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Vlachavas EI, Pilalis E, Papadodima O, Koczan D, Willis S, Klippel S, Cheng C, Pan L, Sachpekidis C, Pintzas A, Gregoriou V, Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss A, Chatziioannou A. Radiogenomic Analysis of F-18-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography and Gene Expression Data Elucidates the Epidemiological Complexity of Colorectal Cancer Landscape. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:177-185. [PMID: 30809322 PMCID: PMC6374701 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Transcriptomic profiling has enabled the neater genomic characterization of several cancers, among them colorectal cancer (CRC), through the derivation of genes with enhanced causal role and informative gene sets. However, the identification of small-sized gene signatures, which can serve as potential biomarkers in CRC, remains challenging, mainly due to the great genetic heterogeneity of the disease. Methods We developed and exploited an analytical framework for the integrative analysis of CRC datasets, encompassing transcriptomic data and positron emission tomography (PET) measurements. Profiling data comprised two microarray datasets, pertaining biopsy specimen from 30 untreated patients with primary CRC, coupled by their F-18-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET values, using tracer kinetic analysis measurements. The computational framework incorporates algorithms for semantic processing, multivariate analysis, data mining and dimensionality reduction. Results Transcriptomic and PET data feature sets, were evaluated for their discrimination performance between primary colorectal adenocarcinomas and adjacent normal mucosa. A composite signature was derived, pertaining 12 features: 7 genes and 5 PET variables. This compact signature manifests superior performance in classification accuracy, through the integration of gene expression and PET data. Conclusions This work represents an effort for the integrative, multilayered, signature-oriented analysis of CRC, in the context of radio-genomics, inferring a composite signature with promising results for patient stratification.
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Key Words
- 18F-FDG PET
- ACADM, Acyl-Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase
- AUC, Area Under the Curve
- CCT7, Chaperonin Containing TCP1 Subunit 7
- CD44, CD44 Molecule (Indian Blood Group)
- CRC, Colorectal cancer
- Colorectal cancer
- DE, Differentially Expressed
- FD, Fractal Dimension
- FDG, F-18-Fluorodeoxyglucose
- GDC, Genomics Data Commons
- GEO, Gene Expression Omnibus
- GSTP1, Glutathione S-Transferase Pi 1
- KIT, Proto-Oncogene Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
- Lasso, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator
- MFA, Multiple Factor Analysis
- Microarray analysis
- PCs, Principal Components
- PET, Positron Emission Tomography
- ROC, Receiver-operator Characteristic curve
- Radiogenomics
- SUV, Standardized Uptake Value
- TCGA
- TCGA-COAD, The Cancer Genome Atlas-Colon Adenocarcinoma
- Translational bioinformatics
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios-Iason Vlachavas
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Dragana, Greece.,Enios Applications Private Limited Company, A17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Pilalis
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece.,Enios Applications Private Limited Company, A17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Olga Papadodima
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Dirk Koczan
- Core Facility Micro-Array-Technology, Center of Medical Research, University of Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Sven Klippel
- Surgical Clinic A, Klinikum Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Caixia Cheng
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leyun Pan
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christos Sachpekidis
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandros Pintzas
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasilis Gregoriou
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Aristotelis Chatziioannou
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece.,Enios Applications Private Limited Company, A17671 Athens, Greece
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Willis S, Hirche Z, Linden B, Xiong L, Klippel S. Safety of Blumgart´s Anastomosis During Traverso Operation is Independent of Diagnosis and Risk Factors for Pancreaticojejunal Anastomotic Failure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.12970/2308-6483.2015.03.02.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Strauss LG, Koczan D, Klippel S, Pan L, Willis S, Sachpekidis C, Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss A. Dynamic PET with (18)F-Deoxyglucose (FDG) and quantitative assessment with a two-tissue compartment model reflect the activity of glucose transporters and hexokinases in patients with colorectal tumors. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2013; 3:417-424. [PMID: 24116350 PMCID: PMC3784805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic PET (dPET) with (18)F-Deoxyglucose (FDG) provides quantitative information about distribution of the tracer in a predefined volume over time. A two-tissue compartment model can be used to obtain quantitative data regarding transport of FDG into and out of the cells, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation rate of intracellular FDG, and fractional blood volume in the target volume, also named vessel density. Aim of the study was the correlation of glucose transporters expression and hexokinases with the corresponding compartment parameters.Patients with colorectal tumors were examined with dynamic PET prior to surgery. Afterwards, tumor samples were obtained during surgery and gene expression was assessed using gene arrays. The dynamic PET data were evaluated to quantify the parameters of a two tissue compartment model for colorectal tumors using a Volume-of-Interest (VOI) technique. A multiple correlation/regression analysis was performed using glucose transporters as independent variables and k1 as the dependent variable. A correlation of r=0.7503 (p=0.03) was obtained for the transporters SLC2A1, SLC2A2, SLC2A4, SLC2A8, SLC2A9, SLC2A10 and k1. The correlation of r=0.7503 refers to an explained variance of data of 56.30 %, therefore more than 50 % of data changes are associated with the gene expression. An analysis of the hexokinases HK1-HK3 and k3 revealed a correlation coefficient of r=0.6093 (p=0.04), which is associated with an explained variance of 37.12 %. Therefore, parameters k1 and k3 reflect gene activity. The results demonstrate that k1 and k3 of the two-tissue compartment model are correlated with glucose transporters and hexokinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig G Strauss
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research CenterHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Koczan
- Institute of Immunology, University RostockRostock, Germany
| | - Sven Klippel
- Surgical Clinic A, Klinikum LudwigshafenLudwigshafen, Germany
| | - Leyun Pan
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research CenterHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Willis
- Surgical Clinic A, Klinikum LudwigshafenLudwigshafen, Germany
| | - Christos Sachpekidis
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research CenterHeidelberg, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Hirche
- Chirurgische Klinik A, Allgemein-, Viszeral-, Thorax- und Unfallchirurgie, Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen, Bremserstraße 79, 67063, Ludwigshafen, Deutschland
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Abstract
Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation (SANT) is a benign lesion of the spleen which can be cured by splenectomy. In the literature about 45 cases have been reviewed. Although it is defined by the morphological details, data regarding surgical therapy are scarce. To the best of our knowledge, a laparoscopic approach has not been published before. We investigated in one case of SANT the feasibility of a laparoscopic approach. Histological investigations confirmed the diagnosis of a SANT which was resected in toto. This report shows that the laparoscopic splenectomy is a feasible, safe and effective method for treatment of SANT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Mohr
- Chirurgische Klinik A, Allgemein-, Viszeral-, Thorax- und Unfallchirurgie, Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen, Bremserstrasse 79, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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Strauss LG, Koczan D, Klippel S, Pan L, Cheng C, Haberkorn U, Willis S, Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss A. Impact of cell-proliferation-associated gene expression on 2-deoxy-2-[(18)f]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) kinetics as measured by dynamic positron emission tomography (dPET) in colorectal tumors. Mol Imaging Biol 2010; 13:1290-300. [PMID: 21153447 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-010-0465-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glucose transporters and hexokinases determine the kinetics of 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-D: -glucose (FDG). However, the genes controlling these proteins are not independent and may be modulated from other biological processes, e.g., like angiogenesis and proliferation. The impact of cell-proliferation-related genes on the FDG kinetics was assessed in colorectal tumors in this study. METHODS Patients with primary colorectal tumors (n = 25) were examined with positron emission tomography and FDG within 2 days prior to surgery. Tissue specimens were obtained from the colorectal tumor and the normal colon by surgery and gene expression was assessed using gene arrays. RESULTS Overall, an increase of the expression of proliferation associated genes was observed by a factor of 2-5.3 for the colorectal tumors as compared with the normal colon. Correlation analysis revealed an impact of cdk2 on K1, thus directing to a modulation of the FDG uptake into the cells. The correlations were generally higher for the FDG influx as compared with the standardized uptake value (SUV). The influx was mainly correlated with proliferation inhibiting genes (cyclin G2, cdk inhibitor 1 C, cdk inhibitor 2B). It was possible to predict the expression of cyclin D2 using a multiple linear regression function and the parameters of the FDG kinetics with r = 0.67. Using a group based analysis it was possible to demonstrate, that tumors with an SUV >12 are associated with a high expression of cyclin D2 in the colorectal tumors. If the gene expression data for cyclin D1, cyclin G2, cdk2, cdk6 and cdk inhibtor 2B were used, the overall FDG uptake as measured by the SUV could be predicted with r = 0.75. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the FDG kinetics is modulated by proliferation associated genes. Especially K1, the parameter for the FDG transport into the cells, is modulated by cdk2. Tumors with a SUV exceeding 12 have usually a higher expression of cyclin D2. The parameters of the FDG kinetics can be used to predict the expression of proliferation associated genes individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig G Strauss
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Strauss LG, Koczan D, Klippel S, Pan L, Cheng C, Willis S, Haberkorn U, Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss A. Impact of angiogenesis-related gene expression on the tracer kinetics of 18F-FDG in colorectal tumors. J Nucl Med 2008; 49:1238-44. [PMID: 18632818 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.108.051599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED 18F-FDG kinetics are primarily dependent on the expression of genes associated with glucose transporters and hexokinases but may be modulated by other genes. The dependency of 18F-FDG kinetics on angiogenesis-related gene expression was evaluated in this study. METHODS Patients with primary colorectal tumors (n = 25) were examined with PET and 18F-FDG within 2 days before surgery. Tissue specimens were obtained from the tumor and the normal colon during surgery, and gene expression was assessed using gene arrays. RESULTS Overall, 23 angiogenesis-related genes were identified with a tumor-to-normal ratio exceeding 1.50. Analysis revealed a significant correlation between k1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A, r = 0.51) and between fractal dimension and angiopoietin-2 (r = 0.48). k3 was negatively correlated with VEGF-B (r = -0.46), and a positive correlation was noted for angiopoietin-like 4 gene (r = 0.42). A multiple linear regression analysis was used for the PET parameters to predict the gene expression, and a correlation coefficient of r = 0.75 was obtained for VEGF-A and of r = 0.76 for the angiopoietin-2 expression. Thus, on the basis of these multiple correlation coefficients, angiogenesis-related gene expression contributes to about 50% of the variance of the 18F-FDG kinetic data. The global 18F-FDG uptake, as measured by the standardized uptake value and influx, was not significantly correlated with angiogenesis-associated genes. CONCLUSION 18F-FDG kinetics are modulated by angiogenesis-related genes. The transport rate for 18F-FDG (k1) is higher in tumors with a higher expression of VEGF-A and angiopoietin-2. The regression functions for the PET parameters provide the possibility to predict the gene expression of VEGF-A and angiopoietin-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig G Strauss
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Strauss LG, Pan L, Koczan D, Klippel S, Mikolajczyk K, Burger C, Haberkorn U, Schönleben K, Thiesen HJ, Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss A. Fusion of positron emission tomography (PET) and gene array data: a new approach for the correlative analysis of molecular biological and clinical data. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2007; 26:804-12. [PMID: 17679331 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2007.892645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The combined assessment of data obtained by positron emission tomography (PET) and gene array techniques provide new capabilities for the interpretation of kinetic tracer studies. The correlative analysis of the data helps to detect dependencies of the kinetics of radiotracer on gene expression. Furthermore, gene expression may be predicted using regression functions if a significant correlation exists, which raises new aspects regarding the interpretation of dynamic PET examinations. The development of new radiopharmaceuticals requires the knowledge of the enhanced expression of genes, especially genes controlling receptors and cell surface proteins. The GenePET program facilitates an interactive approach together with the use of key words to identify possible targets for new radiopharmaceuticals.
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Strauss LG, Klippel S, Pan L, Schönleben K, Haberkorn U, Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss A. Assessment of quantitative FDG PET data in primary colorectal tumours: which parameters are important with respect to tumour detection? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007; 34:868-77. [PMID: 17219134 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-006-0319-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The impact of quantitative parameters on the differentiation of primary colorectal tumours from normal colon tissue was assessed. Dynamic PET data (DPET) were acquired, and compartment and non-compartment modelling applied. The discriminant power of single parameters and the combination of PET parameters was assessed. All lesions were confirmed by histology. METHODS FDG DPET studies were acquired in 22 patients with colorectal tumours prior to surgery. Five of these patients also had liver metastases at the time of the PET study. The SUV 56-60 min p.i. was included in the evaluation. A two-tissue compartment model was applied and the parameters k1-k4 as well as the fractional blood volume (VB) were obtained. The FDG influx was calculated from the compartment data. Non-compartment modelling was used to calculate the fractal dimension (FD) of the time-activity data. RESULTS FD, SUV, influx and k3 were the most important single parameters for lesion differentiation. The highest accuracy was achieved for FD (88.78%). The overall tracer uptake was mainly dependent on k3 and not on k1 or VB. The support vector machines (SVM) algorithm was used to predict the classification based on the combination of individual PET parameters. The overall accuracy was 97.3%, with only one false positive case and no false negative results. The analysis of the subgroup of five patients with primary tumours and synchronous metastases revealed no significant differences for the individual PET parameters. However, VB tended to be lower while k1 and k2 were higher in patients with synchronous metastases. The SVM classification analysis predicted the presence of metastases based on the PET data of the primary tumour in three of five patients. CONCLUSION Quantitative FDG PET studies provide very accurate data for the differentiation of primary colorectal tumours from normal tissue. The use of quantitative data has the advantage that the detection of a colorectal tumour is not primarily dependent on the individual assessment and experience of the physician evaluating the FDG PET data only visually. The results suggest that the presence of metastatic lesions may be predicted by analysis of the dynamic PET data of the corresponding primary tumour. Further studies are needed to assess this aspect in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig G Strauss
- Medical PET Group-Biological Imaging (E0601), Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Griesshammer M, Klippel S, Strunck E, Temerinac S, Mohr U, Heimpel H, Pahl HL. PRV-1 mRNA expression discriminates two types of essential thrombocythemia. Ann Hematol 2004; 83:364-70. [PMID: 15034760 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-004-0864-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2004] [Accepted: 02/10/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a heterogeneous disorder. For example, the growth of erythropoietin-independent erythroid colonies, termed "endogenous erythroid colonies (EECs)", has previously been observed in only 50% of ET patients. We have recently described the overexpression of a hematopoietic receptor, PRV-1 (polycythemia rubra vera-1), in patients with polycythemia vera (PV). Here, we compare PRV-1 expression and EEC formation in a cohort of 30 patients with ET; 50% of the ET patients in our cohort displayed EEC growth. Likewise, 50% of the ET patients overexpressed PRV-1. Remarkably, only the 15 ET patients displaying EEC growth showed elevated PRV-1 expression, while the 15 EEC-negative ET patients expressed normal PRV-1 levels. It has previously been reported that EEC-positive ET patients develop PV during long-term follow-up. Here, we show that 40% of the PRV-1-positive patients develop symptoms of PV during the course of their disease. In contrast, none of the 15 PRV-1-negative patients displayed such symptoms (p=0.017). Moreover, PRV-1-positive patients had a significantly higher number of thromboembolic or microcirculatory events (p=0.003). We propose that PRV-1-positive ET comprise a pathophysiologically distinct subgroup of patients, one that is at risk for the development of complications and for the emergence of PV.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Blotting, Northern
- Cohort Studies
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Erythroid Precursor Cells/cytology
- Erythroid Precursor Cells/pathology
- Female
- GPI-Linked Proteins
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Isoantigens/biosynthesis
- Isoantigens/genetics
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Polycythemia Vera/blood
- Polycythemia Vera/complications
- Polycythemia Vera/diagnosis
- Polycythemia Vera/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Retrospective Studies
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Survival Analysis
- Thrombocythemia, Essential/blood
- Thrombocythemia, Essential/complications
- Thrombocythemia, Essential/diagnosis
- Thrombocythemia, Essential/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Griesshammer
- Department of Medicine III, Hematology, Oncology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch-Strasse 5, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Mantle PG, Amirtharajah M, Klippel S, Miljkovic A, Naik JT, Nestler S. Debrisoquine 4-hydroxylation and the Balkan endemic nephropathy. Nephron Clin Pract 2000; 81:347-8. [PMID: 10050092 DOI: 10.1159/000045304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Temerinac S, Klippel S, Strunck E, Röder S, Lübbert M, Lange W, Azemar M, Meinhardt G, Schaefer HE, Pahl HL. Cloning of PRV-1, a novel member of the uPAR receptor superfamily, which is overexpressed in polycythemia rubra vera. Blood 2000; 95:2569-76. [PMID: 10753836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycythemia vera (PV) is a clonal stem cell disorder characterized by hyperproliferation of the erythroid, myeloid, and megakaryocytic lineages. Although it has been shown that progenitor cells of patients with PV are hypersensitive to several growth factors, the molecular pathogenesis of this disease remains unknown. To investigate the molecular defects underlying PV, we used subtractive hybridization to isolate complementary DNAs (cDNAs) differentially expressed in patients with PV versus normal controls. We isolated a novel gene, subsequently named PRV-1, which is highly expressed in granulocytes from patients with PV (n = 19), but not detectable in normal control granulocytes (n = 21). Moreover, PRV-1 is not expressed in mononuclear cells from patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (n = 4) or acute myelogenous leukemia (n = 5) or in granulocytes from patients with essential thrombocythemia (n = 4) or secondary erythrocytosis (n = 4). Northern blot analysis showed that PRV-1 is highly expressed in normal human bone marrow and to a much lesser degree in fetal liver. It is not expressed in a variety of other tissues tested. Although PRV-1 is not expressed in resting granulocytes from normal controls, stimulation of these cells with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor induces PRV-1 expression. The PRV-1 cDNA encodes an open reading frame of 437 amino acids, which contains a signal peptide at the N-terminus and a hydrophobic segment at the C-terminus. In addition, PRV-1 contains 2 cysteine-rich domains homologous to those found in the uPAR/Ly6/CD59/snake toxin-receptor superfamily. We therefore propose that PRV-1 represents a novel hematopoietic receptor. (Blood. 2000;95:2569-2576)
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Affiliation(s)
- S Temerinac
- Department of Experimental Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Freiburg, Center for Tumor Biology, Freiburg, Germany
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