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Ramjegathesh R, Karthikeyan G, Balachandar D, Ramaraju K, Rajendran L, Raguchander T, Samiyappan R. Nested and TaqMan ® probe based quantitative PCR for the diagnosis of Ca. Phytoplasma in coconut palms. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:479-488. [PMID: 30600458 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4500-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The root (wilt) disease caused by phytoplasma (Ca. Phytoplasma) is one of the major and destructive occurs in coconut gardens of Southern India. As this organism could not be cultured in vitro, the early detection in the palm is very much challenging. Hence, proper early diagnosis and inoculum assessment relay mostly on the molecular techniques namely nested and quantitative PCR (qPCR). So, the present study qPCR assay conjugated with TaqMan® probe was developed which is a rapid, sensitive method to detect the phytoplasma. For the study, samples from different parts of infected coconut palms viz., spindle leaflets, roots and the insect vector-leaf hopper (Proutista moesta) were collected and assessed by targeting 16S rRNA gene. Further, nested PCR has been carried out using p1/p7 and fU5/rU3 primers and resulted in the amplification product size of 890 bp. From this amplified product, specifically a target of 69 bp from the 16S rRNA gene region has been detected through primers conjugated with Taqman probe in a step one instrument. The results indicated that the concentration of phytoplasma was more in spindle leaflets (8.9 × 105 g of tissue) followed by roots (7.4 × 105 g of tissue). Thus, a qPCR approach for detection and quantification of coconut phytoplasma was more advantageous than other PCR methods in terms of sensitivity and also reduced risk of cross contamination in the samples. Early diagnosis and quantification will pave way for the healthy coconut saplings selection and management under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ramjegathesh
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 003, India
| | - G Karthikeyan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 003, India
| | - D Balachandar
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 003, India
| | - K Ramaraju
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 003, India
| | - L Rajendran
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 003, India.
| | - T Raguchander
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 003, India
| | - R Samiyappan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 003, India
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Saravanan S, Kumar K, Raveendran M, Sudhakar D, Arul L, Kokiladevi E, Raguchander T, Mani S, Balasubramanian P. Genetic Engineering of Sugarcane for Drought and Salt Tolerant Transgenic Plants Expressing the BcZAT12 Gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.20546/ijcmas.2018.707.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Prabhukarthikeyan S, Keerthana U, Raguchander T. Antibiotic-producing Pseudomonas fluorescens mediates rhizome rot disease resistance and promotes plant growth in turmeric plants. Microbiol Res 2018; 210:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Gnanasing Jesumaharaja L, Manikandan R, Raguchander T. SCAR marker specific to detect Magnaporthe grisea infecting finger millets (Eleusine coracana). J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:778-86. [PMID: 27328753 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the molecular variability and develop specific Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) marker for the detection of Magnaporthe grisea causing blast disease in finger millet. METHODS AND RESULTS Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was performed with 14 isolates of M. grisea using 20 random primers. SCAR marker was developed for accurate and specific detection of M. grisea infecting only finger millets. The genetic similarity coefficient within each group and variation between the groups was observed. Among the primers, OPF-08 generated a RAPD polymorphic profile that showed common fragment of 478 bp in all the isolates. This fragment was cloned and sequenced. SCAR primers, Mg-SCAR-FP and Mg-SCAR-RP, were designed using sequence of the cloned product. The specificity of the SCAR primers was evaluated using purified DNA from M. grisea isolates from finger millets and other pathogens viz., Pyricularia oryzae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum falcatum and Colletotrichum capcisi infecting different crops. The SCAR primers amplified only specific 460 bp fragment from DNA of M. grisea isolates and this fragment was not amplified in other pathogens tested. CONCLUSION SCAR primers distinguish blast disease of finger millet from rice as there is no amplification in the rice blast pathogen. PCR-based SCAR marker is a convenient tool for specific and rapid detection of M. grisea in finger millets. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Genetic diversity in fungal population helps in developing a suitable SCAR marker to identify the blast pathogen at the early stage of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gnanasing Jesumaharaja
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Manikandan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T Raguchander
- Department of Plant Pathology, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Aswini D, Prabakar K, Rajendran L, Karthikeyan G, Raguchander T. Efficacy of new EC formulation derived from garlic creeper (Adenocalymma alliaceum Miers.) against anthracnose and stem end rot diseases of mango. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Senthil N, Raguchander T, Viswanathan R, Samiyappan R. Talc formulated fluorescent pseudomonads for sugarcane red rot suppression and enhanced yield under field conditions. Sugar Tech 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02943762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Kandan A, Commare RR, Nandakumar R, Ramiah M, Raguchander T, Samiyappan R. Induction of phenylpropanoid metabolism by Pseudomonas fluorescens against tomato spotted wilt virus in tomato. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2002; 47:121-9. [PMID: 12058389 DOI: 10.1007/bf02817669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas fluorescens (two native strains, one collection strain and their strain mixtures in all possible combinations) when applied through seed, seedling dip, soil and on leaf significantly reduced the tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) disease. In P. fluorescens-treated plants, the peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity increased. Accumulation of phenolic compounds and lignin were shown to be increased in the P. fluorescens-treated plants. Isoperoxidase native PAGE indicated that the peroxidase isoforms in tomato plants induced by fluorescent pseudomonads were different from the control plants; this suggests that the general phenylpropanoid pathway is probably stimulated in tomato plants treated which in turn led to significant reduction in TSWV.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kandan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, India
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Shanmugam V, Viswanathan R, Raguchander T, Balasubramanian P, Samiyappan R. Immunology of the pathogen virulence and phytotoxin production in relation to disease severity: a case study in sheath blight of rice. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2002; 47:551-8. [PMID: 12503403 DOI: 10.1007/bf02818797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Polyclonal antibodies against purified Rhizoctonia solani toxin obtained from infected rice sheath tissues (sheath blight toxin, SBT) and culture filtrates (culture filtrate toxin, CFT) were developed in rabbit and chicken. The IgG was isolated from serum and egg yolk of rabbit and chicken, respectively, and their specificity was investigated by indirect ELISA. Antibodies developed against CFT and SBT in rabbits exhibited relatively higher titer values when compared to chicken antibodies. Positive correlation was observed between the degree of sheath blighting and the levels of antigens induced by each isolate during sheath blight symptom development as detected by rabbit SBT antibody and the isolate RS7 was identified as most virulent. Optimization of incubation period for maximum toxin production in liquid medium and rice sheaths indicated that the production of CFT and SBT is maximum after 15 d and 6 d of pathogen inoculation. Studies of the possible translocation of RS-toxin in rice plants upon inoculation with R. solani showed downward translocation as detected by rabbit/chicken SBT antibodies. Since plant inoculation required a higher concentration of inoculum and maintenance of plants, serological assay by ELISA is more sensitive than whole-plant assays in detecting RS-toxin, with the advantage that ELISA also allows rapid determination of RS-toxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Shanmugam
- Department of Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, India
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Nandakumar R, Babu S, Viswanathan R, Raguchander T, Samiyappan R. Induction of systemic resistance in rice against sheath blight disease by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0038-0717(00)00202-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Shanmugam V, Sriram S, Babu S, Nandakumar R, Raguchander T, Balasubramanian P, Samiyappan R. Purification and characterization of an extracellular alpha-glucosidase protein from Trichoderma viride which degrades a phytotoxin associated with sheath blight disease in rice. J Appl Microbiol 2001; 90:320-9. [PMID: 11298225 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To purify and characterize an extracellular alpha-glucosidase from Trichoderma viride capable of inactivating a host-specific phytotoxin, designated RS toxin, produced by the rice sheath blight pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani Kühn. METHODS AND RESULTS The host-specific RS toxin was purified from both culture filtrates (culture filtrate toxin, CFTox) and R. solani-inoculated rice sheaths (sheath blight toxin, SBTox). Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses of extracellular proteins, purified from a biocontrol fungus T. viride (TvMNT7) grown on SBTox and CFTox separately, were carried out. The antifungal activity of the purified high molecular weight protein (110 kDa) was studied against RS toxin as well as on the sclerotial germination and mycelial growth of R. solani. Enzyme assay and Western blot analysis with the antirabbit TvMNT7 110-kDa protein indicated that the protein was an alpha-glucosidase. The 110-kDa protein was highly specific to RS toxin and its Michaelis-Menten constant value was 0.40 mmol l-1 when p-nitrophenyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside was used as the substrate. The isoelectric point of the protein was 5.2. N-terminal sequencing of the alpha-glucosidase protein showed that its amino acid sequence showed no homology with other known alpha-glucosidases. CONCLUSION This appears to be the first report of the purification and characterization of an alpha-glucosidase capable of inactivating a host-specific toxin of fungal origin. The alpha-glucosidase is specific to RS toxin and is different from the known alpha-glucosidases. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY As RS toxin could be inactivated by the microbial alpha-glucosidase enzyme, isolation of the gene that codes for the enzyme from T. viride and transfer of the gene to rice plants would lead to enhanced resistance against sheath blight pathogen by inactivation of RS toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Shanmugam
- Department of Plant Pathology and Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
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Ramamoorthy V, Viswanathan R, Raguchander T, Prakasam V, Samiyappan R. Induction of systemic resistance by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in crop plants against pests and diseases. Crop Protection 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0261-2194(00)00056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Sriram S, Raguchander T, Babu S, Nandakumar R, Shanmugam V, Vidhyasekaran P, Balasubramanian P, Samiyappan R. Inactivation of phytotoxin produced by the rice sheath blight pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. Can J Microbiol 2000; 46:520-4. [PMID: 10913973 DOI: 10.1139/w00-018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The rice sheath blight pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani, produces a toxin designated as RS-toxin, a carbohydrate compound containing mainly alpha-glucose and mannose. Different microflora were tested for RS-toxin inactivation. Isolates of Trichoderma viride inactivated this toxin when it was provided as the sole food source, and these isolates reduced the severity of toxin-induced symptoms and electrolyte leakage from rice cells. The best-performing isolate, TvMNT7, produced two extracellular proteins of 110 and 17 kDa. The high molecular mass protein was shown to have alpha-glucosidase activity. The purified 110 kDa protein was able to reduce RS-toxin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sriram
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
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Sriram S, Raguchander T, Babu S, Nandakumar R, Shanmugam V, Vidhyasekaran P, Balasubramanian P, Samiyappan. R. Inactivation of phytotoxin produced by the rice sheath blight pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. Can J Microbiol 2000. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-46-6-520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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