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Aliro T, Chenais E, Odongo W, Okello DM, Masembe C, Ståhl K. Prevention and Control of African Swine Fever in the Smallholder Pig Value Chain in Northern Uganda: Thematic Analysis of Stakeholders' Perceptions. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:707819. [PMID: 35097036 PMCID: PMC8793068 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.707819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is endemic in Uganda and considered a major constraint to pig production. In the absence of a vaccine, biosecurity is key for ASF prevention and control. To improve prevention and control on farm and community level there is need for more knowledge on current application of biosecurity practises, and better understanding of how pig value chain actors perceive prevention and control. To achieve this, a qualitative interview study involving focus group discussions (FGD) was conducted with actors from the smallholder pig value chain in northern Uganda. Six villages were purposively selected based on previous outbreaks of ASF, preliminary perceived willingness to control ASF, and the representation of several different value chain actors in the village. Results indicated that biosecurity practises such as basic hygiene routines including safe carcass handling, minimising direct and indirect contacts between pigs or between pigs and people, trade restrictions and sharing of disease information were implemented in some of the villages. Thematic analysis based on grounded theory revealed six categories of data relating to ASF prevention and control. Together these categories form a logical framework including both enablers and hindrances for ASF prevention and control. In summary participants mostly had positive perceptions of ASF biosecurity, describing measures as effective. Participants further possessed knowledge of ASF and its transmission, some of which was in line with known scientific knowledge and some not. Nevertheless, participants were hindered from preventing and controlling ASF due to biosecurity costs and a need to prioritise family livelihood over disease transmission risks, incompatibility of current biosecurity practises with local culture, traditions and social contexts and finally lack of access to veterinarians or, occasionally, low-quality veterinary services. The constraints could be addressed by applying participatory processes in designing biosecurity measures to ensure better adaptation to local cultural and social contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Aliro
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
| | - E. Chenais
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: E. Chenais
| | - W. Odongo
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
| | - D. M. Okello
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
| | - C. Masembe
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Science, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - K. Ståhl
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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Noce A, Amills M, Manunza A, Muwanika V, Muhangi D, Aliro T, Mayega J, Ademun R, Sànchez A, Egbhalsaied S, Mercadé A, Masembe C. East African pigs have a complex Indian, Far Eastern and Western ancestry. Anim Genet 2015; 46:433-6. [PMID: 26011180 DOI: 10.1111/age.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have characterized the mitochondrial diversity of 81 swine from Uganda. Median-joining network analysis of D-loop sequences from these individuals and others characterized in previous studies allowed us to determine that Ugandan pigs cluster with populations from the West (Europe/North Africa), Far East and India. In addition, partial sequencing of the Y-chromosome UTY locus in 18 Ugandan domestic pigs revealed the segregation of a single HY1 lineage that has a cosmopolitan distribution. A Western and Far Eastern ancestry for East African pigs had been already reported, but this is the first study demonstrating an additional contribution from the Indian porcine gene pool. This result is consistent with the high frequency of zebuine alleles in cattle from East Africa. The geographic coordinates of East Africa, at the crossroads of many trading routes that, through the ages, linked Europe, Africa and Asia, might explain the rich and complex genetic heritage of livestock native to this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Noce
- Department of Animal Genetics, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - M Amills
- Department of Animal Genetics, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - A Manunza
- Department of Animal Genetics, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - V Muwanika
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Environmental Management, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7026, Kampala, Uganda
| | - D Muhangi
- Department of Wildlife and Aquatic Resources, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - T Aliro
- Directorate of Production and Marketing, Gulu District Local Government, P. O. Box 2, Gulu, Uganda
| | - J Mayega
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Environmental Management, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7026, Kampala, Uganda
| | - R Ademun
- Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, P. O. Box 513, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - A Sànchez
- Department of Animal Genetics, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - S Egbhalsaied
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Isfahan (Khorasgan) branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - A Mercadé
- Departament de Ciencia Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - C Masembe
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of BioSciences, Makerere University, Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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Chenais E, Boqvist S, Sternberg-Lewerin S, Emanuelson U, Ouma E, Dione M, Aliro T, Crafoord F, Masembe C, Ståhl K. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Related to African Swine Fever Within Smallholder Pig Production in Northern Uganda. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:101-115. [PMID: 25876769 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Uganda is a low-income country with the largest pig population in East Africa. Pig keeping has a large potential, commercially and as a tool for poverty reduction, but African swine fever (ASF) is a major hurdle for development of the sector. The objective of this study was to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and practices related to ASF in the smallholder pig production value chain in northern Uganda. The study included three separate series of participatory rural appraisals (PRA), comprising purposively selected farmers and other actors in the pig production value chain. In the PRAs, various participatory epidemiology tools were used. A total of 49 PRAs and 574 participants, representing 64 different villages, were included. The results indicate that participants were well aware of the clinical signs of ASF, routes for disease spread and measures for disease control. However, awareness of the control measures did not guarantee their implementation. A majority of middlemen and butchers acknowledged having sold live pigs, carcasses or pork they believed infected with ASF. Outbreaks of ASF had a strong negative impact on participants' socio-economic status with loss of revenue and reversal into more severe poverty. In conclusion, lack of knowledge is not what is driving the continuous circulation of ASF virus in this setting. To control ASF and reduce its impact, initiatives that stimulate changes in management are needed. Because the behaviour of all actors in the value chain is largely influenced by the deep rural poverty in the region, this needs to be combined with efforts to reduce rural poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Chenais
- National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Boqvist
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - U Emanuelson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E Ouma
- International Livestock Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - M Dione
- International Livestock Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - T Aliro
- Directorate of Production and Marketing, Gulu District Local Government, Gulu, Uganda
| | | | - C Masembe
- Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - K Ståhl
- National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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