complement-dependent cytotoxicity of IgMs can be readily removed with a P436G mutation, reducing safety liabilities. Furthermore, dodecavalent binding of IgM hexamers can potently activate pathways implicated in the treatment of progressive blindness, including the Tie2 receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathway for the treatment of diabetic macular edema, or the death receptor 4 tumor necrosis family receptor pathway for the treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration. Collectively, these data demonstrate the promise of IgMs as therapeutic agonists for treating progressive blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Chen
- Departments of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maciej Paluch
- Departments of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julie A. Zorn
- Departments of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sharmila Rajan
- Departments of Preclinical & Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brandon Leonard
- Departments of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alberto Estevez
- Departments of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Brady
- Departments of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Henry Chiu
- Departments of Biochemical and Cellular Physiology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wilson Phung
- Departments of Microchemistry Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amin Famili
- Departments of Drug Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Minhong Yan
- Departments of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Claudio Ciferri
- Departments of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Greg A. Lazar
- Departments of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Susan Crowell
- Departments of Preclinical & Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Phil Hass
- Departments of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Agard
- Departments of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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4
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Meilandt WJ, Maloney JA, Imperio J, Lalehzadeh G, Earr T, Crowell S, Bainbridge TW, Lu Y, Ernst JA, Fuji RN, Atwal JK. Characterization of the selective in vitro and in vivo binding properties of crenezumab to oligomeric Aβ. Alzheimers Res Ther 2019; 11:97. [PMID: 31787113 PMCID: PMC6886224 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-019-0553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) in the brain is proposed as a cause of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), with Aβ oligomers hypothesized to be the primary mediators of neurotoxicity. Crenezumab is a humanized immunoglobulin G4 monoclonal antibody that has been shown to bind to synthetic monomeric and aggregated Aβ in vitro; however, less is known about the binding characteristic in vivo. In this study, we evaluated the binding patterns of crenezumab to synthetic and native forms of Aβ both in vitro and in vivo. Methods Crenezumab was used to immunoprecipitate Aβ from synthetic Aβ preparations or brain homogenates from a PS2APP mouse model of AD to determine the forms of Aβ that crenezumab interacts with. Following systemic dosing in PS2APP or nontransgenic control mice, immunohistochemistry was used to localize crenezumab and assess its relative distribution in the brain, compared with amyloid plaques and markers of neuritic dystrophies (BACE1; LAMP1). Pharmacodynamic correlations were performed to investigate the relationship between peripheral and central target engagement. Results In vitro, crenezumab immunoprecipitated Aβ oligomers from both synthetic Aβ preparations and endogenous brain homogenates from PS2APP mice. In vivo studies in the PS2APP mouse showed that crenezumab localizes to regions surrounding the periphery of amyloid plaques in addition to the hippocampal mossy fibers. These regions around the plaques are reported to be enriched in oligomeric Aβ, actively incorporate soluble Aβ, and contribute to Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and axonal dystrophy. In addition, crenezumab did not appear to bind to the dense core region of plaques or vascular amyloid. Conclusions Crenezumab binds to multiple forms of amyloid β (Aβ), particularly oligomeric forms, and localizes to brain areas rich in Aβ oligomers, including the halo around plaques and hippocampal mossy fibers, but not to vascular Aβ. These insights highlight a unique mechanism of action for crenezumab of engaging Aβ oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Meilandt
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Janice A Maloney
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jose Imperio
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Guita Lalehzadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Tim Earr
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Susan Crowell
- Department of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Travis W Bainbridge
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yanmei Lu
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James A Ernst
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Reina N Fuji
- Department of Safety Assessment Pathology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jasvinder K Atwal
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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5
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Shatz W, Hass PE, Peer N, Paluch MT, Blanchette C, Han G, Sandoval W, Morando A, Loyet KM, Bantseev V, Booler H, Crowell S, Kamath A, Scheer JM, Kelley RF. Identification and characterization of an octameric PEG-protein conjugate system for intravitreal long-acting delivery to the back of the eye. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218613. [PMID: 31251757 PMCID: PMC6599134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Innovative protein engineering and chemical conjugation technologies have yielded an impressive number of drug candidates in clinical development including >80 antibody drug conjugates, >60 bispecific antibodies, >35 Fc-fusion proteins and >10 immuno-cytokines. Despite these innovations, technological advances are needed to address unmet medical needs with new pharmacological mechanisms. Age-related eye diseases are among the most common causes of blindness and poor vision in the world. Many such diseases affect the back of the eye, where the inaccessibility of the site of action necessitates therapeutic delivery via intravitreal (IVT) injection. Treatments administered via this route typically have vitreal half-lives <10 days in humans, requiring frequent administration. Since IVT injection is burdensome to patients, there exists a strong need to develop therapeutics with prolonged residence time in the eye. We report here a strategy to increase retention of a therapeutic fragment antibody (Fab) in the eye, using an anti-complement factor D Fab previously optimized for ocular delivery. Polyethylene glycol structures, varying in length, geometry and degree of branching, were coupled to the Fab via maleimide-activated termini. A screening strategy was developed to allow for key determinants of ocular half-life to be measured in vitro. After compound selection, a scalable process was established to enable tolerability and pharmacokinetic studies in cynomolgus monkeys, demonstrating an increase in vitreal half-life with no associated adverse events. Further, we show that the technique for compound selection, analytical characterization, and scalable production is general for a range of antibody fragments. The application of the technology has broad impact in across many therapeutic areas with the first major advancement in the treatment of an important ocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Shatz
- Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Philip E. Hass
- Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nikhil Peer
- Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Maciej T. Paluch
- Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Craig Blanchette
- Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Guanghui Han
- Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ashley Morando
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kelly M. Loyet
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Bantseev
- Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Helen Booler
- Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Susan Crowell
- Pre-clinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Amrita Kamath
- Pre-clinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Justin M. Scheer
- Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Kelley
- Drug Delivery, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
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6
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Tang WW, McGee P, Lachin JM, Li DY, Hoogwerf B, Hazen SL, Nathan D, Zinman B, Crofford O, Genuth S, Brown‐Friday J, Crandall J, Engel H, Engel S, Martinez H, Phillips M, Reid M, Shamoon H, Sheindlin J, Gubitosi‐Klug R, Mayer L, Pendegast S, Zegarra H, Miller D, Singerman L, Smith‐Brewer S, Novak M, Quin J, Genuth S, Palmert M, Brown E, McConnell J, Pugsley P, Crawford P, Dahms W, Gregory N, Lackaye M, Kiss S, Chan R, Orlin A, Rubin M, Brillon D, Reppucci V, Lee T, Heinemann M, Chang S, Levy B, Jovanovic L, Richardson M, Bosco B, Dwoskin A, Hanna R, Barron S, Campbell R, Bhan A, Kruger D, Jones J, Edwards P, Bhan A, Carey J, Angus E, Thomas A, Galprin A, McLellan M, Whitehouse F, Bergenstal R, Johnson M, Gunyou K, Thomas L, Laechelt J, Hollander P, Spencer M, Kendall D, Cuddihy R, Callahan P, List S, Gott J, Rude N, Olson B, Franz M, Castle G, Birk R, Nelson J, Freking D, Gill L, Mestrezat W, Etzwiler D, Morgan K, Aiello L, Golden E, Arrigg P, Asuquo V, Beaser R, Bestourous L, Cavallerano J, Cavicchi R, Ganda O, Hamdy O, Kirby R, Murtha T, Schlossman D, Shah S, Sharuk G, Silva P, Silver P, Stockman M, Sun J, Weimann E, Wolpert H, Aiello L, Jacobson A, Rand L, Rosenzwieg J, Nathan D, Larkin M, Christofi M, Folino K, Godine J, Lou P, Stevens C, Anderson E, Bode H, Brink S, Cornish C, Cros D, Delahanty L, eManbey ., Haggan C, Lynch J, McKitrick C, Norman D, Moore D, Ong M, Taylor C, Zimbler D, Crowell S, Fritz S, Hansen K, Gauthier‐Kelly C, Service F, Ziegler G, Barkmeier A, Schmidt L, French B, Woodwick R, Rizza R, Schwenk W, Haymond M, Pach J, Mortenson J, Zimmerman B, Lucas A, Colligan R, Luttrell L, Lopes‐Virella M, Caulder S, Pittman C, Patel N, Lee K, Nutaitis M, Fernandes J, Hermayer K, Kwon S, Blevins A, Parker J, Colwell J, Lee D, Soule J, Lindsey P, Bracey M, Farr A, Elsing S, Thompson T, Selby J, Lyons T, Yacoub‐Wasef S, Szpiech M, Wood D, Mayfield R, Molitch M, Adelman D, Colson S, Jampol L, Lyon A, Gill M, Strugula Z, Kaminski L, Mirza R, Simjanoski E, Ryan D, Johnson C, Wallia A, Ajroud‐Driss S, Astelford P, Leloudes N, Degillio A, Schaefer B, Mudaliar S, Lorenzi G, Goldbaum M, Jones K, Prince M, Swenson M, Grant I, Reed R, Lyon R, Kolterman O, Giotta M, Clark T, Friedenberg G, Sivitz W, Vittetoe B, Kramer J, Bayless M, Zeitler R, Schrott H, Olson N, Snetselaar L, Hoffman R, MacIndoe J, Weingeist T, Fountain C, Miller R, Johnsonbaugh S, Patronas M, Carney M, Mendley S, Salemi P, Liss R, Hebdon M, Counts D, Donner T, Gordon J, Hemady R, Kowarski A, Ostrowski D, Steidl S, Jones B, Herman W, Martin C, Pop‐Busui R, Greene D, Stevens M, Burkhart N, Sandford T, Floyd J, Bantle J, Flaherty N, Terry J, Koozekanani D, Montezuma S, Wimmergren N, Rogness B, Mech M, Strand T, Olson J, McKenzie L, Kwong C, Goetz F, Warhol R, Hainsworth D, Goldstein D, Hitt S, Giangiacomo J, Schade D, Canady J, Burge M, Das A, Avery R, Ketai L, Chapin J, Schluter M, Rich J, Johannes C, Hornbeck D, Schutta M, Bourne P, Brucker A, Braunstein S, Schwartz S, Maschak‐Carey B, Baker L, Orchard T, Cimino L, Songer T, Doft B, Olson S, Becker D, Rubinstein D, Bergren R, Fruit J, Hyre R, Palmer C, Silvers N, Lobes L, Rath PP, Conrad P, Yalamanchi S, Wesche J, Bratkowksi M, Arslanian S, Rinkoff J, Warnicki J, Curtin D, Steinberg D, Vagstad G, Harris R, Steranchak L, Arch J, Kelly K, Ostrosaka P, Guiliani M, Good M, Williams T, Olsen K, Campbell A, Shipe C, Conwit R, Finegold D, Zaucha M, Drash A, Morrison A, Malone J, Bernal M, Pavan P, Grove N, Tanaka E, McMillan D, Vaccaro‐Kish J, Babbione L, Solc H, DeClue T, Dagogo‐Jack S, Wigley C, Ricks H, Kitabchi A, Chaum E, Murphy M, Moser S, Meyer D, Iannacone A, Yoser S, Bryer‐Ash M, Schussler S, Lambeth H, Raskin P, Strowig S, Basco M, Cercone S, Zinman B, Barnie A, Devenyi R, Mandelcorn M, Brent M, Rogers S, Gordon A, Bakshi N, Perkins B, Tuason L, Perdikaris F, Ehrlich R, Daneman D, Perlman K, Ferguson S, Palmer J, Fahlstrom R, de Boer I, Kinyoun J, Van Ottingham L, Catton S, Ginsberg J, McDonald C, Harth J, Driscoll M, Sheidow T, Mahon J, Canny C, Nicolle D, Colby P, Dupre J, Hramiak I, Rodger N, Jenner M, Smith T, Brown W, May M, Lipps Hagan J, Agarwal A, Adkins T, Lorenz R, Feman S, Survant L, White N, Levandoski L, Grand G, Thomas M, Joseph D, Blinder K, Shah G, Burgess D, Boniuk I, Santiago J, Tamborlane W, Gatcomb P, Stoessel K, Ramos P, Fong K, Ossorio P, Ahern J, Gubitosi‐Klug R, Meadema‐Mayer L, Beck C, Farrell K, Genuth S, Quin J, Gaston P, Palmert M, Trail R, Dahms W, Lachin J, Backlund J, Bebu I, Braffett B, Diminick L, Gao X, Hsu W, Klumpp K, Pan H, Trapani V, Cleary P, McGee P, Sun W, Villavicencio S, Anderson K, Dews L, Younes N, Rutledge B, Chan K, Rosenberg D, Petty B, Determan A, Kenny D, Williams C, Cowie C, Siebert C, Steffes M, Arends V, Bucksa J, Nowicki M, Chavers B, O'Leary D, Polak J, Harrington A, Funk L, Crow R, Gloeb B, Thomas S, O'Donnell C, Soliman E, Zhang Z, Li Y, Campbell C, Keasler L, Hensley S, Hu J, Barr M, Taylor T, Prineas R, Feldman E, Albers J, Low P, Sommer C, Nickander K, Speigelberg T, Pfiefer M, Schumer M, Moran M, Farquhar J, Ryan C, Sandstrom D, Williams T, Geckle M, Cupelli E, Thoma F, Burzuk B, Woodfill T, Danis R, Blodi B, Lawrence D, Wabers H, Gangaputra S, Neill S, Burger M, Dingledine J, Gama V, Sussman R, Davis M, Hubbard L, Budoff M, Darabian S, Rezaeian P, Wong N, Fox M, Oudiz R, Kim L, Detrano R, Cruickshanks K, Dalton D, Bainbridge K, Lima J, Bluemke D, Turkbey E, der Geest ., Liu C, Malayeri A, Jain A, Miao C, Chahal H, Jarboe R, Nathan D, Monnier V, Sell D, Strauch C, Hazen S, Pratt A, Tang W, Brunzell J, Purnell J, Natarajan R, Miao F, Zhang L, Chen Z, Paterson A, Boright A, Bull S, Sun L, Scherer S, Lopes‐Virella M, Lyons T, Jenkins A, Klein R, Virella G, Jaffa A, Carter R, Stoner J, Garvey W, Lackland D, Brabham M, McGee D, Zheng D, Mayfield R, Maynard J, Wessells H, Sarma A, Jacobson A, Dunn R, Holt S, Hotaling J, Kim C, Clemens Q, Brown J, McVary K. Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Risk in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Insights From the DCCT/EDIC Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2018. [PMCID: PMC6015340 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.008368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background
Hyperglycemia leading to increased oxidative stress is implicated in the increased risk for the development of macrovascular and microvascular complications in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Methods and Results
A random subcohort of 349 participants was selected from the
DCCT
/
EDIC
(Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications) cohort. This included 320 controls and 29 cardiovascular disease cases that were augmented with 98 additional known cases to yield a case cohort of 447 participants (320 controls, 127 cases). Biosamples from
DCCT
baseline, year 1, and closeout of
DCCT
, and 1 to 2 years post‐
DCCT
(
EDIC
years 1 and 2) were measured for markers of oxidative stress, including plasma myeloperoxidase, paraoxonase activity, urinary F
2α
isoprostanes, and its metabolite, 2,3 dinor‐8
iso
prostaglandin F
2α
. Following adjustment for glycated hemoblobin and weighting the observations inversely proportional to the sampling selection probabilities, higher paraoxonase activity, reflective of antioxidant activity, and 2,3 dinor‐8
iso
prostaglandin F
2α
, an oxidative marker, were significantly associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease (−4.5% risk for 10% higher paraoxonase,
P
<0.003; −5.3% risk for 10% higher 2,3 dinor‐8
iso
prostaglandin F
2α
,
P
=0.0092). In contrast, the oxidative markers myeloperoxidase and F
2α
isoprostanes were not significantly associated with cardiovascular disease after adjustment for glycated hemoblobin. There were no significant differences between
DCCT
intensive and conventional treatment groups in the change in all biomarkers across time segments.
Conclusions
Heightened antioxidant activity (rather than diminished oxidative stress markers) is associated with lower cardiovascular disease risk in type 1 diabetes mellitus, but these biomarkers did not change over time with intensification of glycemic control.
Clinical Trial Registration
URL
:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifiers:
NCT
00360815 and
NCT
00360893.
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Affiliation(s)
- W.H. Wilson Tang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Paula McGee
- The Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Rockville, MD
| | - John M. Lachin
- The Biostatistics Center, George Washington University, Rockville, MD
| | - Daniel Y. Li
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Stanley L. Hazen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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7
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Campbell J, Franzen A, Van Landingham C, Lumpkin M, Crowell S, Meredith C, Loccisano A, Gentry R, Clewell H. Predicting lung dosimetry of inhaled particleborne benzo[a]pyrene using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling. Inhal Toxicol 2016; 28:520-35. [PMID: 27569524 PMCID: PMC5020340 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2016.1214768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a by-product of incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and plant/wood products, including tobacco. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for BaP for the rat was extended to simulate inhalation exposures to BaP in rats and humans including particle deposition and dissolution of absorbed BaP and renal elimination of 3-hydroxy benzo[a]pyrene (3-OH BaP) in humans. The clearance of particle-associated BaP from lung based on existing data in rats and dogs suggest that the process is bi-phasic. An initial rapid clearance was represented by BaP released from particles followed by a slower first-order clearance that follows particle kinetics. Parameter values for BaP-particle dissociation were estimated using inhalation data from isolated/ventilated/perfused rat lungs and optimized in the extended inhalation model using available rat data. Simulations of acute inhalation exposures in rats identified specific data needs including systemic elimination of BaP metabolites, diffusion-limited transfer rates of BaP from lung tissue to blood and the quantitative role of macrophage-mediated and ciliated clearance mechanisms. The updated BaP model provides very good prediction of the urinary 3-OH BaP concentrations and the relative difference between measured 3-OH BaP in nonsmokers versus smokers. This PBPK model for inhaled BaP is a preliminary tool for quantifying lung BaP dosimetry in rat and humans and was used to prioritize data needs that would provide significant model refinement and robust internal dosimetry capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Susan Crowell
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA,
USA
| | - Clive Meredith
- British American Tobacco, GR&D, Southampton,
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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8
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Madeen E, Corley RA, Crowell S, Turteltaub K, Ognibene T, Malfatti M, McQuistan T, Garrard M, Sudakin D, Williams DE. Human in Vivo Pharmacokinetics of [(14)C]Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Following Oral Microdosing. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:126-34. [PMID: 25418912 PMCID: PMC4303324 DOI: 10.1021/tx5003996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dibenzo(def,p)chrysene (DBC), (also known as dibenzo[a,l]pyrene), is a high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) found in the environment, including food, produced by the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. DBC, classified by IARC as a 2A probable human carcinogen, has a relative potency factor (RPF) in animal cancer models 30-fold higher than benzo[a]pyrene. No data are available describing the disposition of high molecular weight (>4 rings) PAHs in humans to compare to animal studies. Pharmacokinetics of DBC was determined in 3 female and 6 male human volunteers following oral microdosing (29 ng, 5 nCi) of [(14)C]-DBC. This study was made possible with highly sensitive accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), capable of detecting [(14)C]-DBC equivalents in plasma and urine following a dose considered of de minimus risk to human health. Plasma and urine were collected over 72 h. The plasma Cmax was 68.8 ± 44.3 fg·mL(-1) with a Tmax of 2.25 ± 1.04 h. Elimination occurred in two distinct phases: a rapid (α)-phase, with a T1/2 of 5.8 ± 3.4 h and an apparent elimination rate constant (Kel) of 0.17 ± 0.12 fg·h(-1), followed by a slower (β)-phase, with a T1/2 of 41.3 ± 29.8 h and an apparent Kel of 0.03 ± 0.02 fg·h(-1). In spite of the high degree of hydrophobicity (log Kow of 7.4), DBC was eliminated rapidly in humans, as are most PAHs in animals, compared to other hydrophobic persistent organic pollutants such as, DDT, PCBs and TCDD. Preliminary examination utilizing a new UHPLC-AMS interface, suggests the presence of polar metabolites in plasma as early as 45 min following dosing. This is the first in vivo data set describing pharmacokinetics in humans of a high molecular weight PAH and should be a valuable addition to risk assessment paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Madeen
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Superfund Research
Center, Linus Pauling Institute, and Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Richard A. Corley
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Superfund Research
Center, Linus Pauling Institute, and Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
- Systems
Toxicology & Exposure Science, Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Susan Crowell
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Superfund Research
Center, Linus Pauling Institute, and Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
- Systems
Toxicology & Exposure Science, Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Kenneth Turteltaub
- Biology and
Biotechnology Research Division, and the Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Ted Ognibene
- Biology and
Biotechnology Research Division, and the Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Mike Malfatti
- Biology and
Biotechnology Research Division, and the Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Tammie
J. McQuistan
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Superfund Research
Center, Linus Pauling Institute, and Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Mary Garrard
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Superfund Research
Center, Linus Pauling Institute, and Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Dan Sudakin
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Superfund Research
Center, Linus Pauling Institute, and Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - David E. Williams
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Superfund Research
Center, Linus Pauling Institute, and Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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9
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10
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Abstract
In Study 1, sixteen 6 1/2-month-olds were habituated to a Reversible stimulus (an upright face that could be perceived as an entirely different upright face when it was rotated 180 degrees) and to a Nonreversible stimulus (a face that could be perceived as upright in only one orientation). Following habituation for each type of stimulus, test trials paired the habituated face with a novel stimulus (an inversion of the same face). For both Reversible and Nonreversible stimuli, the physical difference between the old and new test stimuli was the same (a 180 degrees rotation); however, infants devoted more visual attention to the 180 degrees rotation only when it was a Reversible face, suggesting that the identity change was detected. Experiment 2 ruled out the explanation that infants might have failed to dishabituate to the inversion of the Nonreversible stimulus because they could not remember it. Results are interpreted as evidence that 6 1/2-month-old infants are not limited to face recognition based on similarity in pattern arrangement alone, but are capable of processing faces at a representational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Roder
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Fitchburg State College, MA 01420
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11
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Abstract
Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) synthesize and secrete bombesin/gastrin releasing peptide (BN/GRP). The autocrine growth cycle of BN/GRP in SCLC can be disrupted by BN/GRP receptor antagonists such as [Psi13,14]BN. Here several BN analogues were solid-phase synthesized and incubated with intact SCLC cells at 37 degrees C in RPMI medium in a time-course fashion (0-1080 minutes) to determine enzymatic stability. The proteolytic stability of the compounds was determined by subsequent HPLC analysis. The metabolic half-life ranged from 154 minutes to 1388 minutes for the six analogues studied. [Psi13,14]BN was found to be very stable to metabolic enzymes (T1/2 = 646 mm) and also inhibited SCLC xenograft formation in vivo in a dose-dependent manner. When [Psi13,14]BN was incubated with NCI-H345 cells, it inhibited 125I-GRP binding with an IC50 value of 30 nM. These data suggest that BN/GRP receptor antagonists such as [Psi13,14]BN may be useful for the treatment of SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson 85724
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12
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Abstract
Neurotensin (NT) has been postulated to act as a modulatory agent in the central nervous system. Besides its presence in mammalian brain, NT is produced by small cell carcinoma of the lung (SCLC) and cell lines derived from these tumors. Receptors have also been characterized in some SCLC cell lines leading to the suggestion that NT could regulate the growth of SCLC in an autocrine fashion similar to bombesin/GRP. Previously, we had reported that a 10 nM dose of NT and NT(8-13), but not NT(1-8), elevated cytosolic Ca2+, indicating that SCLC NT receptors may use Ca2+ as a second messenger. Using intact SCLC cells we report that time-course incubations with NT lead to the formation of the amino-terminal fragment NT(1-8) and small amounts of the C-terminal fragment NT(9-13). These fragments are formed by metalloendopeptidase 3.4.24.15 cleaving enzyme at the Arg8-Arg9 bond of NT. Significant levels of soluble 3.4.24.15 (10-17 nmoles/mg Pr-/min) are present in SCLC cell lines. Using the in vitro clonogenic assay we tested the effect of 0.5, 5.0 and 10.0 nM doses of NT, NT(1-8) and NT(8-13) on SCLC clonal growth. NT and the C-terminal fragment NT(8-13) stimulated colony formation whereas the N-terminal fragment did not. In summary, NT may function as a regulatory peptide in SCLC through the formation of peptide fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson 85724
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13
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Davis TP, Burgess HS, Crowell S, Moody TW, Culling-Berglund A, Liu RH. Beta-endorphin and neurotensin stimulate in vitro clonal growth of human SCLC cells. Eur J Pharmacol 1989; 161:283-5. [PMID: 2542049 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(89)90862-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T P Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724
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14
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Kaplan LC, Wayne A, Crowell S, Latt SA. Trisomy 14 mosaicism in a liveborn male: clinical report and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet 1986; 23:925-30. [PMID: 3515939 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320230407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We present the history and results of chromosome analysis of a liveborn male with mosaic trisomy 14 who was initially evaluated for a congenital heart defect. His chromosome complement was 46,XY/47,XY,+14. The phenotype of the patient is similar in many respects to that of females previously reported with mosaic trisomy 14, whereas the patient's micropenis and cryptorchidism are consistent with findings in males with dup(14q).
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15
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Bhandari A, Crowell EB, Crowell S, Khanna SD. Incidence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in jaundiced punjabi neonates. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 1982; 25:279-82. [PMID: 7166383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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