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Larrinaga TM, Farman GP, Mayfield RM, Yuen M, Ahrens-Nicklas RC, Cooper ST, Pappas CT, Gregorio CC. Lmod2 is necessary for effective skeletal muscle contraction. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadk1890. [PMID: 38478604 PMCID: PMC10936868 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Muscle contraction is a regulated process driven by the sliding of actin-thin filaments over myosin-thick filaments. Lmod2 is an actin filament length regulator and essential for life since human mutations and complete loss of Lmod2 in mice lead to dilated cardiomyopathy and death. To study the little-known role of Lmod2 in skeletal muscle, we created a mouse model with Lmod2 expressed exclusively in the heart but absent in skeletal muscle. Loss of Lmod2 in skeletal muscle results in decreased force production in fast- and slow-twitch muscles. Soleus muscle from rescued Lmod2 knockout mice have shorter thin filaments, increased Lmod3 levels, and present with a myosin fiber type switch from fast myosin heavy chain (MHC) IIA to the slower MHC I isoform. Since Lmod2 regulates thin-filament length in slow-twitch but not fast-twitch skeletal muscle and force deficits were observed in both muscle types, this work demonstrates that Lmod2 regulates skeletal muscle contraction, independent of its role in thin-filament length regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania M. Larrinaga
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Gerrie P. Farman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Rachel M. Mayfield
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Michaela Yuen
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The Children’s Medical Research Institute, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | | | - Sandra T. Cooper
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The Children’s Medical Research Institute, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Christopher T. Pappas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Carol C. Gregorio
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Schultz LE, Colpan M, Smith GE, Mayfield RM, Larrinaga TM, Kostyukova AS, Gregorio CC. A nemaline myopathy-linked mutation inhibits the actin-regulatory functions of tropomodulin and leiomodin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2315820120. [PMID: 37956287 PMCID: PMC10665800 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315820120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin is a highly expressed protein in eukaryotic cells and is essential for numerous cellular processes. In particular, efficient striated muscle contraction is dependent upon the precise regulation of actin-based thin filament structure and function. Alterations in the lengths of actin-thin filaments can lead to the development of myopathies. Leiomodins and tropomodulins are members of an actin-binding protein family that fine-tune thin filament lengths, and their dysfunction is implicated in muscle diseases. An Lmod3 mutation [G326R] was previously identified in patients with nemaline myopathy (NM), a severe skeletal muscle disorder; this residue is conserved among Lmod and Tmod isoforms and resides within their homologous leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain. We mutated this glycine to arginine in Lmod and Tmod to determine the physiological function of this residue and domain. This G-to-R substitution disrupts Lmod and Tmod's LRR domain structure, altering their binding interface with actin and destroying their abilities to regulate thin filament lengths. Additionally, this mutation renders Lmod3 nonfunctional in vivo. We found that one single amino acid is essential for folding of Lmod and Tmod LRR domains, and thus is essential for the opposing actin-regulatory functions of Lmod (filament elongation) and Tmod (filament shortening), revealing a mechanism underlying the development of NM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Schultz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ85724
| | - Mert Colpan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ85724
| | - Garry E. Smith
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA99164
| | - Rachel M. Mayfield
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ85724
| | - Tania M. Larrinaga
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ85724
| | - Alla S. Kostyukova
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA99164
| | - Carol C. Gregorio
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ85724
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY10029
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Sono R, Larrinaga TM, Huang A, Makhlouf F, Kang X, Su J, Lau R, Arboleda VA, Biniwale R, Fishbein GA, Khanlou N, Si MS, Satou GM, Halnon N, Van Arsdell GS, Gregorio CC, Nelson S, Touma M. Whole-Exome Sequencing Identifies Homozygote Nonsense Variants in LMOD2 Gene Causing Infantile Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Cells 2023; 12:1455. [PMID: 37296576 PMCID: PMC10252268 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
As an essential component of the sarcomere, actin thin filament stems from the Z-disk extend toward the middle of the sarcomere and overlaps with myosin thick filaments. Elongation of the cardiac thin filament is essential for normal sarcomere maturation and heart function. This process is regulated by the actin-binding proteins Leiomodins (LMODs), among which LMOD2 has recently been identified as a key regulator of thin filament elongation to reach a mature length. Few reports have implicated homozygous loss of function variants of LMOD2 in neonatal dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) associated with thin filament shortening. We present the fifth case of DCM due to biallelic variants in the LMOD2 gene and the second case with the c.1193G>A (p.W398*) nonsense variant identified by whole-exome sequencing. The proband is a 4-month male infant of Hispanic descent with advanced heart failure. Consistent with previous reports, a myocardial biopsy exhibited remarkably short thin filaments. However, compared to other cases of identical or similar biallelic variants, the patient presented here has an unusually late onset of cardiomyopathy during infancy. Herein, we present the phenotypic and histological features of this variant, confirm the pathogenic impact on protein expression and sarcomere structure, and discuss the current knowledge of LMOD2-related cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiri Sono
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tania M. Larrinaga
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (T.M.L.); (C.C.G.)
| | - Alden Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Frank Makhlouf
- Neonatal Congenital Heart Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xuedong Kang
- Neonatal Congenital Heart Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jonathan Su
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ryan Lau
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Valerie A. Arboleda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edyth Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Reshma Biniwale
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gregory A. Fishbein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Negar Khanlou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ming-Sing Si
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gary M. Satou
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nancy Halnon
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Glen S. Van Arsdell
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Carol C. Gregorio
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (T.M.L.); (C.C.G.)
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Stanly Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marlin Touma
- Neonatal Congenital Heart Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Eli and Edyth Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Mascarenhas JB, Gaber AA, Larrinaga TM, Mayfield R, Novak S, Camp SM, Gregorio C, Jacobson JR, Cress AE, Dudek SM, Garcia JGN. EVL is a novel focal adhesion protein involved in the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics and vascular permeability. Pulm Circ 2021; 11:20458940211049002. [PMID: 34631011 PMCID: PMC8493322 DOI: 10.1177/20458940211049002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increases in lung vascular permeability is a cardinal feature of inflammatory disease and represents an imbalance in vascular contractile forces and barrier-restorative forces, with both forces highly dependent upon the actin cytoskeleton. The current study investigates the role of Ena-VASP-like (EVL), a member of the Ena-VASP family known to regulate the actin cytoskeleton, in regulating vascular permeability responses and lung endothelial cell barrier integrity. Utilizing changes in transendothelial electricial resistance (TEER) to measure endothelial cell barrier responses, we demonstrate that EVL expression regulates endothelial cell responses to both sphingosine-1-phospate (S1P), a vascular barrier-enhancing agonist, and to thrombin, a barrier-disrupting stimulus. Total internal reflection fluorescence demonstrates that EVL is present in endothelial cell focal adhesions and impacts focal adhesion size, distribution, and the number of focal adhesions generated in response to S1P and thrombin challenge, with the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) a key contributor in S1P-stimulated EVL-transduced endothelial cell but a limited role in thrombin-induced focal adhesion rearrangements. In summary, these data indicate that EVL is a focal adhesion protein intimately involved in regulation of cytoskeletal responses to endothelial cell barrier-altering stimuli. Keywords: cytoskeleton, vascular barrier, sphingosine-1-phosphate, thrombin, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Ena-VASP like protein (EVL), cytoskeletal regulatory protein
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amir A Gaber
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Tania M Larrinaga
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Rachel Mayfield
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Stefanie Novak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Sara M Camp
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Carol Gregorio
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Jacobson
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anne E Cress
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Steven M Dudek
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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5
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Ahrens-Nicklas RC, Pappas CT, Farman GP, Mayfield RM, Larrinaga TM, Medne L, Ritter A, Krantz ID, Murali C, Lin KY, Berger JH, Yum SW, Carreon CK, Gregorio CC. Disruption of cardiac thin filament assembly arising from a mutation in LMOD2: A novel mechanism of neonatal dilated cardiomyopathy. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaax2066. [PMID: 31517052 PMCID: PMC6726455 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax2066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal heart failure is a rare, poorly-understood presentation of familial dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Exome sequencing in a neonate with severe DCM revealed a homozygous nonsense variant in leiomodin 2 (LMOD2, p.Trp398*). Leiomodins (Lmods) are actin-binding proteins that regulate actin filament assembly. While disease-causing mutations in smooth (LMOD1) and skeletal (LMOD3) muscle isoforms have been described, the cardiac (LMOD2) isoform has not been previously associated with human disease. Like our patient, Lmod2-null mice have severe early-onset DCM and die before weaning. The infant's explanted heart showed extraordinarily short thin filaments with isolated cardiomyocytes displaying a large reduction in maximum calcium-activated force production. The lack of extracardiac symptoms in Lmod2-null mice, and remarkable morphological and functional similarities between the patient and mouse model informed the decision to pursue cardiac transplantation in the patient. To our knowledge, this is the first report of aberrant cardiac thin filament assembly associated with human cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C. Ahrens-Nicklas
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher T. Pappas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Gerrie P. Farman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Rachel M. Mayfield
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Tania M. Larrinaga
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Livija Medne
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alyssa Ritter
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ian D. Krantz
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chaya Murali
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kimberly Y. Lin
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Justin H. Berger
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sabrina W. Yum
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chrystalle Katte Carreon
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carol C. Gregorio
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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