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Solanki G, Wilkinson T, Myburgh NG, Cornell JE, Brijlal V. South African healthcare reforms towards universal healthcare - where to next? S Afr Med J 2024; 114:e1571. [PMID: 38525573 DOI: 10.7196/samj.2024.v114i3.1571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The National Assembly approval of the National Health Insurance (NHI) Bill represents an important milestone, but there are many uncertainties concerning its implementation and timeline. The challenges faced by the South African healthcare system are huge, and we cannot afford to wait for NHI to address them all. It is critical that the process of strengthening the health system to advance universal healthcare (UHC) begins now, and there are several viable initiatives that can be implemented without delay. This article examines potential scenarios after the Bill is passed and ways in which UHC could be advanced. It begins with an overview of the trajectory of health system reform since 1994, then examines the scenarios that may emerge once the Bill is passed by Parliament and makes a case for finding ways in which UHC could be advanced within the country, regardless of any legal or financial barriers that may delay or limit NHI implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Solanki
- Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Health Economics Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa; NMG Consultants and Actuaries, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - T Wilkinson
- Health Economics Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - N G Myburgh
- Faculty of Dentistry and World Heath Organization Collaborating Centre for Oral Health, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - J E Cornell
- Nelson Mandela School of Public Governance, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - V Brijlal
- Clinton Health Access Initiative, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Geifman N, Azadbakht N, Zeng J, Wilkinson T, Dand N, Buchan I, Stocken D, Di Meglio P, Warren RB, Barker JN, Reynolds NJ, Barnes MR, Smith CH, Griffiths CEM, Peek N. Defining trajectories of response in patients with psoriasis treated with biologic therapies. Br J Dermatol 2021; 185:825-835. [PMID: 33829489 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.20140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of biologic therapies for psoriasis are significantly compromised by variable treatment responses. Thus, more precise management of psoriasis is needed. OBJECTIVES To identify subgroups of patients with psoriasis treated with biologic therapies, based on changes in their disease activity over time, that may better inform patient management. METHODS We applied latent class mixed modelling to identify trajectory-based patient subgroups from longitudinal, routine clinical data on disease severity, as measured by the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), from 3546 patients in the British Association of Dermatologists Biologics and Immunomodulators Register, as well as in an independent cohort of 2889 patients pooled across four clinical trials. RESULTS We discovered four discrete classes of global response trajectories, each characterized in terms of time to response, size of effect and relapse. Each class was associated with differing clinical characteristics, e.g. body mass index, baseline PASI and prevalence of different manifestations. The results were verified in a second cohort of clinical trial participants, where similar trajectories following the initiation of biologic therapy were identified. Further, we found differential associations of the genetic marker HLA-C*06:02 between our registry-identified trajectories. CONCLUSIONS These subgroups, defined by change in disease over time, may be indicative of distinct endotypes driven by different biological mechanisms and may help inform the management of patients with psoriasis. Future work will aim to further delineate these mechanisms by extensively characterizing the subgroups with additional molecular and pharmacological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Geifman
- The Manchester Molecular Pathology Innovation Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Centre for Health Informatics, Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - N Azadbakht
- Centre for Health Informatics, Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J Zeng
- Centre for Health Informatics, Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - T Wilkinson
- Centre for Health Informatics, Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - N Dand
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,Health Data Research UK, London, UK
| | - I Buchan
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - D Stocken
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Leeds, UK
| | - P Di Meglio
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - R B Warren
- Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J N Barker
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - N J Reynolds
- Institute of Translational and Clinical Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - M R Barnes
- Centre for Translational Bioinformatics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - C H Smith
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - C E M Griffiths
- Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - N Peek
- Centre for Health Informatics, Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Cleary SM, Wilkinson T, Tamandjou Tchuem CR, Docrat S, Solanki GC. Cost-effectiveness of intensive care for hospitalized COVID-19 patients: experience from South Africa. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:82. [PMID: 33482807 PMCID: PMC7820836 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-06081-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given projected shortages of critical care capacity in public hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic, the South African government embarked on an initiative to purchase this capacity from private hospitals. In order to inform purchasing decisions, we assessed the cost-effectiveness of intensive care management for admitted COVID-19 patients across the public and private health systems in South Africa. METHODS Using a modelling framework and health system perspective, costs and health outcomes of inpatient management of severe and critical COVID-19 patients in (1) general ward and intensive care (GW + ICU) versus (2) general ward only (GW) were assessed. Disability adjusted life years (DALYs) were evaluated and the cost per admission in public and private sectors was determined. The model made use of four variables: mortality rates, utilisation of inpatient days for each management approach, disability weights associated with severity of disease, and the unit cost per general ward day and per ICU day in public and private hospitals. Unit costs were multiplied by utilisation estimates to determine the cost per admission. DALYs were calculated as the sum of years of life lost (YLL) and years lived with disability (YLD). An incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) - representing difference in costs and health outcomes of the two management strategies - was compared to a cost-effectiveness threshold to determine the value for money of expansion in ICU services during COVID-19 surges. RESULTS A cost per admission of ZAR 75,127 was estimated for inpatient management of severe and critical COVID-19 patients in GW as opposed to ZAR 103,030 in GW + ICU. DALYs were 1.48 and 1.10 in GW versus GW + ICU, respectively. The ratio of difference in costs and health outcomes between the two management strategies produced an ICER of ZAR 73,091 per DALY averted, a value above the cost-effectiveness threshold of ZAR 38,465. CONCLUSIONS Results indicated that purchasing ICU capacity from the private sector during COVID-19 surges may not be a cost-effective investment. The 'real time', rapid, pragmatic, and transparent nature of this analysis demonstrates an approach for evidence generation for decision making relating to the COVID-19 pandemic response and South Africa's wider priority setting agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Cleary
- Health Economics Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - T Wilkinson
- Health Economics Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C R Tamandjou Tchuem
- Health Economics Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - S Docrat
- Health Economics Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - G C Solanki
- Health Economics Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Health Systems Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.,NMG Consultants and Actuaries, Cape Town, South Africa
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Schnier C, Wilkinson T, Akbari A, Orton C, Sleegers K, Gallacher J, Lyons RA, Sudlow C. The Secure Anonymised Information Linkage databank Dementia e-cohort (SAIL-DeC). Int J Popul Data Sci 2020; 5:1121. [PMID: 32935048 PMCID: PMC7473277 DOI: 10.23889/ijpds.v5i1.1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The rising burden of dementia is a global concern, and there is a need to study its causes, natural history and outcomes. The Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) Databank contains anonymised, routinely-collected healthcare data for the population of Wales, UK. It has potential to be a valuable resource for dementia research owing to its size, long follow-up time and prospective collection of data during clinical care. Objectives We aimed to apply reproducible methods to create the SAIL dementia e-cohort (SAIL-DeC). We created SAIL-DeC with a view to maximising its utility for a broad range of research questions whilst minimising duplication of effort for researchers. Methods SAIL contains individual-level, linked primary care, hospital admission, mortality and demographic data. Data are currently available until 2018 and future updates will extend participant follow-up time. We included participants who were born between 1st January 1900 and 1st January 1958 and for whom primary care data were available. We applied algorithms consisting of International Classification of Diseases (versions 9 and 10) and Read (version 2) codes to identify participants with and without all-cause dementia and dementia subtypes. We also created derived variables for comorbidities and risk factors. Results From 4.4 million unique participants in SAIL, 1.2 million met the cohort inclusion criteria, resulting in 18.8 million person-years of follow-up. Of these, 129,650 (10%) developed all-cause dementia, with 77,978 (60%) having dementia subtype codes. Alzheimer's disease was the most common subtype diagnosis (62%). Among the dementia cases, the median duration of observation time was 14 years. Conclusion We have created a generalisable, national dementia e-cohort, aimed at facilitating epidemiological dementia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schnier
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - T Wilkinson
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A Akbari
- Health Data Research UK Wales and Northern Ireland, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.,Administrative Data Research Partnership Wales, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - C Orton
- Health Data Research UK Wales and Northern Ireland, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - K Sleegers
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - J Gallacher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R A Lyons
- Health Data Research UK Wales and Northern Ireland, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.,National Centre for Population Health and Wellbeing Research, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Clm Sudlow
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Health Data Research UK Scotland, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Wilkinson T, Gough P, Owen MC, Carrell RW, Kronenberg H. THE ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF HAEMOGLOBIN LEPORE BOSTON (WASHINGTON) IN AN AUSTRALIAN FAMILY. Med J Aust 2019. [DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1975.tb106222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Wilkinson
- Royal Prince Allred Hospital, Sydney, and Christchurch Clinical School, University of OtagoNew Zeland
- Royal Prince Alfred HospitalSydney
- Haematology Department, Royal Prince Alfred HospitalMissenden RoadCamper‐downN.S.W.2050
| | - P. Gough
- Royal Prince Allred Hospital, Sydney, and Christchurch Clinical School, University of OtagoNew Zeland
- Haematology Department, Royal Prince Alfred HospitalSydney
| | - M. C. Owen
- Royal Prince Allred Hospital, Sydney, and Christchurch Clinical School, University of OtagoNew Zeland
- Clinical Biochemistry, Christchurch HospitalNew Zealand
| | - R. W. Carrell
- Royal Prince Allred Hospital, Sydney, and Christchurch Clinical School, University of OtagoNew Zeland
- Clinical Biochemistry, The Christchurch Clinical School, University of OtagoChristchurchNew Zealand
| | - H. Kronenberg
- Royal Prince Allred Hospital, Sydney, and Christchurch Clinical School, University of OtagoNew Zeland
- Royal Prince Alfred HospitalSydney
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Hanson C, Wilkinson T, Macluskey M. Do dental undergraduates think that Thiel-embalmed cadavers are a more realistic model for teaching exodontia? Eur J Dent Educ 2018; 22:e14-e18. [PMID: 27995728 DOI: 10.1111/eje.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Teaching exodontia to novice undergraduates requires a realistic model. Thiel-embalmed cadavers retain the flexibility of the soft tissues and could be used to teach exodontia. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine whether Thiel-embalmed cadavers were perceived to be a more realistic model by undergraduates in comparison with mannequins. MATERIALS AND METHODS Over a period of 4 years (2011-2014), students were randomly assigned into two groups: those taught exodontia on mannequins only (NT) and those who also experienced cadaveric teaching (T). This was followed by an assessment. RESULTS There were 174 students in the T group and 108 in the NT group. Sixty-five per cent of the T group and 69% of the NT group provided feedback. Ninety-eight per cent (98%) felt that they had been advantaged by being included in the group compared with 95% in the NT who felt disadvantaged. The majority (98%) thought that using the cadavers was advantageous and gave a realistic feel for soft tissue management (89%) and that it was similar to managing a patient (81%). Self-reported confidence in undertaking an extraction was not different between the two groups (P=.078), and performance in the extraction assessment was not significantly different between the two groups over the 4 years (P=.8). CONCLUSION The Thiel-embalmed cadavers were well received by the students who found it a more realistic model for exodontia than a mannequin, even though this did not impact on their performance in a following assessment. Future work on these cadavers may be expanded to include surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hanson
- Unit of Oral Surgery and Medicine, University of Dundee Dental School, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - T Wilkinson
- Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification (CAHID), University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - M Macluskey
- Unit of Oral Surgery and Medicine, University of Dundee Dental School, Dundee, Scotland, UK
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Popovic B, Breed J, Rees DG, Gardener MJ, Vinall LMK, Kemp B, Spooner J, Keen J, Minter R, Uddin F, Colice G, Wilkinson T, Vaughan T, May RD. Structural Characterisation Reveals Mechanism of IL-13-Neutralising Monoclonal Antibody Tralokinumab as Inhibition of Binding to IL-13Rα1 and IL-13Rα2. J Mol Biol 2016; 429:208-219. [PMID: 27956146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-13 is a pleiotropic T helper type 2 cytokine frequently associated with asthma and atopic dermatitis. IL-13-mediated signalling is initiated by binding to IL-13Rα1, which then recruits IL-4Rα to form a heterodimeric receptor complex. IL-13 also binds to IL-13Rα2, considered as either a decoy or a key mediator of fibrosis. IL-13-neutralising antibodies act by preventing IL-13 binding to IL-13Rα1, IL-4Rα and/or IL-13Rα2. Tralokinumab (CAT-354) is an IL-13-neutralising human IgG4 monoclonal antibody that has shown clinical benefit in patients with asthma. To decipher how tralokinumab inhibits the effects of IL-13, we determined the structure of tralokinumab Fab in complex with human IL-13 to 2 Å resolution. The structure analysis reveals that tralokinumab prevents IL-13 from binding to both IL-13Rα1 and IL-13Rα2. This is supported by biochemical ligand-receptor interaction assay data. The tralokinumab epitope is mainly composed of residues in helices D and A of IL-13. It is mostly light chain complementarity-determining regions that are driving paratope interactions; the variable light complementarity-determining region 2 plays a key role by providing residue contacts for a network of hydrogen bonds and a salt bridge in the core of binding. The key residues within the paratope contributing to binding were identified as Asp50, Asp51, Ser30 and Lys31. This study demonstrates that tralokinumab prevents the IL-13 pharmacodynamic effect by binding to IL-13 helices A and D, thus preventing IL-13 from interacting with IL-13Rα1 and IL-13Rα2.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Popovic
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK.
| | - J Breed
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - D G Rees
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - M J Gardener
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - L M K Vinall
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - B Kemp
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - J Spooner
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - J Keen
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - R Minter
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - F Uddin
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Development, MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - G Colice
- Inflammation, Neuroscience, Respiratory, Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - T Wilkinson
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - T Vaughan
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - R D May
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune Ltd., Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
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Rigge LA, Coombs NA, Johnson M, Culliford D, Josephs L, Williams N, Thomas M, Wilkinson T. P53 Predicting poor outcomes in COPD patients deemed ‘low risk’ by dose score. Thorax 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209333.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Ostridge K, Williams N, Kim V, Bennett M, Harden S, Welch L, Bourne S, Coombs N, Elkington P, Staples K, Wilkinson T. S93 Pulmonary Matrix Metalloproteinases and Small Airways Disease in COPD – The Origins of Airflow Obstruction?: Abstract S93 Table 1. Thorax 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207770.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Rigge LA, Johnson M, Culliford D, Williams N, Josephs L, Thomas M, Wilkinson T. P20 A database approach to DOSE score calculation as a tool to identify ‘at risk’ Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease patients through clinical records. Thorax 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207770.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Richards E, Rafie S, Rafie S, Cohen Landau S, Wilkinson T. Pharmacists' views on California's new law for pharmacy access to contraception: a qualitative study. Contraception 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2015.06.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Connolly M, Kerse N, Moyes S, Wilkinson T, Rolleston R, Chong Y, Menzies O, Broad J, Jatrana S, Teh R. 75SERUM TESTOSTERONE LEVELS RELATE TO BOTH FRAILTY AND ADL IN OCTOGENARIAN MALES: LILACS STUDY, NEW ZEALAND. Age Ageing 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afv115.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Daniel C, Hickman C, Wilkinson T, Oliana O, Gwinnett D, Trew G, Lavery S. Maximising success rates by improving ICSI technique: which factors affect outcome? Fertil Steril 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.07.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thomas
- Primary Care and Population Sciences Division, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK; NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton, UK
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Ostridge K, Williams N, Kim V, Barton A, Wojtas M, Harden S, Aris E, Peeters M, Devaster J, Bourne S, Wilkinson T. P62 Correlation Of Quantitative Chest Ct Measures With Lung Function And Functional Parameters In A Cohort Of Moderate To Very Severe Copd Patients. Thorax 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206260.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Spalluto C, Singhania A, Woelk C, Sanchez-Elsner T, Staples K, Wilkinson T. S129 Inflammatory Cytokines Influence Respiratory Epithelial Anti-viral Immune Responses Via Inducible Epigenetic Control Of Rig1 Expression: A Model Of Early Life Origins Of Asthma? Thorax 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206260.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Ostridge K, Harden S, Elkington P, Staples K, Wilkinson T. P63 Assessment Of Regional Variability In Matrix Metalloproteinase Concentrations By Ct Informed Bronchoalveolar Lavage In Patients With Copd. Thorax 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206260.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Jackson J, Kim V, Tuck A, Wootton S, Wilkinson T. S89 Identification Of Potentially Pathogenic Microorganisms By Selected Ion Flow Tube -mass Spectrometry (sift-ms). Thorax 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206260.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Kim V, Williams N, Ostridge K, Barton A, Wojtas M, Aris E, Peeters M, Devaster J, Bourne S, Wilkinson T. S33 Sputum Colour In The Light Of The Health Related Quality Of Life, Airways And Systemic Biomarkers In Exacerbations Of Copd. Thorax 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206260.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Williams N, Ostridge K, Kim V, Barton A, Wojtas M, Harden S, Aris E, Peeters M, Devaster J, Bourne S, Wilkinson T. P153 Stratifying Pneumonic Episodes And Acute Exacerbations In Copd Patients - A Continuum Or Discrete Phenomena? Thorax 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206260.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Minter RR, Cohen ES, Wang B, Liang M, Vainshtein I, Rees G, Eghobamien L, Harrison P, Sims DA, Matthews C, Wilkinson T, Monk P, Drinkwater C, Fabri L, Nash A, McCourt M, Jermutus L, Roskos L, Anderson IK, Sleeman MA. Protein engineering and preclinical development of a GM-CSF receptor antibody for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 168:200-11. [PMID: 22913645 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE For antibody therapies against receptor targets, in vivo outcomes can be difficult to predict because of target-mediated clearance or antigen 'sink' effects. The purpose of this work was to engineer an antibody to the GM-CSF receptor α (GM-CSFRα) with pharmacological properties optimized for chronic, s.c. treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used an in silico model of receptor occupancy to guide the target affinity and a combinatorial phage display approach for affinity maturation. Mechanism of action and internalization assays were performed on the optimized antibody in vitro before refining the modelling predictions of the eventual dosing in man. Finally, in vivo pharmacology studies in cynomolgus monkeys were carried out to inform the predictions and support future clinical development. KEY RESULTS Antibody potency was improved 8600-fold, and the target affinity was reached. The refined model predicted pharmacodynamic effects at doses as low as 1 mg kg(-1) and a study in cynomolgus monkeys confirmed in vivo efficacy at 1 mg kg(-1) dosing. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This rational approach to antibody drug discovery enabled the isolation of a potent molecule compatible with chronic, s.c. self-administration by RA patients. We believe this general approach enables the development of optimal biopharmaceuticals.
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Bourne SC, Wilkinson T, Kruk H, Austin K, Watson J, James N. P104 Southampton City: finding the missing millions and reducing admissions through medical intelligence. Thorax 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-201054c.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Keys A, Wilkinson T, Staples KJ, North M, Pink S, Wilson S, Kilty I, Djukanovic R, Nicholas B. P120 Comparison of cellular inflammation and TLR expression profiles between healthy and COPD subjects. Thorax 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-201054c.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Uttley P, Wilkinson T, Cassatella P, Wilms J, Pottschmidt K, Hanke M, Böck M. The causal connection between disc and power-law variability in hard state black hole X-ray binaries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-3933.2011.01056.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wilkinson T. Norman Daniels. Just Health. Public Health Ethics 2008. [DOI: 10.1093/phe/phn028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Hart BJ, Crowther D, Wilkinson T, Biddulph P, Ucci M, Pretlove S, Ridley I, Oreszczyn T. Reproduction and development of laboratory and wild house dust mites (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) and their relationship to the natural dust ecosystem. J Med Entomol 2007; 44:568-74. [PMID: 17695009 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585(2007)44[568:radola]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Life histories of "wild" house dust mites, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Trouessart) (Acari: Pyroglyphidae), were compared with laboratory cultures by using a diet consisting of skin and dust or a laboratory diet consisting of dried liver and yeast. Under constant conditions of 25 degrees C and 75% RH, fecundity and rate of reproduction were higher in laboratory cultures on both diets compared with wild mites. There were also trends for a shorter prereproductive period and more rapid egg development of laboratory mites compared with wild mites. Overall, there was little effect of diet on either strain of mites at 75% RH. At low RH (64%), fecundity was significantly lower (for both strains on both diets), and there were also trends for longer prereproductive period, reduced rate of reproduction, reduced adult survival, prolonged egg and juvenile development, or a combination compared with 75% RH. Additionally egg and juvenile mortality were significantly higher on the liver and yeast diet. Overall, the skin and dust diet favored both strains of mites at 64% RH. On the liver and yeast diet at 64% RH, wild mite adults performed significantly better than laboratory mites, and egg mortality was lower. These results suggest that laboratory mites have stronger reproduction and development than wild mites, except when under environmental stress and that diet is a significant factor, particularly in suboptimal conditions. This could have important implications for predictive models of house dust mite populations in their natural habitat. Ideally, such models should be developed using data from wild dust mite populations reared on a natural diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Hart
- Royal Agricultural College, Stroud Road, Cirencester, Gloucestershire GL7 6JS, United Kingdom.
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Bermingham J, Charles H, Calevero F, Wilkinson T. Comparative analysis of gene expression in an aphid–Buchnera symbiosis: The role of Buchnera in the nutrition of aphid embryos. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Altman L, Perigo S, Wilkinson T, Johnson P, Wight T. Versican is Required for Hyaluronan (HA) Dependant Poly I:C Stimulated Leukocyte Binding to Human Lung Fibroblasts (HLF). J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wilkinson T, Scott D, Hopkins E, Bathgate R. Modern Perspectives on the Structure, Function and Evolution of the Relaxin-Like Peptides and their Receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.2174/156801305774322411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Burch J, Wilkinson T. Cryopreservation of protonemata of Ditrichum cornubicum (paton) comparing the effectiveness of four cryoprotectant pretreatments. Cryo Letters 2002; 23:197-208. [PMID: 12148023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
If an ex situ programme for the conservation of rare and threatened bryophytes is to succeed, a method of long-term, basal storage is required. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of sucrose, ABA and sucrose/ABA combined, as cryoprotectant pretreatments, for the long-term storage of protonemata of the endangered Cornish path moss, Ditrichum cornubicum. This work is a prelude to the in vitro conservation of rare and endangered UK bryophytes. The addition of sucrose and/or ABA in the pre-culture medium, reduced protonemal growth rate. However, pretreatment afforded a high level of protection against tissue damage during dehydration and freezing, with 100 % regeneration of pretreated plants after thawing, compared to 53 % regeneration of controls. Sucrose combined with ABA in the pre-culture medium gave the most effective cryoprotection, with protonemata having fewer necrotic tissues and rapid recovery of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Burch
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
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Wilkinson T. Hepatitis C virus: prospects for future therapies. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2001; 2:1516-22. [PMID: 11763151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major health crisis worldwide. Current treatment requires combination therapy with interferon-alpha and ribavirin. The low efficacy and poor tolerability of this therapeutic regimen has driven the search for safer and more effective medicines. This search has led to intense research efforts which have enhanced our understanding of HCV biology and to the development of a number of strategies for identifying new antiviral agents. At the same time, efforts have been directed towards improving the efficacy and tolerability of existing therapies. Recent developments in the area of modified interferons and research on virus-encoded and host drug discovery targets are reviewed here. Advances in the field of improved interferon-based treatments and the use of new antiviral agents in clinical trials gives cause for optimism in the clinical management of HCV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wilkinson
- Roche Discovery Welwyn, Department of Biochemistry, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, UK.
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Gill D, Palmer C, Mulder R, Wilkinson T. Medical student career intentions at the Christchurch School of Medicine. The New Zealand Wellbeing, Intentions, Debt and Experiences (WIDE) survey of medical students pilot study. Results part II. N Z Med J 2001; 114:465-7. [PMID: 11760240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To record career preferences for medical students at the Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences and investigate factors, including student debt, that might influence career decisions. METHODS A questionnaire, The New Zealand Wellbeing, Intentions, Debt, and Experiences (WIDE) Survey of Medical Students, was developed and administered to all 204 medical students at the Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences. The survey included questions relating to preferred career intentions and factors influencing career decisions, including the decision to leave New Zealand to practise medicine. RESULTS The response rate was 88%. 80% intend to practise medicine in New Zealand immediately after graduation, however 82% indicated that they would leave within two years of graduation. Financial opportunities overseas and level of debt were the strongest motivating factors to leave. Repayments towards student loans and increased salaries were factors that might retain people in New Zealand. Medical and surgical specialities were the most popular career choices. Personal interest was the strongest motivator for career choice. Practising in a rural community was not popular. CONCLUSION Debt is one of a number of important factors influencing medical student career decisions including the decision to leave New Zealand. Initiatives addressing debt may be useful in retaining medical graduates in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gill
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences
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Gill D, Palmer C, Mulder R, Wilkinson T. Medical student debt at the Christchurch School of Medicine. The New Zealand Wellbeing, Intentions, Debt and Experiences (WIDE) survey of medical students pilot study. Results part I. N Z Med J 2001; 114:461-4. [PMID: 11760239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the level and sources of medical student debt at the Christchurch School of Medicine. METHODS A questionnaire, The New Zealand Wellbeing, Intentions, Debt, and Experiences (WIDE) Survey of Medical Students, was developed and administered to all 204 medical students at the Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences. Included were questions on student demographics, sources and levels of debt, parental financial support, and student perceptions of their debt. RESULTS The response rate was 88%. International students, whose debt was with an overseas government, and students with mortgages were excluded from the data analysis. The combined total debt for the remaining 165 students was $7775000 with $6290000 (81%) owed to the Government Students Loans scheme. One quarter of 6th year medical students had a debt over $83250, 50% had a debt over $70000, and 75% had a debt over $50000. Student allowances were inaccessible to 64% of 4th and 5th year students and part-time employment during term-time was common. Lack of funds was reported to impair full participation in the medical course. CONCLUSION The majority of medical students at the Christchurch School of Medicine accumulate high levels of debt, mainly dtrough the Government Student Loans scheme, during their medical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gill
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences
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Abstract
This study investigates clinical outcomes and the degree of compliance in patients who received advice on dysphagia management and the effect of the level of compliance on the incidence of chest infections and aspiration pneumonia, cause of death, and hospital readmission. We performed a retrospective cohort study of 140 patients who had videofluoroscopic studies at Princess Margaret Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand, from 1 January 1996 to 30 June 1997. The degree to which recommendations on dysphagia management were followed was correlated with the incidence of chest infections, aspiration pneumonia, and readmissions to the hospital. Cause of death, including the contribution of aspiration pneumonia, was assessed by review of medical records and death certificates. Information was available for 89% of the cohort. Twenty-one percent of the survivors never complied with the advice given. Noncompliant subjects were younger (p < 0.05) and more likely to be living at home rather than receiving institutional care (p = 0.05). Noncompliers had more hospital admissions because of chest infections or aspiration pneumonia (22% vs. 1.5%; p < 0.001). Home-dwelling noncompliant subjects received more courses of antibiotics (p < 0.02), but there was no difference in the number of chest infections. Fifty-four people died during the study period. Aspiration pneumonia was recorded as a definite or probable cause of death in 26 (52%) of the 50 subjects for whom reliable information was available and in 6 of 7 subjects who made a deliberate and documented decision not to comply. We conclude that noncompliance with recommendations about dysphagia management is associated with adverse outcomes. There was a high mortality rate and aspiration pneumonia was a common cause of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Low
- Princess Margaret Hospital, Health Care of the Elderly, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Wilkinson T, de Picciotto J. Swallowing problems in the normal ageing population. S Afr J Commun Disord 2001; 46:55-64. [PMID: 10894004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence of subjectively reported swallowing problems in a group of normal ageing subjects. Twenty-five retirement village residents were included in the sample. A cross-sectional descriptive survey research design was utilised. Data was obtained through the administration of a devised interview schedule. The prevalence of reported swallowing problems in the sample was determined. The nature of the swallowing problems were examined and compared to those reported to occur in the normal ageing population. The utility of the interview schedule was critically evaluated. Results revealed an overall prevalence of 44% of subjects who experience swallowing problems that interfere with their day to day functioning. Of these, 64% experienced swallowing difficulties affecting all phases of the swallow while 36% experienced difficulties affecting the pharyngeal and oesophageal phases. The interview was found to be a useful screening measure in identifying the presence of swallowing problems. The role of the speech pathologist in dysphagia in the normal ageing population is highlighted and justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wilkinson
- Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, University of the Witwatersrand
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Chintakanon K, Sampson W, Wilkinson T, Townsend G. A prospective study of Twin-block appliance therapy assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2000; 118:494-504. [PMID: 11094363 DOI: 10.1067/mod.2000.109839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Forty children displaying Class II Division 1 malocclusion were involved in a prospective magnetic resonance image investigation to evaluate the effects of Twin-block functional appliances on the temporomandibular joints. None of these children had clinical signs or symptoms of temporomandibular disorders. Nineteen children were treated with a Clark Twin-block appliance for 6 months; the other 21 children received no treatment and served as controls. Comparison between control and Clark Twin-block groups suggested that reduction of the condylar axial angle represents a feature of untreated Class II growth patterns, whereas axial angle stability with Clark Twin-block therapy may suggest alteration of condylar growth direction. Condyles that were positioned at the crest of the articular eminence by the Clark Twin-block at the beginning of treatment had reseated back into the glenoid fossa after 6 months. However, 75% of the condyles were more anteriorly positioned in successfully treated Clark Twin-block cases. There was no clear evidence of remodeling of the glenoid fossa at the eminence as a result of Clark Twin-block treatment. The initial prevalence of disk displacements for the combined groups was 7.5% anterior, 5% medial, and 12.5% for lateral disk displacement. Clark Twin-block therapy had neither positive nor negative effects on disk position, and there was no convincing evidence that the disk was recaptured.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chintakanon
- Dental School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia
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Abstract
Protrusive mandibular function, including maximum protrusive force and fatigue time, was investigated in 66 children displaying Class II Division 1 malocclusion. Thirty-two children were treated with the Clark Twin-block appliance and the other 34 children served as untreated controls. The observation period was 6 months. Cross-sectional data based on pretreatment records showed that maximum protrusive force ranged from 18.5 N to 160 N, with a mean of 80.3 +/- 30.7 N. Maximum protrusive force was significantly higher in males than in females (P <.001). The correlation between maximum protrusive force and chronologic age was low (r = 0.20) and did not reach significance. Maximum protrusive force in the group of children with disk displacement was not significantly different from that of the group without disk displacement. Comparison of pretreatment and 6-month records in the untreated control group revealed a significant increase in maximum protrusive force (P <.01) as a result of normal growth, while the measured change in the Twin-block-treated children did not reach significance. Fatiguing the protrusive muscles did not alter mandibular position in the Twin-block group after 6 months of treatment. The present study does not support the lateral pterygoid hypothesis, as there was no evidence of an increase in mandibular protrusive function after treatment with the Twin-block functional appliance.
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Abstract
A case of a 69 year old woman with multiple meningiomas is presented. Since her first presentation with Jacksonian seizures in 1978, she has had 16 meningiomas excised in seven separate surgical procedures. This is extremely unusual due to both the large number of tumours, and the long period over which they have occurred. We review the epidemiology, possible pathogenesis and genetic associations of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Granger
- Department of Health Care of the Elderly, The Princess Margaret Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Smith K, Lowther G, Maher E, Hourihan T, Wilkinson T, Wolstenholme J. The predictive value of findings of the common aneuploidies, trisomies 13, 18 and 21, and numerical sex chromosome abnormalities at CVS: experience from the ACC U.K. Collaborative Study. Association of Clinical Cytogeneticists Prenatal Diagnosis Working Party. Prenat Diagn 1999; 19:817-26. [PMID: 10521838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
We report 611 non-mosaic and 91 mosaic findings of trisomies 13, 18 and 21, and numerical sex chromosome abnormalities in a series of 20,527 CVS, in the Association of Clinical Cytogeneticists U.K. Collaborative Study, the majority with analysis of both direct preparations and cultured cells. No false-positive results were encountered among the 611 non-mosaic cases, making these findings a very reliable indicator of the fetal karyotype. One false-negative case was reported. In contrast, the 91 mosaic abnormalities were unreliable predictors of fetal abnormality. Many were associated with normal outcomes, but a significant proportion of cases of each individual aneuploidy proved genuine. Mosaicism for 45,X, and trisomies 13 and 18 was disproportionately common. 17 of the mosaic cases showed complete discordance between the karyotype from direct preparations and that from cultured cells. All would have resulted in either a false-positive or a false-negative finding if only one technique had been used. Based on our experience, and that of others, we believe that the highest level of predictive accuracy using CVS can only be achieved if both direct preparation and cell culture are performed. In addition, we continue to recommend that all pregnancies demonstrating mosaicism for these aneuploidies at CVS undergo amniocentesis or fetal blood sampling to differentiate between confined placental mosaicism and true fetal karyotypic abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Smith
- Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories, Churchill, U.K
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Smith K, Lowther G, Maher E, Hourihan T, Wilkinson T, Wolstenholme J. The predictive value of findings of the common aneuploidies, trisomies 13, 18 and 21, and numerical sex chromosome abnormalities at CVS: experience from the ACC U.K. collaborative study. Prenat Diagn 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(199909)19:9<817::aid-pd647>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, containing their symbiotic bacteria (untreated aphids) and experimentally deprived of their bacteria by treatment with the antibiotic rifampicin (antibiotic-treated aphids) were reared on the plant Vicia faba. The sugars in the honeydew produced by untreated aphids comprised predominantly the monosaccharides glucose and fructose, while the honeydew of antibiotic-treated aphids contained considerable amounts of oligosaccharides of up to 16 hexose units. The honeydew and haemolymph of the aphids were iso-osmotic, and their osmotic pressure was significantly lower in untreated aphids (0.91­0.95 MPa) than in antibiotic-treated aphids (1.01­1.05 MPa) (P<0.05). For insects reared on chemically defined diets containing 0.15­1.0 mol l-1 sucrose (osmotic pressure 1.1­4.0 MPa), the osmotic pressure of the aphid haemolymph did not vary with dietary osmotic pressure, but was regulated to approximately 1.0 MPa in untreated and 1.3 MPa in antibiotic-treated aphids. The sugars in the aphid honeydew varied with dietary sucrose concentration; with monosaccharides dominant at low concentrations and oligosaccharides dominant at high concentrations of dietary sucrose. The lowest dietary sucrose concentration at which honeydew oligosaccharides were detected was 0.2 mol l-1 for the antibiotic-treated aphids and 0.3 mol l-1 for untreated aphids. These data indicate that the aphid, and not its associated microbiota, mediates the synthesis of oligosaccharides when the osmotic pressure of the ingesta is high.
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Crowley C, Wilkinson T, Piehslingher E, Wilson D, Czerny C. Correlations between anatomic and MRI sections of human cadaver temporomandibular joints in the coronal and sagittal planes. J Orofac Pain 1996; 10:199-216. [PMID: 9161226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cadaver material was used in this study to correlate sequential sagittal and coronal T1-weighted magnetic resonance images against anatomic detail. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was found to accurately represent soft tissues in normal and deranged joints. In contrast to previous reports, MRI was found to accurately represent the discal-retrodiscal junction and did not appear to give false positive findings for disc displacement. Magnetic resonance imaging provided good images of bony outline, particularly in coronal views. Difficulties in interpretation arose when different adjoining tissues produced the same MR image; the central tendon of the lateral pterygoid muscle can appear as an extension of the disc, imaging as a distorted and displaced disc. In anatomic sections, a medial hernia sac in the lower joint space was seen as a constant indicator of the medial component of disc displacement; however, this was not evident in sagittal and coronal T1-weighted images. Fibrocartilaginous remodeling of the articular surface projecting into a discal perforation presented the same image as normal discal tissue. Because discs are often thinned over the lateral pole, it is difficult to determine whether discal tissue is present between the articular surfaces when MRI is at its present resolution. Subcortical bone spaces may be misinterpreted as areas of avascular necrosis and osteochondritis dissecans. It is recommended that an imaging sequence of the TMJ include a midcondyle image and lateral, central, and medial sagittal images; however, the lateral sagittal image is the most difficult to interpret.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Crowley
- Department of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Australia
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Wilkinson T, Aukema HM, Thomas LM, Holub BJ. Marked enrichment of the alkenylacyl subclass of plasma ethanolamine glycerophospholipid with eicosapentaenoic acid in human subjects consuming a fish oil concentrate. Lipids 1996; 31 Suppl:S211-5. [PMID: 8729121 DOI: 10.1007/bf02637078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Alteration in human platelet fatty acid levels with the consumption of fish oils containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) have been well documented, but changes in the fatty acid composition of plasma plasmalogenic phospholipid under similar circumstances have not been delineated. In the present study, subjects consumed the fish oil concentrate (MaxEPA) for 6 wk followed immediately by a 6-wk recovery period with no fish oil ingestion. Plasma total choline glycerophospholipid (GPC) and ethanolamine glycerophospholipid (GPE) subclasses isolated from blood samples obtained at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 wk of the experimental period were analyzed for fatty acid composition via thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatographic techniques. Consumption of fish oil for 3 or 6 wk significantly elevated the content of n-3 fatty acids while concomitantly decreasing n-6 fatty acid levels in plasma total GPC and in diacyl and alkenylacyl (plasmalogen) GPE. Alkenylacyl GPE exhibited the greatest alteration of both n-3 and n-6 fatty acid levels. Following 6 wk of supplementation with fish oil, EPA rose by 24.6 mol% in alkenylacyl GPE compared to increases of 6.7 and 7.1 mol% in diacyl GPE and total GPC, respectively. The increase in EPA (from 5.0 to 29.6 mol%) in plasma alkenylacyl GPE represents amongst the highest enrichment of EPA in any lipid yet reported in human subjects. DHA also rose by 8.0, 4.8, and 3.1 mol% in alkenylacyl GPE, diacyl GPE, and total GPC, respectively. Alkenylacyl GPE exhibited the greatest mol% decline (by 18.7 mol%) in arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) following 6 wk of fish oil supplementation. The corresponding decreases of AA in diacyl GPE and total GPC were 8.7 and 1.8 mol%, respectively. Following the 6 wk recovery period, n-3 and n-6 fatty acid levels had returned to pre-supplementation values. The marked enrichment of alkenylacyl GPE in n-3 fatty acids, especially EPA, may be of significance with respect to a unique role for this plasma phospholipid subclass in attenuating certain lipoprotein-mediated cardiovascular effects as observed with fish/fish oil consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wilkinson
- Department of Human Biology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Bartenschlager R, Lohmann V, Wilkinson T, Koch JO. Complex formation between the NS3 serine-type proteinase of the hepatitis C virus and NS4A and its importance for polyprotein maturation. J Virol 1995; 69:7519-28. [PMID: 7494258 PMCID: PMC189690 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.12.7519-7528.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Processing of the hepatitis C virus polyprotein is mediated by host cell signalases and at least two virally encoded proteinases. Of these, the serine-type proteinase encompassing the amino-terminal one-third of NS3 is responsible for cleavage at the four sites carboxy terminal of NS3. The activity of this proteinase is modulated by NS4A, a 54-amino-acid polyprotein cleavage product essential for processing at the NS3/4A, NS4A/4B, and NS4B/5A sites and enhancing cleavage efficiency between NS5A and NS5B. Using the vaccinia virus-T7 hybrid system to express hepatitis C virus polypeptides in BHK-21 cells, we studied the role of NS4A in proteinase activation. We found that the NS3 proteinase and NS4A form a stable complex when expressed as a single polyprotein or as separate molecules. Results from deletion mapping show that the minimal NS4A domain required for proteinase activation is located in the center of NS4A between amino acids 1675 and 1686 of the polyprotein. Amino acid substitutions within this domain destabilizing the NS3-NS4A complex also impair trans cleavage at the NS4A-dependent sites. Similarly, deletion of amino-terminal NS3 sequences impairs complex formation as well as cleavage at the NS4B/5A site but not at the NS4A-independent NS5A/5B site. These results suggest that a stable NS3-NS4A interaction is important for cleavage at the NS4A-dependent sites and that amino-terminal NS3 sequences and the central NS4A domain are directly involved in complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bartenschlager
- Institute for Virology, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
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Wilkinson T. Hospital based geriatric services and rehabilitation. Med J Aust 1994; 160:309. [PMID: 8179673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Woodside D, Melsen B, Ingervall B, Miura F, Sinclair P, Parkhouse R, Freer TJ, Wilkinson T. 14th Congress of the Australian Society of Orthodontists: lecture summaries. Aust Orthod J 1994; 13:106-16. [PMID: 7993235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Wilkinson T, Costello SA, Sainsbury R, Wynne CJ. Dementia and prime ministers. N Z Med J 1992; 105:182. [PMID: 1589173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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