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Hakozaki T, Wang J, Laughlin T, Jarrold B, Zhao W, Furue M. Role of interleukin-6 and endothelin-1 receptors in enhanced melanocyte dendricity of facial spots and suppression of their ligands by niacinamide and tranexamic acid. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024; 38 Suppl 2:3-10. [PMID: 38116639 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperpigmented spots are common issues in all ethnicities with a hallmark characteristic of increased melanocyte dendricity. OBJECTIVES To determine (1) potential receptors and/or cytokines that are involved in increased melanocyte dendricity in multiple facial spot types; (2) treatment effects of skin-lightening compounds on identified cytokine release from keratinocytes and on dendricity in melanocytes. METHODS Facial spots (melasma, solar lentigo, acne-induced post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation) and adjacent non-spot skin biopsies were collected from Chinese women (age 20-70). The epidermal supra and basal layers were laser dissected to enrich keratinocyte or melanocyte biology respectively for transcriptome analysis. Melanocyte dendricity was assessed histologically by immunofluorescent staining. Effect of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) on melanocyte dendricity and melanosome transfer were assessed in human melanocytes or melanocyte-keratinocyte co-culture models. Treatment effects of skin-lightening compounds (niacinamide, tranexamic acid [TxA], sucrose laurate/dilaurate mixture [SDL]) were assessed on IL-6 or ET-1 release from keratinocytes and on dendricity in melanocytes. RESULTS Transcriptome analysis revealed IL-6 receptor and ET-1 receptor were significantly upregulated compared to the adjacent normal skin, visually confirmed at the protein level through immunostaining. Melanocytes in spot areas are more dendritic than melanocytes in adjacent non-spot skin. The addition of IL-6 and ET-1 to cell culture models increased melanocyte dendricity and melanosome transfer. IL-6 release was significantly suppressed by niacinamide and its combination, while ET-1 release was significantly reduced by both niacinamide and TxA. In contrast, SDL acted directly upon melanocytes to reduce dendricity. CONCLUSION Interleukin-6 and ET-1 receptors are significantly upregulated in multiple facial spot types. The in vitro testing demonstrated their respective ligands increased melanocyte dendricity. Tested skin-lightening compounds showed reduction in release of IL-6/ET-1 from epidermal keratinocytes and/or inhibition of melanocyte dendricity. This work sheds light on pathophysiological mechanism of facial spots and potential new mechanisms of these skin-lightening compounds which warrant further human clinical validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hakozaki
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, Ohio, USA
| | - J Wang
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, Ohio, USA
| | - T Laughlin
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, Ohio, USA
| | - B Jarrold
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, Ohio, USA
| | - W Zhao
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, Ohio, USA
| | - M Furue
- Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Hakozaki T, Jarrold B, Zhao W, Laughlin T, Whittenbarger D, Jewell‐Motz EA, Boissy RE. Morphological and transcriptional evaluation of multiple facial cutaneous hyperpigmented spots. Skin Health Dis 2022; 2:e96. [PMID: 35677918 PMCID: PMC9168023 DOI: 10.1002/ski2.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Morphological characteristics of major facial hyperpigmented spots have been well documented. However, detailed alterations of respective transcriptional profile for each spot and in-depth comparisons across multiple spot types have not been reported. Objectives To comprehensively assess and compare multiple facial hyperpigmented spot types at the morphological and molecular levels by utilising transcriptional expression profiling with correlation to quantified histological features. Methods Multiple types of facial spot biopsies were collected from Chinese women and compared to additional biopsies taken from adjacent healthy skin. The types of spots included Solar Lentigos with both elongated dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ) (SL[E]) and flat DEJ (SL[F]), Seborrhoeic Keratosis (SK), Melasma, Freckles, Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation of resolving acne (PIH[A]) and other stimuli (PIH[O]). Combined histomorphometry, immunohistology, and transcriptome analysis for suprabasal-epidermis, basal-epidermis, and dermal compartments dissected by Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM) were conducted and compared across different spot types. Results Each spot type was confirmed to have the unique histological pathology already documented elsewhere. Most of the spot types except Melasma and PIH (A) revealed similar melanocyte density to adjacent skin. All spots exhibited increased melanin synthesis, melanosome transportation, as well as enhanced melanocyte dendricity, however, each spot revealed a distinct transcriptome regulation pattern in pigmentation pathways. Upregulation of pigmentation genes was also observed in the dermis of SL(F), SL(E), SK and PIH(O), associated with significant modulation of DEJ related genes in basal-epidermis and/or dermal compartments, suggesting potential melanocyte infiltration into the dermis due to impaired DEJ quality. Beyond upregulated pigmentation, for most spots, gene expression in the suprabasal-epidermis regulating keratinisation was significantly upregulated in conjunction with thickened stratum corneum. Furthermore, downregulation of tight junction related genes represented by claudin-1 was observed in majority of spot types, suggesting compromised barrier function could be a similarity across spots. Additionally, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) was upregulated in all types of spots, indicating involvement of cell senescence as a common theme. Conclusion This comprehensive and comparative study based on the histological and transcriptional analysis of three skin compartments provided unique insights into specific causations as well as differences and similarities across multiple hyperpigmented spot types.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Hakozaki
- The Procter & Gamble CompanyMason Business CenterMasonOhioUSA
| | - B. Jarrold
- The Procter & Gamble CompanyMason Business CenterMasonOhioUSA
| | - W. Zhao
- The Procter & Gamble CompanyMason Business CenterMasonOhioUSA
| | - T. Laughlin
- The Procter & Gamble CompanyMason Business CenterMasonOhioUSA
| | | | | | - R. E. Boissy
- Department of DermatologyCollege of MedicineUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhioUSA
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Wang J, Jarrold B, Zhao W, Deng G, Moulton L, Laughlin T, Hakozaki T. The combination of sucrose dilaurate and sucrose laurate suppresses HMGB1: an enhancer of melanocyte dendricity and melanosome transfer to keratinocytes. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36 Suppl 3:3-11. [PMID: 35014730 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperpigmented spots are common issues in all ethnicities, involving multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as UVB exposure, hormone balance, inflammatory status and ageing. OBJECTIVES To determine (i) melanocyte dendricity in multiple facial spot types, (ii) impact of High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1), and the combination of sucrose dilaurate and sucrose laurate (SDL) on melanogenesis and melanocyte dendricity, and (iii) SDL effect on facial spots in a human use test. METHODS Facial spot and adjacent non-spot skin biopsies were collected from Chinese women (age 20-70). Histological assessment of melanocyte dendricity was performed for 3 spot types (solar lentigo, melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation) by immunofluorescent staining for c-kit/MITF. Keratinocyte, melanocyte and melanocyte-keratinocyte co-culture models were used to assess HMGB1 release by UVB radiation, the effects of HMGB1 and SDL on melanin production, melanocyte dendricity and melanosome transfer. The effect of an SDL-containing moisturizer on appearance of facial hyperpigmented spots was assessed against a vehicle control in an 8-week human use test. RESULTS Melanocytes in spot areas are more dendritic than melanocytes in adjacent non-spot skin across three investigated spot types. In cell culture models, a moderate UVB-radiation exposure caused release of HMGB1 from keratinocytes. HMGB1 did not alter melanin production in melanocytes, but enhanced melanocyte dendricity and melanosome transfer. SDL reduced HMGB1 release from keratinocytes, inhibited melanin production, reversibly suppressed melanocyte dendricity and reduced melanosome transfer. In the human use test, SDL-containing moisturizer reduced appearance of spots versus vehicle. CONCLUSION Increased melanocyte dendricity was observed in multiple types of facial spots. Addition of HMGB1 protein increased melanocyte dendricity and melanosome transfer in cell cultures, implicating potential involvement in spot formation. SDL suppressed melanin production, melanocyte dendricity and melanosome transfer in vitro and reduced appearance of spots in the use test, suggesting SDL is an effective solution to address hyperpigmented spot concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH, USA
| | - B Jarrold
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH, USA
| | - W Zhao
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH, USA
| | - G Deng
- P&G Singapore Innovation Center, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - L Moulton
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH, USA
| | - T Laughlin
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH, USA
| | - T Hakozaki
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH, USA
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Laughlin T, Tan Y, Jarrold B, Chen J, Li L, Fang B, Zhao W, Tamura M, Matsubara A, Deng G, Wang X, Hakozaki T. Autophagy activators stimulate the removal of advanced glycation end products in human keratinocytes. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 34 Suppl 3:12-18. [PMID: 32557807 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) can impact cellular homoeostasis and protein structure, thus is implicated in numerous skin conditions including yellow, dull appearance. AGE formation is irreversible; thus, understanding of the recycling process of AGEs in the skin is critical for addressing skin appearance conditions. OBJECTIVE To determine whether (i) accumulation of AGEs occurs in dull appearance group among young population (age 20-29) (ii) in vitro autophagy stimulation results in reduction of AGEs in keratinocytes. METHODS Facial cheek biopsies were collected from Chinese women (age 20-50) exhibiting either dull or non-dull appearing skin. Histological assessment of glycation was performed for representative subjects among the 20-29 years sub-group by immunofluorescence staining of AGEs. LC-MS methods and keratinocyte cell culture were used to assess impact of autophagy modulators and skin care materials on carboxymethyl lysine (CML) amount, a representative AGE. RESULTS Notable amounts of AGEs were observed in the epidermal samples among young females. Interestingly, the amount of AGEs was significantly higher among the dull skin appearance group. Treatment of keratinocytes with glyceraldehyde (GLA) enhanced CML in the cells, and postglycation treatment with autophagy activators reduced CML. Two skin care materials, Nymphaea alba flower extract (a.k.a. white water lily extract) and sucrose dilaurate, were identified based from in vitro autophagy activation and found to reduce CML in keratinocytes. CONCLUSION We found AGEs accumulate in the facial epidermis even among young people, correlating to a yellow and dull appearance. We also demonstrated in vitro activation of autophagy can reduce AGEs in keratinocytes, and autophagy activating skin care materials, N. alba flower extract and sucrose dilaurate, also reduce AGEs in the keratinocyte in vitro model. These data suggest epidermal AGEs contribute to the dull skin appearance, and autophagy activators may provide an effective solution to improve dull appearance by removing and recycling the accumulated glycation in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Laughlin
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH, USA
| | - Y Tan
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Evaluation of Cosmetics, Shanghai, China
| | - B Jarrold
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH, USA
| | - J Chen
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH, USA
| | - L Li
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH, USA
| | - B Fang
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH, USA
| | - W Zhao
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH, USA
| | - M Tamura
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH, USA
| | - A Matsubara
- Procter & Gamble International Operations, Singapore Innovation Center, Singapore, Singapore
| | - G Deng
- Procter & Gamble International Operations, Singapore Innovation Center, Singapore, Singapore
| | - X Wang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - T Hakozaki
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, Mason, OH, USA
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Oblong J, DeAngelis Y, Jarrold B, Bierman J, Rovito H, Vires L, Fang B, Laughlin T, Zhao W, Hartman S, Kainkaryam R, Adams R, Sherrill J, Hakozaki T. Optimized low pH formulation of niacinamide enhances induction of autophagy marker ATG5 gene expression and protein levels in human epidermal keratinocytes. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34 Suppl 3:3-11. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.E. Oblong
- The Procter & Gamble Company Cincinnati OH USA
| | | | | | | | - H.A. Rovito
- The Procter & Gamble Company Cincinnati OH USA
| | - L. Vires
- The Procter & Gamble Company Cincinnati OH USA
| | - B. Fang
- The Procter & Gamble Company Cincinnati OH USA
| | - T. Laughlin
- The Procter & Gamble Company Cincinnati OH USA
| | - W. Zhao
- The Procter & Gamble Company Cincinnati OH USA
| | | | | | - R. Adams
- The Procter & Gamble Company Cincinnati OH USA
| | | | - T. Hakozaki
- The Procter & Gamble Company Cincinnati OH USA
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Hakozaki T, Laughlin T, Zhao S, Wang J, Deng D, Jewell-Motz E, Elstun L. A regulator of ubiquitin-proteasome activity, 2-hexyldecanol, suppresses melanin synthesis and the appearance of facial hyperpigmented spots. Br J Dermatol 2013; 169 Suppl 2:39-44. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Hakozaki
- The Procter & Gamble Company; 8700 Mason Montgomery Road; Mason; OH; U.S.A
| | - T. Laughlin
- The Procter & Gamble Company; 8700 Mason Montgomery Road; Mason; OH; U.S.A
| | - S. Zhao
- The Procter & Gamble Company; 8700 Mason Montgomery Road; Mason; OH; U.S.A
| | - J. Wang
- The Procter & Gamble Company; 8700 Mason Montgomery Road; Mason; OH; U.S.A
| | - D. Deng
- P&G Technology Beijing Co., Ltd; No. 35 Yu'an Road B Zone; Shunyi District; Beijing; China
| | - E. Jewell-Motz
- The Procter & Gamble Company; 8700 Mason Montgomery Road; Mason; OH; U.S.A
| | - L. Elstun
- The Procter & Gamble Company; 8700 Mason Montgomery Road; Mason; OH; U.S.A
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Osborne R, Hakozaki T, Laughlin T, Finlay D. Application of genomics to breakthroughs in the cosmetic treatment of skin ageing and discoloration. Br J Dermatol 2012; 166 Suppl 2:16-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10960.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Backus J, Laughlin T, Min CJ, Mannie A, Tafra L, Belly R, Atkins D, Verbanac KM. Validation of markers for the intraoperative detection of metastasis in breast sentinel lymph nodes. J Clin Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.9547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. Backus
- Veridex, LLC, A Johnson & Johnson Company, Raritan, NJ; East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC; Anne Arundel Medical Center, Annapolis, MD
| | - T. Laughlin
- Veridex, LLC, A Johnson & Johnson Company, Raritan, NJ; East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC; Anne Arundel Medical Center, Annapolis, MD
| | - C. J. Min
- Veridex, LLC, A Johnson & Johnson Company, Raritan, NJ; East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC; Anne Arundel Medical Center, Annapolis, MD
| | - A. Mannie
- Veridex, LLC, A Johnson & Johnson Company, Raritan, NJ; East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC; Anne Arundel Medical Center, Annapolis, MD
| | - L. Tafra
- Veridex, LLC, A Johnson & Johnson Company, Raritan, NJ; East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC; Anne Arundel Medical Center, Annapolis, MD
| | - R. Belly
- Veridex, LLC, A Johnson & Johnson Company, Raritan, NJ; East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC; Anne Arundel Medical Center, Annapolis, MD
| | - D. Atkins
- Veridex, LLC, A Johnson & Johnson Company, Raritan, NJ; East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC; Anne Arundel Medical Center, Annapolis, MD
| | - K. M. Verbanac
- Veridex, LLC, A Johnson & Johnson Company, Raritan, NJ; East Carolina University, Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC; Anne Arundel Medical Center, Annapolis, MD
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Miller
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642-8668, USA.
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Vanderah TW, Laughlin T, Lashbrook JM, Nichols ML, Wilcox GL, Ossipov MH, Malan TP, Porreca F. Single intrathecal injections of dynorphin A or des-Tyr-dynorphins produce long-lasting allodynia in rats: blockade by MK-801 but not naloxone. Pain 1996; 68:275-81. [PMID: 9121815 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(96)03225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain states are accompanied by increased sensitivity to both noxious and non-noxious sensory stimuli, characterized as hyperalgesia and allodynia, respectively. In animal models of neuropathic pain, the presence of hyperalgesia and allodynia are accompanied by neuroplastic changes including increased spinal levels of substance P, cholecystokinin (CCK), and dynorphin. N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors appear to be involved in maintaining the central sensitivity which contributes to neuropathic pain. In addition to its opioid activities, dynorphin has been suggested to act at the NMDA receptor complex. In an attempt to mimic the increased levels of spinal dynorphin seen in animal models of neuropathic pain, rats received a single intrathecal (i.t.) injection of dynorphin A(1-17), dynorphin A(1-13), dynorphin A(2-17) or dynorphin A(2-13) through indwelling catheters. Tactile allodynia was determined by measuring response threshold to probing with von Frey filaments. Dynorphin A(1-17) administration evoked significant and long-lasting tactile allodynia (i.e. > 60 days). Likewise, the i.t. administration of dynorphin A(1-13) or dynorphin A(2-17) or dynorphin A(2-13) also produced long-lasting tactile allodynia. Intrathecal pretreatment, but not post-treatment, with MK-801 prevented dynorphin A(1-17)-induced development of allodynia; i.t. administration of MK-801 alone had no effect on responses to tactile stimuli. In contrast, i.t. pretreatment with naloxone did not affect the development of tactile allodynia induced by dynorphin A(1-17) or alter sensory threshold when given alone. These results demonstrate that a single dose of dynorphin A, or its des-Tyr fragments, produces long-lasting allodynia which may be irreversible in the rat. Further, this effect appears to be mediated through activation of NMDA, rather than opioid, receptors. While the precise mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of the allodynia is unclear, it seems possible that dynorphin may produce changes in the spinal cord, which may contribute to the development of signs reminiscent of a "neuropathic' state. Given that levels of dynorphin are elevated following nerve injury, it seems reasonable to speculate that dynorphin may have a pathologically relevant role in neuropathic pain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Vanderah
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson 85724, USA
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Laughlin T. Differentiated practice. Focus Crit Care 1992; 19:15-6. [PMID: 1537412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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