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Elfassy T, Kulandavelu S, Dodds L, Mesa RA, Rundek T, Sharashidze V, Paidas M, Daviglus ML, Kominiarek MA, Stickel AM, Perreira KM, Kobayashi MA, Garcia TP, Isasi CR, Lipton RB, González HM. Association Between Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Interval Neurocognitive Decline: An Analysis of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Obstet Gynecol 2024:00006250-990000000-01052. [PMID: 38574370 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000005571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia, are associated with cognitive decline later in life among U.S. Hispanic/Latina individuals. METHODS The HCHS/SOL (Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos) is a prospective population-based study of Hispanic/Latino individuals aged 18-74 years from four U.S. communities. This analysis included parous individuals aged 45 years or older who participated in the HCHS/SOL clinic study visit 1 (2008-2011) neurocognitive assessment and subsequently completed a repeat neurocognitive assessment as part of the Study of Latinos-Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging ancillary study visit 2 (2015-2018). Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were assessed retrospectively by self-report of any gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, or eclampsia. Cognitive functioning was measured at both study visits with the Brief Spanish-English Verbal Learning Test, Digit Symbol Substitution, and Word Fluency. A regression-based approach was used to define cognitive decline at visit 2 as a function of cognition at visit 1 after adjustment for age, education, and follow-up time. Linear regression models were used to determine whether hypertensive disorders of pregnancy or their component diagnoses were associated with standardized cognitive decline after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, clinical and behavioral risk factors, and follow-up time. RESULTS Among 3,554 individuals included in analysis, the mean age was 56.2 years, and 467 of individuals (13.4%) reported at least one hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. Individuals with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy compared with those without were more likely to have higher mean systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, and body mass index. After an average of 7 years of follow-up, in fully adjusted models, gestational hypertension was associated with a 0.17-SD relative decline in Digit Symbol Substitution scores (95% CI, -0.31 to -0.04) but not other cognitive domains (Brief Spanish-English Verbal Learning Test or Word Fluency). Neither preeclampsia nor eclampsia was associated with neurocognitive differences. CONCLUSION The presence of preeclampsia or eclampsia was not associated with interval neurocognitive decline. In this cohort of U.S. Hispanic/Latina individuals, gestational hypertension alone was associated with decreased processing speed and executive functioning later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Elfassy
- Department of Medicine, the Department of Pediatrics, the Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, the Department of Public Health Sciences, the Department of Neurology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, and the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, and the Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; the Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, and the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; the Department of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; the Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California; and the Department of Social Medicine and the Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Senn MK, Goodarzi MO, Ramesh G, Allison MA, Graff M, Young KL, Talavera GA, McClain AC, Garcia TP, Rotter JI, Wood AC. Associations between avocado intake and measures of glucose and insulin homeostasis in Hispanic individuals with and without type 2 diabetes: Results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:2428-2439. [PMID: 37798236 PMCID: PMC10842938 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To investigate associations between avocado intake and glycemia in adults with Hispanic/Latino ancestry. METHODS AND RESULTS The associations of avocado intake with measures of insulin and glucose homeostasis were evaluated in a cross-sectional analysis of up to 14,591 Hispanic/Latino adults, using measures of: average glucose levels (hemoglobin A1c; HbA1c), fasting glucose and insulin, glucose and insulin levels after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and calculated measures of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, and HOMA-%β), and insulinogenic index. Associations were assessed using multivariable linear regression models, which controlled for sociodemographic factors and health behaviors, and which were stratified by dysglycemia status. In those with normoglycemia, avocado intake was associated with a higher insulinogenic index (β = 0.17 ± 0.07, P = 0.02). In those with T2D (treated and untreated), avocado intake was associated with lower hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c; β = -0.36 ± 0.21, P = 0.02), and lower fasting glucose (β = -0.27 ± 0.12, P = 0.02). In the those with untreated T2D, avocado intake was additionally associated with HOMA-%β (β = 0.39 ± 0.19, P = 0.04), higher insulin values 2-h after an oral glucose load (β = 0.62 ± 0.23, P = 0.01), and a higher insulinogenic index (β = 0.42 ± 0.18, P = 0.02). No associations were observed in participants with prediabetes. CONCLUSIONS We observed an association of avocado intake with better glucose/insulin homeostasis, especially in those with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- MacKenzie K Senn
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Avenue Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, 1200 Pressler Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mark O Goodarzi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Gautam Ramesh
- School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthew A Allison
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kristin L Young
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Gregory A Talavera
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Amanda C McClain
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Tanya P Garcia
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Alexis C Wood
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Avenue Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Kim R, Pourahmadi M, Garcia TP. Positive-definite thresholding estimators of covariance matrices with zeros. J MULTIVARIATE ANAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmva.2023.105186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Granot-Hershkovitz E, He S, Bressler J, Yu B, Tarraf W, Rebholz CM, Cai J, Chan Q, Garcia TP, Mosley T, Kristal BS, DeCarli C, Fornage M, Chen GC, Qi Q, Kaplan R, Gonzalez HM, Sofer T. Plasma metabolites associated with cognitive function across race/ethnicities affirming the importance of healthy nutrition. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:1331-1342. [PMID: 36111689 PMCID: PMC10017373 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We studied the replication and generalization of previously identified metabolites potentially associated with global cognitive function in multiple race/ethnicities and assessed the contribution of diet to these associations. METHODS We tested metabolite-cognitive function associations in U.S.A. Hispanic/Latino adults (n = 2222) from the Community Health Study/ Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) and in European (n = 1365) and African (n = 478) Americans from the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) Study. We applied Mendelian Randomization (MR) analyses to assess causal associations between the metabolites and cognitive function and between Mediterranean diet and cognitive function. RESULTS Six metabolites were consistently associated with lower global cognitive function across all studies. Of these, four were sugar-related (e.g., ribitol). MR analyses provided weak evidence for a potential causal effect of ribitol on cognitive function and bi-directional effects of cognitive performance on diet. DISCUSSION Several diet-related metabolites were associated with global cognitive function across studies with different race/ethnicities. HIGHLIGHTS Metabolites associated with cognitive function in Puerto Rican adults were recently identified. We demonstrate the generalizability of these associations across diverse race/ethnicities. Most identified metabolites are related to sugars. Mendelian Randomization (MR) provides weak evidence for a causal effect of ribitol on cognitive function. Beta-cryptoxanthin and other metabolites highlight the importance of a healthy diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Granot-Hershkovitz
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shan He
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jan Bressler
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bing Yu
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wassim Tarraf
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Casey M. Rebholz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jianwen Cai
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, CA, USA
| | - Queenie Chan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tanya P. Garcia
- Department of Neurology, School of medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Thomas Mosley
- Department of Neurology, School of medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Bruce S. Kristal
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guo-Chong Chen
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qibin Qi
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Robert Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Hector M. Gonzalez
- Department of Neurosciences and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tamar Sofer
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Loop MS, Lotspeich SC, Garcia TP, Meyer ML. Abstract P599: Should Regression Calibration or Multiple Imputation Be Used When Calibrating Different Devices in a Longitudinal Study? Circulation 2023. [DOI: 10.1161/circ.147.suppl_1.p599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective:
In longitudinal studies, devices used to measure exposures, like pulse wave velocity (PWV), can change from visit to visit. Calibration studies, where a subset of participants receive measurements from both devices at follow-up, are often used to assess differences in the device measurements. Regression calibration and multiple imputation are common statistical methods to correct for those differences, but no study yet exists to compare the two when the quantity of interest is change in the exposure over time. We compared both methods in a hypothetical study of change in PWV and its association with total brain volume.
Methods:
We simulated true values of PWV at baseline and follow up, as well as imperfect measurements of PWV using an “old” device and “new” device. Two statistical methods were compared:
regression calibration
, which calibrates the new device measurements at follow up to the old device using linear regression in a calibration study; and
multiple imputation
, which imputes the (mostly) missing old device measurements at follow up.We varied the bias and measurement error of each device and for each scenario simulated 1,000 datasets of size n=2,500. Two percent of participants in each iteration were chosen to participate in the calibration study, and thus had measurements on the old and new devices at follow up. We used 200 bootstrap replicates to calculate the standard errors for the regression calibration method and 50 imputed datasets for the multiple imputation method. To compare the methods we used bias of the estimated association and how well the standard errors approximated the empirical standard errors.
Results:
Regression calibration was virtually unbiased for the association between change in PWV and total brain volume when the old device had larger measurement error than the new device. The maximum bias for regression calibration across all scenarios was still small (6%). When the old device had more measurement error or the two devices had equal measurement error, multiple imputation underestimated the association by more than 10%. This underestimation was reduced to approximately 2% when the new device had a larger measurement error than the old device. In all scenarios, regression calibration underestimated the empirical standard error by approximately 35%, while multiple imputation underestimated it by only 2-5%.
Conclusions:
In analyses of change in PWV and total brain volume, when unbiased estimation is the main objective, regression calibration is favorable to multiple imputation. When null hypothesis significance testing is the main objective, multiple imputation may be favorable in order to not underestimate the standard errors. We expect these conclusions to apply to other change in exposure and outcome relationships with similar ratios between the association’s magnitude and the amount of measurement error.
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Pichardo CM, Pichardo MS, Gallo LC, Talavera GA, Chambers EC, Sanchez-Johnsen LAP, Pirzada A, Roy AL, Rodriguez C, Castañeda SF, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Perreira KM, Garcia TP, Allison M, Carlson J, Daviglus ML, Plascak JJ. Association of neighborhood segregation with 6-year incidence of metabolic syndrome in the Hispanic community health study/study of Latinos. Ann Epidemiol 2023; 78:1-8. [PMID: 36473628 PMCID: PMC10127516 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Examine the association between neighborhood segregation and 6-year incident metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. METHODS Prospective cohort of adults residing in Miami, Chicago, the Bronx, and San Diego. The analytic sample included 6,710 participants who did not have MetSyn at baseline. The evenness and exposure dimensions of neighborhood segregation, based on the Gini and Isolation indices, respectively, were categorized into quintiles (Q). Racialized economic concentration was measured with the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (continuously and Q). RESULTS Exposure, but not evenness, was associated with higher disease odds (Q1 (lower segregation) vs. Q4, OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.082.17; Q5, OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.493.52). Economic concentrationprivilege (continuous OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.770.98), racial concentrationracialized privilege (Q1 (greater concentration) vs. Q2 OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.541.04; Q3 OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.441.05; Q4 OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.451.01; Q5 OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.420.98)(continuous OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.821.04), and racialized economic concentrationprivilege (i.e., higher SES non-Hispanic White, continuous OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.760.98) were associated with lower disease odds. CONCLUSION Hispanics/Latino adults residing in neighborhoods with high segregation had higher risk of incident MetSyn compared to those residing in neighborhoods with low segregation. Research is needed to identify the mechanisms that link segregation to poor metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Pichardo
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychology, Chicago; University of Illinois at Chicago, Institute for Health Research & Policy, Chicago; University of Illinois at Chicago, Institute for Minority Health Research, Chicago; San Diego State University, Department of Psychology, San Diego, CA.
| | - Margaret S Pichardo
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Surgery, Philadelphia
| | - Linda C Gallo
- San Diego State University, Department of Psychology, San Diego, CA
| | | | | | | | - Amber Pirzada
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Institute for Minority Health Research, Chicago
| | - Amanda L Roy
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychology, Chicago
| | | | | | | | - Krista M Perreira
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill
| | - Tanya P Garcia
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill
| | - Matthew Allison
- University of California San Diego, School of Health Sciences, La Jolla
| | | | - Martha L Daviglus
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Institute for Minority Health Research, Chicago
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Zhang Y, Elgart M, Granot-Hershkovitz E, Wang H, Tarraf W, Ramos AR, Stickel AM, Zeng D, Garcia TP, Testai FD, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Isasi CR, Daviglus ML, Kaplan R, Fornage M, DeCarli C, Redline S, González HM, Sofer T. Genetic associations between sleep traits and cognitive ageing outcomes in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. EBioMedicine 2023; 87:104393. [PMID: 36493726 PMCID: PMC9732133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep phenotypes have been reported to be associated with cognitive ageing outcomes. However, there is limited research using genetic variants as proxies for sleep traits to study their associations. We estimated associations between Polygenic Risk Scores (PRSs) for sleep duration, insomnia, daytime sleepiness, and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and measures of cogntive ageing in Hispanic/Latino adults. METHODS We used summary statistics from published genome-wide association studies to construct PRSs representing the genetic basis of each sleep trait, then we studied the association of the PRSs of the sleep phenotypes with cognitive outcomes in the Hispanic Community Healthy Study/Study of Latinos. The primary model adjusted for age, sex, study centre, and measures of genetic ancestry. Associations are highlighted if their p-value <0.05. FINDINGS Higher PRS for insomnia was associated with lower global cognitive function and higher risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (OR = 1.20, 95% CI [1.06, 1.36]). Higher PRS for daytime sleepiness was also associated with increased MCI risk (OR = 1.14, 95% CI [1.02, 1.28]). Sleep duration PRS was associated with reduced MCI risk among short and normal sleepers, while among long sleepers it was associated with reduced global cognitive function and with increased MCI risk (OR = 1.40, 95% CI [1.10, 1.78]). Furthermore, adjustment of analyses for the measured sleep phenotypes and APOE-ε4 allele had minor effects on the PRS associations with the cognitive outcomes. INTERPRETATION Genetic measures underlying insomnia, daytime sleepiness, and sleep duration are associated with MCI risk. Genetic and self-reported sleep duration interact in their effect on MCI. FUNDING Described in Acknowledgments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Michael Elgart
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Einat Granot-Hershkovitz
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heming Wang
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wassim Tarraf
- Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Alberto R Ramos
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ariana M Stickel
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Donglin Zeng
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tanya P Garcia
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Fernando D Testai
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Carmen R Isasi
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Martha L Daviglus
- Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Susan Redline
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hector M González
- Department of Neurosciences and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tamar Sofer
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Paredes AM, Tarraf W, Gonzalez KA, Stickel AM, Graves LV, Salmon DP, Kaur S, Gallo LC, Isasi CR, Lipton RB, Lamar M, Goodman ZT, Zeng D, Garcia TP, González HM. Normative data for the Digit Symbol Substitution Test for diverse Hispanic/Latino adults: Results from the Study of Latinos‐Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging (SOL‐INCA). Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.066604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lisa V. Graves
- California State University San Marcos San Marcos CA USA
| | - David P. Salmon
- University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
- Shiley‐Marcos Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center La Jolla CA USA
| | - Sonya Kaur
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami FL USA
| | | | | | | | - Melissa Lamar
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center Chicago IL USA
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine Chicago IL USA
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Pichardo CM, Plascak JJ, Sanchez-Johnsen LA, Pirzada A, Roy AL, Pichardo MS, Chambers EC, Castañeda SF, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Perreira KM, Garcia TP, Allison M, Carlson J, Daviglus ML, Talavera GA, Gallo LC. Abstract 32: Patterns of segregation among diverse Hispanic/Latino adults- implications for cancer prevention. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Residential segregation has been associated with cancer incidence and mortality. Hispanic/Latinos (HL) experience moderate to high residential segregation.
Purpose: This study investigates levels of racial and ethnic residential segregation and racialized economic concentrations at the extremes in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL).
Methods: We used baseline data from 16,415 HL adults enrolled in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos between 2008-2011 from the Bronx, NY; Chicago, IL; Miami, FL; and San Diego, CA. Segregation measures were calculated from census tract-level (2006-2010 American Community Survey and 2010 decennial census). We measured residential segregation using the % HL Gini coefficient, to capture variability of HL residents within the census tract, and the isolation index, to capture the probability that HL residents come into contact with other members of the same minority group. We measured racialized economic (race/ethnicity + income) concentration using the Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE), to capture spatial social polarization at the extremes. We compared means of HCHS/SOL population characteristics using linear regression and adjusted Wald tests for continuous, binary, and categorical variables, respectively, calculated from weighted complex samples analyses.
Results: On average, overall segregation was moderate to high (M±SE): Gini (0.39 ± 0.00); Isolation (0.76 ± 0.01); ICE (race: -0.64 ± 0.01; income: -0.29 ± 0.01; race + income: -0.26 ± 0.01). HL adults who were older (> 65 y: 0.80 ± 0.01; 45-65 y: 0.77 ± 0.008; 18-44 y: 0.75 ± 0.75, p = .000) and foreign/territory-born residing in US <10 years (0.81 ± 0.009; p = 0.000; foreign/territory-born residing in US >=10 years: 0.76 ± 0.01; vs. US born: 0.70 ± 0.01) and preferred Spanish (0.79 ± 0.01; p = .000 vs. English: 0.69 ± 0.007) experienced higher racial/ethnic segregation as measured by the Isolation index. HL of Cuban (0.42 ± 0.006, p = 0.049) vs. all other heritage experienced the as measured by the % HL Gini index. We found higher levels of racialized economic segregation among foreign/territory-born residing in US <10 years (-0.32 ± 0.01) vs. foreign/territory-born residing in US >= 10 years (-0.26 ± .01) and US born (-0.21 ± 0.01; p = 0.000); individuals that preferred Spanish (-0.28 ± 0.01) vs. English (-0.21 ± .01; p = 0.000); and self-reported Cuban heritage (-0.42 ± 0.01; p = .000) vs all other heritage.
Conclusion: Using multiple, measures of segregation, we found that HL adults who were older, foreign born, and preferred Spanish experienced moderate and high levels of segregation. It is important for future work to examine the impact of racial/ethnic and economic segregation on social determinants of cancer disparities within segregated environments among diverse HL.
Citation Format: Catherine M. Pichardo, Jesse J. Plascak, Lisa A. Sanchez-Johnsen, Amber Pirzada, Amanda L. Roy, Margaret S. Pichardo, Earle C. Chambers, Sheila F. Castañeda, Ramon A. Durazo-Arvizu, Krista M. Perreira, Tanya P. Garcia, Matthew Allison, Jordan Carlson, Martha L. Daviglus, Gregory A. Talavera, Linda C. Gallo. Patterns of segregation among diverse Hispanic/Latino adults- implications for cancer prevention [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 32.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tanya P. Garcia
- 8University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | | | - Jordan Carlson
- 10Children’s Mercy Kansas City Hospital, Kansas City, MO
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10
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Lotspeich SC, Grosser KF, Garcia TP. Correcting conditional mean imputation for censored covariates and improving usability. Biom J 2022; 64:858-862. [PMID: 35199878 DOI: 10.1002/bimj.202100250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Missing data are often overcome using imputation, which leverages the entire dataset to replace missing values with informed placeholders. This method can be modified for censored data by also incorporating partial information from censored values. One such modification proposed by Atem et al. (2017, 2019a, 2019b) is conditional mean imputation where censored covariates are replaced by their conditional means given other fully observed information. These methods are robust to additional parametric assumptions on the censored covariate and utilize all available data, which is appealing. However, in implementing these methods, we discovered that these three articles provide nonequivalent formulas and, in fact, none is the correct formula for the conditional mean. Herein, we derive the correct form of the conditional mean and discuss the bias incurred when using the incorrect formulas. Furthermore, we note that even the correct formula can perform poorly for log hazard ratios far from 0 ${\mathbf {0}}$ . We also provide user-friendly R software, the imputeCensoRd package, to enable future researchers to tackle censored covariates correctly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Lotspeich
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kyle F Grosser
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tanya P Garcia
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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11
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Lee U, Carroll RJ, Marder K, Wang Y, Garcia TP. Estimating disease onset from change points of markers measured with error. Biostatistics 2021; 22:819-835. [PMID: 31999331 PMCID: PMC8596391 DOI: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxz068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington disease is an autosomal dominant, neurodegenerative disease without clearly identified biomarkers for when motor-onset occurs. Current standards to determine motor-onset rely on a clinician's subjective judgment that a patient's extrapyramidal signs are unequivocally associated with Huntington disease. This subjectivity can lead to error which could be overcome using an objective, data-driven metric that determines motor-onset. Recent studies of motor-sign decline-the longitudinal degeneration of motor-ability in patients-have revealed that motor-onset is closely related to an inflection point in its longitudinal trajectory. We propose a nonlinear location-shift marker model that captures this motor-sign decline and assesses how its inflection point is linked to other markers of Huntington disease progression. We propose two estimating procedures to estimate this model and its inflection point: one is a parametric method using nonlinear mixed effects model and the other one is a multi-stage nonparametric approach, which we developed. In an empirical study, the parametric approach was sensitive to correct specification of the mean structure of the longitudinal data. In contrast, our multi-stage nonparametric procedure consistently produced unbiased estimates regardless of the true mean structure. Applying our multi-stage nonparametric estimator to Neurobiological Predictors of Huntington Disease, a large observational study of Huntington disease, leads to earlier prediction of motor-onset compared to the clinician's subjective judgment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unkyung Lee
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Raymond J Carroll
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.,School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Karen Marder
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yuanjia Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tanya P Garcia
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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12
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Kim R, Müller S, Garcia TP. svReg: Structural varying-coefficient regression to differentiate how regional brain atrophy affects motor impairment for Huntington disease severity groups. Biom J 2021; 63:1254-1271. [PMID: 33871905 DOI: 10.1002/bimj.202000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
For Huntington disease, identification of brain regions related to motor impairment can be useful for developing interventions to alleviate the motor symptom, the major symptom of the disease. However, the effects from the brain regions to motor impairment may vary for different groups of patients. Hence, our interest is not only to identify the brain regions but also to understand how their effects on motor impairment differ by patient groups. This can be cast as a model selection problem for a varying-coefficient regression. However, this is challenging when there is a pre-specified group structure among variables. We propose a novel variable selection method for a varying-coefficient regression with such structured variables and provide a publicly available R package svreg for implementation of our method. Our method is empirically shown to select relevant variables consistently. Also, our method screens irrelevant variables better than existing methods. Hence, our method leads to a model with higher sensitivity, lower false discovery rate and higher prediction accuracy than the existing methods. Finally, we found that the effects from the brain regions to motor impairment differ by disease severity of the patients. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to identify such interaction effects between the disease severity and brain regions, which indicates the need for customized intervention by disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakheon Kim
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | - Samuel Müller
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.,School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tanya P Garcia
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Public Health, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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13
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Parast L, Garcia TP, Prentice RL, Carroll RJ. Robust methods to correct for measurement error when evaluating a surrogate marker. Biometrics 2020; 78:9-23. [PMID: 33021738 DOI: 10.1111/biom.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The identification of valid surrogate markers of disease or disease progression has the potential to decrease the length and costs of future studies. Most available methods that assess the value of a surrogate marker ignore the fact that surrogates are often measured with error. Failing to adjust for measurement error can erroneously identify a useful surrogate marker as not useful or vice versa. We investigate and propose robust methods to correct for the effect of measurement error when evaluating a surrogate marker using multiple estimators developed for parametric and nonparametric estimates of the proportion of treatment effect explained by the surrogate marker. In addition, we quantify the attenuation bias induced by measurement error and develop inference procedures to allow for variance and confidence interval estimation. Through a simulation study, we show that our proposed estimators correct for measurement error in the surrogate marker and that our inference procedures perform well in finite samples. We illustrate these methods by examining a potential surrogate marker that is measured with error, hemoglobin A1c, using data from the Diabetes Prevention Program clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Parast
- RAND Corporation, Statistics Group, Santa Monica, California
| | - Tanya P Garcia
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ross L Prentice
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Raymond J Carroll
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.,School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
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14
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Garcia TP, Parast L. Dynamic landmark prediction for mixture data. Biostatistics 2019; 22:558-574. [PMID: 31758793 PMCID: PMC8286554 DOI: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxz052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In kin-cohort studies, clinicians want to provide their patients with the most current cumulative risk of death arising from a rare deleterious mutation. Estimating the cumulative risk is difficult when the genetic mutation status is unknown and only estimated probabilities of a patient having the mutation are available. We estimate the cumulative risk for this scenario using a novel nonparametric estimator that incorporates covariate information and dynamic landmark prediction. Our estimator has improved prediction accuracy over existing estimators that ignore covariate information. It is built within a dynamic landmark prediction framework whereby we can obtain personalized dynamic predictions over time. Compared to current standards, a simple transformation of our estimator provides more efficient estimates of marginal distribution functions in settings where patient-specific predictions are not the main goal. We show our estimator is unbiased and has more predictive accuracy compared to methods that ignore covariate information and landmarking. Applying our method to a Huntington disease study of mortality, we develop dynamic survival prediction curves incorporating gender and familial genetic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya P Garcia
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, 3143 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-3143, USA and RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90401, USA
| | - Layla Parast
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, 3143 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-3143, USA and RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90401, USA
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15
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Garcia TP, Wang Y, Shoulson I, Paulsen JS, Marder K. Disease Progression in Huntington Disease: An Analysis of Multiple Longitudinal Outcomes. J Huntingtons Dis 2019; 7:337-344. [PMID: 30400103 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-180297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Critical to discovering targeted therapies for Huntington disease (HD) are validated methods that more precisely predict when clinical outcomes occur for different patient profiles. OBJECTIVE To more precisely predict the probability of when motor diagnosis (diagnostic confidence level 4) on the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS), cognitive impairment (two or more neuropsychological scores on the UHDRS were 1.5 standard deviations below normative means) and Stage II Total Functional Capacity (TFC) first occur by accounting for dependencies between these outcomes. METHODS Adult premanifest participants with ≥36 CAG repeats were selected from multi-center, longitudinal, observational studies: Prospective Huntington At Risk Observational Study (PHAROS, n = 346), Neurobiological Predictors of Huntington Disease (PREDICT, n = 909); and Cooperative Huntington Observational Research Trial (COHORT, n = 430). Probabilities were estimated for each study, and pooled using the Joint Progression of Risk Assessment Tool (JPRAT) which accounts for dependencies between outcomes. RESULTS All studies had similar probabilities of when motor diagnosis, cognitive impairment, and Stage II TFC first occurred. Probability estimates from JPRAT were 43% less variable than from models that ignored dependencies between outcomes. The probability of experiencing motor-diagnosis, cognitive impairment, and Stage II TFC within 5 years was 10%, 18%, and 7%, respectively for 45-year-olds with 42 CAG repeats, and was 4%, 10% and 5%, respectively, for 40 year olds with 42 CAG repeats. CONCLUSIONS Improved predictions from JPRAT may benefit treatment studies of rare diseases and is an alternative to composite outcomes when the objective is interpreting individual outcomes within the same model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya P Garcia
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Yuanjia Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ira Shoulson
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jane S Paulsen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Karen Marder
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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16
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Garcia TP, Marder K, Wang Y. Time-varying proportional odds model for mega-analysis of clustered event times. Biostatistics 2019; 20:129-146. [PMID: 29309509 DOI: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxx065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mega-analysis, or the meta-analysis of individual data, enables pooling and comparing multiple studies to enhance estimation and power. A challenge in mega-analysis is estimating the distribution for clustered, potentially censored event times where the dependency structure can introduce bias if ignored. We propose a new proportional odds model with unknown, time-varying coefficients, and random effects. The model directly captures event dependencies, handles censoring using pseudo-values, and permits a simple estimation by transforming the model into an easily estimable additive logistic mixed effect model. Our method consistently estimates the distribution for clustered event times even under covariate-dependent censoring. Applied to three observational studies of Huntington's disease, our method provides, for the first time in the literature, evidence of similar conclusions about motor and cognitive impairments in all studies despite different recruitment criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya P Garcia
- Texas A&M University, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, TAMU 1266, College Station, TX USA
| | - Karen Marder
- Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Neurology and Psychiatricy, Sergievsky Center and Taub Institute, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuanjia Wang
- Columbia University, Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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17
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Wei Y, Ma Y, Garcia TP, Sinha S. A consistent estimator for logistic mixed effect models. CAN J STAT 2019; 47:140-156. [PMID: 31274953 PMCID: PMC6605760 DOI: 10.1002/cjs.11482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We propose a consistent and locally efficient estimator to estimate the model parameters for a logistic mixed effect model with random slopes. Our approach relaxes two typical assumptions: the random effects being normally distributed, and the covariates and random effects being independent of each other. Adhering to these assumptions is particularly difficult in health studies where in many cases we have limited resources to design experiments and gather data in long-term studies, while new findings from other fields might emerge, suggesting the violation of such assumptions. So it is crucial if we could have an estimator robust to such violations and then we could make better use of current data harvested using various valuable resources. Our method generalizes the framework presented in Garcia & Ma (2016) which also deals with a logistic mixed effect model but only considers a random intercept. A simulation study reveals that our proposed estimator remains consistent even when the independence and normality assumptions are violated. This contrasts from the traditional maximum likelihood estimator which is likely to be inconsistent when there is dependence between the covariates and random effects. Application of this work to a Huntington disease study reveals that disease diagnosis can be further improved using assessments of cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizheng Wei
- Department of Statistics, University of South Carolina,
Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Yanyuan Ma
- Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Tanya P. Garcia
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College
Station, TX 77843
| | - Samiran Sinha
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College
Station, TX 77843
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18
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Abstract
Amino acid nutrition studies often involve repeated measures data. An example is that the concentrations of plasma citrulline in steers are repeatedly measured from the same animals. The standard repeated measures ANOVA method does not detect significant time changes in the concentrations of plasma citrulline within 6 hours after steers consumed rumen-protected citrulline, while a graphical analysis indicates that there exists a time effect. Here we describe three mixed model analyses that capture the time effect in a statistically significant way, while accounting for the correlations of measurements over time from the same steers. First, we allow flexible variance-covariance structures on our model. Second, we use baseline measurements as a covariate in our model. Third, we use percent-change from baseline as a data normalization method. In our data analysis, all these three approaches can lead to meaningful statistical results that oral administration of rumen-protected citrulline enhances the concentrations of plasma citrulline over time in ruminants. This supports the notion that rumen-protected citrulline can bypass the rumen to effectively enter the blood circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unkyung Lee
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 7743
| | - Tanya P Garcia
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 7743
| | - Raymond J Carroll
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 7743
| | - Kyler R Gilbreath
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 7743
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 7743,
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Shipp EM, Vasudeo S, Trueblood AB, Garcia TP. Single Vehicle Logging-Related Traffic Crashes in Louisiana from 2010-2015. J Agromedicine 2019; 24:177-185. [PMID: 30634894 DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2019.1567422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), highway transportation crashes are the number one cause of fatal occupational injuries in the United States. The rate of fatal crashes in logging far exceeds the average annual rate for all sectors combined, yet few studies examine logging-related transportation crashes, and little is known about factors influencing the frequency of these crashes. The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with fatal and nonfatal injuries among drivers involved in a single vehicle logging-related crash in Louisiana. METHODS All crashes involving a single logging vehicle from 2010 to 2015 were extracted from a dataset provided by the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development. Descriptive statistics were computed to characterize crashes by person, vehicle, and environmental factors. A multiple logistic regression model was constructed to identify variables associated with driver injury (fatal and non-fatal). RESULTS There were 361 crashes involving a single logging vehicle from 2010 to 2015 in Louisiana. Variables associated with driver injury included no seat belt use (OR = 3.23; 95% CI = 1.47-7.10), a violation issued for careless operation of the vehicle (OR = 3.23; 95% CI = 1.40-7.46), a harmful event classified as cargo or equipment loss or shift (OR = 2.47; 95% CI = 1.27-4.82), and a harmful event classified as the vehicle running off the road to the left (OR = 2.29; 95% CI = 1.12-4.70). CONCLUSION Injury prevention efforts in the logging industry in Louisiana, including commercial vehicle licensing procedures, could benefit from additional driver training to improve crash avoidance skills and careless driving, seat belt use, and methods for securing loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Shipp
- a Center for Transportation Safety , Texas A&M Transportation Institute , College Station , TX , USA
| | - Shubhangi Vasudeo
- a Center for Transportation Safety , Texas A&M Transportation Institute , College Station , TX , USA.,b Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX , USA
| | - Amber B Trueblood
- a Center for Transportation Safety , Texas A&M Transportation Institute , College Station , TX , USA
| | - Tanya P Garcia
- c Department of Statistics , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX , USA
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Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is caused by a CAG trinucleotide expansion in the huntingtin gene. We now have the power to predict age-at-onset from subject-specific features like motor and neuroimaging measures. In clinical trials, properly modeling onset age is important, because it improves power calculations and directs clinicians to recruit subjects with certain features. The history of modeling onset, from simple linear and logistic regression to advanced survival models, is discussed. We highlight their advantages and disadvantages, emphasizing the methodological challenges when genetic mutation status is unavailable. We also discuss the potential bias and higher variability incurred from the uncertainty associated with subjective definitions for onset. Methods to adjust for the uncertainty in survival models are still in their infancy, but would be beneficial for HD and neurodegenerative diseases with long prodromal periods like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya P Garcia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, United States.
| | - Karen Marder
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sergievsky Center and Taub Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yuanjia Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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21
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Garcia TP, Ma Y. Simultaneous treatment of unspecified heteroskedastic model error distribution and mismeasured covariates for restricted moment models. J Econom 2017; 200:194-206. [PMID: 29200600 PMCID: PMC5708600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We develop consistent and efficient estimation of parameters in general regression models with mismeasured covariates. We assume the model error and covariate distributions are unspecified, and the measurement error distribution is a general parametric distribution with unknown variance-covariance. We construct root-n consistent, asymptotically normal and locally efficient estimators using the semiparametric efficient score. We do not estimate any unknown distribution or model error heteroskedasticity. Instead, we form the estimator under possibly incorrect working distribution models for the model error, error-prone covariate, or both. Empirical results demonstrate robustness to different incorrect working models in homoscedastic and heteroskedastic models with error-prone covariates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya P. Garcia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&M University
| | - Yanyuan Ma
- Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University
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Garcia TP, Ma Y, Marder K, Wang Y. ROBUST MIXED EFFECTS MODEL FOR CLUSTERED FAILURE TIME DATA: APPLICATION TO HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE EVENT MEASURES. Ann Appl Stat 2017; 11:1085-1116. [PMID: 29399240 PMCID: PMC5793916 DOI: 10.1214/17-aoas1038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An important goal in clinical and statistical research is properly modeling the distribution for clustered failure times which have a natural intraclass dependency and are subject to censoring. We handle these challenges with a novel approach that does not impose restrictive modeling or distributional assumptions. Using a logit transformation, we relate the distribution for clustered failure times to covariates and a random, subject-specific effect. The covariates are modeled with unknown functional forms, and the random effect may depend on the covariates and have an unknown and unspecified distribution. We introduce pseudovalues to handle censoring and splines for functional covariate effects, and frame the problem into fitting an additive logistic mixed effects model. Unlike existing approaches for fitting such models, we develop semiparametric techniques that estimate the functional model parameters without specifying or estimating the random effect distribution. We show both theoretically and empirically that the resulting estimators are consistent for any choice of random effect distribution and any dependency structure between the random effect and covariates. Last, we illustrate the method's utility in an application to a Huntington's disease study where our method provides new insights into differences between motor and cognitive impairment event times in at-risk subjects.
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Abstract
Understanding the overall progression of neurodegenerative diseases is critical to the timing of therapeutic interventions and design of effective clinical trials. Disease progression can be assessed with longitudinal study designs in which outcomes are measured repeatedly over time and are assessed with respect to risk factors, either measured repeatedly or at baseline. Longitudinal data allows researchers to assess temporal disease aspects, but the analysis is complicated by complex correlation structures, irregularly spaced visits, missing data, and mixtures of time-varying and static covariate effects. We review modern statistical methods designed for these challenges. Among all methods, the mixed effect model most flexibly accommodates the challenges and is preferred by the FDA for observational and clinical studies. Examples from Huntington's disease studies are used for clarification, but the methods apply to neurodegenerative diseases in general, particularly as the identification of prodromal forms of neurodegenerative disease through sensitive biomarkers is increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya P Garcia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&M University, TAMU 1266, College Station, TX, 77843-1266, USA.
| | - Karen Marder
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Garcia TP, Müller S. Cox regression with exclusion frequency-based weights to identify neuroimaging markers relevant to Huntington’s disease onset. Ann Appl Stat 2016; 10:2130-2156. [DOI: 10.1214/16-aoas967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya P. Garcia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Texas A&M University
| | - Yanyuan Ma
- Department of Statistics University of South Carolina
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Qin J, Garcia TP, Ma Y, Tang MX, Marder K, Wang Y. COMBINING ISOTONIC REGRESSION AND EM ALGORITHM TO PREDICT GENETIC RISK UNDER MONOTONICITY CONSTRAINT. Ann Appl Stat 2014; 8:1182-1208. [PMID: 25404955 DOI: 10.1214/14-aoas730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In certain genetic studies, clinicians and genetic counselors are interested in estimating the cumulative risk of a disease for individuals with and without a rare deleterious mutation. Estimating the cumulative risk is difficult, however, when the estimates are based on family history data. Often, the genetic mutation status in many family members is unknown; instead, only estimated probabilities of a patient having a certain mutation status are available. Also, ages of disease-onset are subject to right censoring. Existing methods to estimate the cumulative risk using such family-based data only provide estimation at individual time points, and are not guaranteed to be monotonic, nor non-negative. In this paper, we develop a novel method that combines Expectation-Maximization and isotonic regression to estimate the cumulative risk across the entire support. Our estimator is monotonic, satisfies self-consistent estimating equations, and has high power in detecting differences between the cumulative risks of different populations. Application of our estimator to a Parkinson's disease (PD) study provides the age-at-onset distribution of PD in PARK2 mutation carriers and non-carriers, and reveals a significant difference between the distribution in compound heterozygous carriers compared to non-carriers, but not between heterozygous carriers and non-carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qin
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 6700B Rockledge Drive, MSC 7609, Bethesda, MD 20892-7609
| | - Tanya P Garcia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, TAMU 1266, College Station, TX 77843-1266
| | - Yanyuan Ma
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, TAMU 3143, College Station, TX 77843-3143
| | - Ming-Xin Tang
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032
| | - Karen Marder
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032
| | - Yuanjia Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032
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Garcia TP, Müller S, Carroll RJ, Walzem RL. Identification of important regressor groups, subgroups and individuals via regularization methods: application to gut microbiome data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 30:831-7. [PMID: 24162467 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btt608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
MOTIVATION Gut microbiota can be classified at multiple taxonomy levels. Strategies to use changes in microbiota composition to effect health improvements require knowing at which taxonomy level interventions should be aimed. Identifying these important levels is difficult, however, because most statistical methods only consider when the microbiota are classified at one taxonomy level, not multiple. RESULTS Using L1 and L2 regularizations, we developed a new variable selection method that identifies important features at multiple taxonomy levels. The regularization parameters are chosen by a new, data-adaptive, repeated cross-validation approach, which performed well. In simulation studies, our method outperformed competing methods: it more often selected significant variables, and had small false discovery rates and acceptable false-positive rates. Applying our method to gut microbiota data, we found which taxonomic levels were most altered by specific interventions or physiological status. AVAILABILITY The new approach is implemented in an R package, which is freely available from the corresponding author. CONTACT tpgarcia@srph.tamhsc.edu SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya P Garcia
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Rural Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1266, USA, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia, Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3143, USA and Department of Poultry Science, Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA
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Abstract
When some of the regressors can act on both the response and other explanatory variables, the already challenging problem of selecting variables when the number of covariates exceeds the sample size becomes more difficult. A motivating example is a metabolic study in mice that has diet groups and gut microbial percentages that may affect changes in multiple phenotypes related to body weight regulation. The data have more variables than observations and diet is known to act directly on the phenotypes as well as on some or potentially all of the microbial percentages. Interest lies in determining which gut microflora influence the phenotypes while accounting for the direct relationship between diet and the other variables A new methodology for variable selection in this context is presented that links the concept of q-values from multiple hypothesis testing to the recently developed weighted Lasso.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya P Garcia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1266, USA
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Wang Y, Garcia TP, Ma Y. Nonparametric estimation for censored mixture data with application to the Cooperative Huntington's Observational Research Trial. J Am Stat Assoc 2012; 107:1324-1338. [PMID: 24489419 DOI: 10.1080/01621459.2012.699353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This work presents methods for estimating genotype-specific distributions from genetic epidemiology studies where the event times are subject to right censoring, the genotypes are not directly observed, and the data arise from a mixture of scientifically meaningful subpopulations. Examples of such studies include kin-cohort studies and quantitative trait locus (QTL) studies. Current methods for analyzing censored mixture data include two types of nonparametric maximum likelihood estimators (NPMLEs) which do not make parametric assumptions on the genotype-specific density functions. Although both NPMLEs are commonly used, we show that one is inefficient and the other inconsistent. To overcome these deficiencies, we propose three classes of consistent nonparametric estimators which do not assume parametric density models and are easy to implement. They are based on the inverse probability weighting (IPW), augmented IPW (AIPW), and nonparametric imputation (IMP). The AIPW achieves the efficiency bound without additional modeling assumptions. Extensive simulation experiments demonstrate satisfactory performance of these estimators even when the data are heavily censored. We apply these estimators to the Cooperative Huntington's Observational Research Trial (COHORT), and provide age-specific estimates of the effect of mutation in the Huntington gene on mortality using a sample of family members. The close approximation of the estimated non-carrier survival rates to that of the U.S. population indicates small ascertainment bias in the COHORT family sample. Our analyses underscore an elevated risk of death in Huntington gene mutation carriers compared to non-carriers for a wide age range, and suggest that the mutation equally affects survival rates in both genders. The estimated survival rates are useful in genetic counseling for providing guidelines on interpreting the risk of death associated with a positive genetic testing, and in facilitating future subjects at risk to make informed decisions on whether to undergo genetic mutation testings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjia Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Tanya P Garcia
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, 3143 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-3143
| | - Yanyuan Ma
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, 3143 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-3143
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Daniels WD, Garcia TP, Carroll RJ, Patil BS, Turner ND. Suppression of early colon cancer lesions by apigenin and naringenin is in part due to their downregulation of p21, TLR‐4, and MCT‐1 expression. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.1023.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Danielle Daniels
- Faculty of NutritionTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement CenterTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX
| | - Tanya P. Garcia
- Department of StatisticsTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX
| | | | - Bhimanagouda S. Patil
- Faculty of NutritionTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement CenterTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX
| | - Nancy D. Turner
- Faculty of NutritionTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX
- Vegetable and Fruit Improvement CenterTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX
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Garcia TP, Ma Y, Yin G. Efficiency improvement in a class of survival models through model-free covariate incorporation. Lifetime Data Anal 2011; 17:552-565. [PMID: 21455700 DOI: 10.1007/s10985-011-9195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In randomized clinical trials, we are often concerned with comparing two-sample survival data. Although the log-rank test is usually suitable for this purpose, it may result in substantial power loss when the two groups have nonproportional hazards. In a more general class of survival models of Yang and Prentice (Biometrika 92:1-17, 2005), which includes the log-rank test as a special case, we improve model efficiency by incorporating auxiliary covariates that are correlated with the survival times. In a model-free form, we augment the estimating equation with auxiliary covariates, and establish the efficiency improvement using the semiparametric theories in Zhang et al. (Biometrics 64:707-715, 2008) and Lu and Tsiatis (Biometrics, 95:674-679, 2008). Under minimal assumptions, our approach produces an unbiased, asymptotically normal estimator with additional efficiency gain. Simulation studies and an application to a leukemia study show the satisfactory performance of the proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya P Garcia
- Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, 3143 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-3143, USA.
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Abstract
This article discusses the challenges overcome during the development of a blend-sampling technique and the successful validation of the blending operation for a tablet dosage form containing 2% active ingredient. Content uniformity results are discussedfor three pilot-scale (15-kg) and seven commercial-scale (150-kg) batches of tablets. Blend and core content uniformity data from the pilot-scale batches were acceptable. For the initial commercial-scale batches, although the tablet core content uniformity data were acceptable, the blend uniformity results were poor. The blend data for these batches had very high mean values, but acceptable relative standard deviations (RSDs). This suggested that the drug was being preferentially sampled by the thief but in a consistent, reproducible manner. Extensive testing was performed on a commercial-scale development batch to identify potential causes of sampling error. The results of this testing helped define the blend-sampling technique and strategy used to validate the mixing operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Garcia
- Pfizer, Incorporated, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
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Garcia TP, Taylor MK, Pande GS. Comparison of the performance of two sample thieves for the determination of the content uniformity of a powder blend. Pharm Dev Technol 1998; 3:7-12. [PMID: 9532595 DOI: 10.3109/10837459809028474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the performance of two sample thieves (plug and grain) to determine the content uniformity of a powder blend. The powder blend was prepared by mixing 2% drug substance with the remaining excipients in a tumble blender for 30 min. Samples were taken at 10 locations in the blender using both thieves. The performance of each sample thief was assessed based on the respective content uniformity values and relative standard deviations obtained for each device, as well as the content uniformity values reported following analysis of the resulting compressed tablets. The relative standard deviation values for blend samples taken with the plug thief were approximately half of those obtained using the grain thief. The superior performance of the plug thief in this study is attributed to the static charge acquired by the microcrystalline cellulose, which leads to poor flow characteristics. This impeded the flow of the blend into the sample chamber of the grain thief resulting in segregation and variable content uniformity results. The plug thief, which does not require powder flow to obtain a sample, performs better for this formulation. The selection of a sampling thief should be assessed on a case-by-case basis. Superior performance is expected for the plug thief when poor flowing, compressible blends are sampled.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Garcia
- Process Science and Technology, Glaxo Wellcome Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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