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Rohde T, Torvatn H. A strategic document as a tool for implementing change. Lessons from the merger creating the South-East Health region in Norway. Health Policy 2017; 121:525-533. [PMID: 28342561 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In 2007, the Norwegian Parliament decided to merge the two largest health regions in the country: the South and East Health Regions became the South-East Health Region (SEHR). In its resolution, the Parliament formulated strong expectations for the merger: these included more effective hospital services in the Oslo metropolitan area, freeing personnel to work in other parts of the country, and making treatment of patients more coherent. The Parliamentary resolution provided no specific instructions regarding how this should be achieved. In order to fulfil these expectations, the new health region decided to develop a strategy as its tool for change; a change "agent". SINTEF was engaged to evaluate the process and its results. We studied the strategy design, the tools that emerged from the process, and which changes were induced by the strategy. The evaluation adopted a multimethod approach that combined interviews, document analysis and (re)analysis of existing data. The latter included economic data, performance data, and work environment data collected by the South-East Health Region itself. SINTEF found almost no effects, whether positive or negative. This article describes how the strategy was developed and discusses why it failed to meet the expectations formulated in the Parliamentary resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarald Rohde
- SINTEF Technology and Society, Department of Health, Forskningsveien 1, 0314 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Hans Torvatn
- SINTEF Technology and Society, Work Research Section, S. P. Andersensvei 5, 7465 Trondheim, Norway.
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Dyrstad K, Halvorsen T, Hem KG, Rohde T. Sick of waiting: Does waiting for elective treatment cause sickness absence? Health Policy 2016; 120:1383-1388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Chyu MC, Austin T, Calisir F, Chanjaplammootil S, Davis MJ, Favela J, Gan H, Gefen A, Haddas R, Hahn-Goldberg S, Hornero R, Huang YL, Jensen Ø, Jiang Z, Katsanis JS, Lee JA, Lewis G, Lovell NH, Luebbers HT, Morales GG, Matis T, Matthews JT, Mazur L, Ng EYK, Oommen KJ, Ormand K, Rohde T, Sánchez-Morillo D, Sanz-Calcedo JG, Sawan M, Shen CL, Shieh JS, Su CT, Sun L, Sun M, Sun Y, Tewolde SN, Williams EA, Yan C, Zhang J, Zhang YT. Healthcare Engineering Defined: A White Paper. J Healthc Eng 2016; 6:635-47. [PMID: 27010831 DOI: 10.1260/2040-2295.6.4.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Engineering has been playing an important role in serving and advancing healthcare. The term "Healthcare Engineering" has been used by professional societies, universities, scientific authors, and the healthcare industry for decades. However, the definition of "Healthcare Engineering" remains ambiguous. The purpose of this position paper is to present a definition of Healthcare Engineering as an academic discipline, an area of research, a field of specialty, and a profession. Healthcare Engineering is defined in terms of what it is, who performs it, where it is performed, and how it is performed, including its purpose, scope, topics, synergy, education/training, contributions, and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chien Chyu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Coordinator, Healthcare Engineering Graduate Program, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | | | - Fethi Calisir
- Industrial Engineering Department; Dean, Management Faculty, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
| | - Samuel Chanjaplammootil
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center - Permian Basin (Odessa, Midland, Abilene and Dallas), Texas, USA
| | - Mark J Davis
- Operational & Clinical Excellence Leader, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jesus Favela
- Computer Science Department, Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada, Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Heng Gan
- Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, King's Health Partners, London, UK
| | - Amit Gefen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Ram Haddas
- Texas Back Institute Research Foundation, Plano, Texas, USA
| | | | - Roberto Hornero
- Biomedical Engineering Group, E.T.S. Ingenieros de Telecomunicación, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | | | - Zhongwei Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Japan
| | - J S Katsanis
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Greece
| | - Jeong-A Lee
- Department of Computer Engineering, Chosun University, Korea
| | | | - Nigel H Lovell
- University of New South Wales, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Heinz-Theo Luebbers
- Surgical Planning Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,University Hospital and Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - George G Morales
- Physical Plant & Support Services, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Timothy Matis
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Texas Tech University, Texas, USA
| | - Judith T Matthews
- School of Nursing and University Center for Social and Urban Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Lukasz Mazur
- Healthcare Engineering Division, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eddie Yin-Kwee Ng
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - K J Oommen
- Epilepsy Clinics, Covenant Medical Group; Chief, Section of Internal Medicine, Covenant Hospital, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | | | - Tarald Rohde
- SINTEF, Technology and Society, Hospital Planning, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Mohamad Sawan
- Polystim Neurotechnology Lab, Polytechnique, University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Chwan-Li Shen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Jiann-Shing Shieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ton Su
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Lilly Sun
- School of Systems Engineering, University of Reading, UK
| | - Mingui Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Electrical Engineering; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yi Sun
- 3D Surgical Planning Lab - Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Imaging & Pathology/OMFS-IMPATH Research Group, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Senay N Tewolde
- HJF Advancement of Military Medicine, Navy Medical Research Unit, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Eric A Williams
- Chief Quality Officer-Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital; Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Sections of Critical Care and Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chongjun Yan
- College of Management Science & Engineering, Dongbei University of Finance and Economic, Dalian, China
| | - Jiajie Zhang
- Dean, Glassell Family Foundation Distinguished Chair, Dr. Doris L. Ross Professor, School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Abstract
This article presents a study of how equipment is used in a Norwegian University hospital and suggests ways to reduce hospital energy consumption. Analysis of energy data from Norway's newest teaching hospital showed that electricity consumption was up to 50% of the whole-building energy consumption. Much of this is due to the increasing energy intensity of hospital-specific equipment. Measured power and reported usage patterns for equipment in the studied departments show daytime energy intensity of equipment at about 28.5 kBTU/ft2 per year (90 kWh/m2 per year), compared to building code standard value of only 14.9 kBTU/ft2 (47 kWh/m2 per year) for hospitals. This article intends to fill gaps in our understanding of how users and their equipment affect the energy balance in hospitals and suggests ways in which designers and equipment suppliers can help optimize energy performance while maintaining quality in the delivery of health services.
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Röwekamp F, Rohde T, Michael T, Unrath M, Babitsch B. Children's Rehabilitation Care Study: An evaluation of the provision with medical equipment. Eur J Public Health 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckv171.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
During the last few years much attention has been paid to the chemokines. Chemokine receptors are necessary to render a target permissive for infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and high concentrations of chemokines have been shown to protect against the progression of HIV disease towards death. In the present study, we investigated the capability of strenuous exercise to induce elevated plasma concentrations of the chemokines interleukin (IL)-8, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta. Eight male athletes completed the Copenhagen Marathon 1997. Blood was sampled before, immediately after the run and every 30 min during a 4 h recovery period. Plasma chemokine concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The IL-8, MIP-1 alpha and MIP-1 beta concentrations all peaked 0.5 h after the run when they were 6.7-fold, 3.5-fold and 4.1-fold increased, respectively. The elevated concentrations of chemokines in plasma after exercise could have implications for HIV-infected individuals; a possibility that needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ostrowski
- Department of Infectious Diseases M7721, Rigshospitalet, 2200 KBH N, Denmark.
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O'Dea T, Menchaca H, Shudy J, Rohde T, Michalek V, Fuller C, Buchwald H. A novel device for measuring the effect of cholesterol on the release of oxygen from red blood cells into myocardial tissue. Biomed Instrum Technol 2000; 34:283-92. [PMID: 11004999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
A novel method has been devised to measure the effect of cholesterol on the release of oxygen (O2) from the red blood cell (RBC) into a tailored environment, which can be made to mimic myocardial tissue. Cholesterol affects the cell membrane of the RBC and thus the release of O2 into tissue. While this is true of all tissue, the myocardium is especially sensitive because of its critical nature, its high O2 requirements, and the shortness of time that arterial blood spends in the muscle. Calculations are presented that show that the release time for O2 from RBCs is close to the residence time of the RBC in the coronary system. Sequential measurements of blood oxygen saturation (SO2) are made when oxygenated blood is subjected to conditions similar to those in the myocardium. The natural logarithm of the relative value of the SO2 at time t compared with the initial value of the SO2 can be fitted to a straight line whose slope is proportional to the parameters of the RBC membrane, the sample size, the hematocrit, and the diffusion parameters of the apparatus. This value is used to estimate the effects of cholesterol-lowering treatments on O2 release. This test will serve as a valuable adjunct to or replacement for stress tests in the evaluation of coronary artery disease, especially in patients whose physical conditions make standard stress testing painful or risky.
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Affiliation(s)
- T O'Dea
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology Medical Physics Section, University of Minnesota, Mineapolis 55455, USA.
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Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate whether a carbohydrate-rich versus fat-rich diet influenced the effect of training on the immune system. Ten untrained young men ingested a carbohydrate-rich diet [65 energy percent (E%) carbohydrate] and ten subjects a fat-rich diet (62E% fat) while endurance training was performed 3-4 times a week for 7 weeks. Maximal oxygen uptake increased by 11% in both groups. Blood samples for immune monitoring were collected before and at the end of the study. Blood samples were also collected, in parallel, from 20 age-matched subjects, and data from these subjects were used to eliminate day-to-day variation in the immunological tests. Independently of diet, training increased the percentage of CD3-CD16+ CD56+ natural killer (NK) cells from [mean (SEM)] 14 (1) % to 20 (3) % (P = 0.05), whereas the NK-cell activity, either unstimulated or stimulated with interleukin (IL)-2 or interferon (IFN)-alpha, did not change. Furthermore, training did not influence the percentages of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+ or CD14+ cells. However, when the two diet groups were compared, it was found that the NK-cell activity had increased in the group on the carbohydrate-rich diet [from 16 (3)% to 27 (2)%] and decreased in the group on the fat-rich diet [from 26 (2)% to 20 (4)%] in response to training. The effect of training on unstimulated NK-cell activity was significantly different between the groups (P = 0.007). These data indicate that diet manipulation during training may influence natural immunity, and suggest that ingestion of a fat-rich diet during training is detrimental to the immune system compared to the effect of a carbohydrate-rich diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Pedersen
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases M7721, Rigshospitalet, Denmark.
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Abstract
1. The present study investigates to what extent and by which time course prolonged strenuous exercise influences the plasma concentration of pro-inflammatory and inflammation responsive cytokines as well as cytokine inhibitors and anti-inflammatory cytokines. 2. Ten male subjects (median age 27.5 years, range 24-37) completed the Copenhagen Marathon 1997 (median running time 3 : 26 (h : min), range 2 : 40-4 : 20). Blood samples were obtained before, immediately after and then every 30 min in a 4 h post-exercise recovery period. 3. The plasma concentrations of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-1ra, sTNF-r1, sTNF-r2 and IL-10 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The highest concentration of IL-6 was found immediately after the race, whereas IL-1ra peaked 1 h post exercise (128-fold and 39-fold increase, respectively, as compared with the pre-exercise values). The plasma level of IL-1beta, TNFalpha, sTNF-r1 and sTNF-r2 peaked in the first hour after the exercise (2. 1-, 2.3-, 2.7- and 1.6-fold, respectively). The plasma level of IL-10 showed a 27-fold increase immediately post exercise. 4. In conclusion, strenuous exercise induces an increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFalpha and IL-1beta and a dramatic increase in the inflammation responsive cytokine IL-6. This is balanced by the release of cytokine inhibitors (IL-1ra, sTNF-r1 and sTNF-r2) and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The study suggests that cytokine inhibitors and anti-inflammatory cytokines restrict the magnitude and duration of the inflammatory response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ostrowski
- The Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen and The Department of Infectious Diseases M, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen,
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Asp S, Daugaard JR, Rohde T, Adamo K, Graham T. Muscle glycogen accumulation after a marathon: roles of fiber type and pro- and macroglycogen. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1999; 86:474-8. [PMID: 9931179 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1999.86.2.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle glycogen remains subnormal several days after muscle damaging exercise. The aims of this study were to investigate how muscle acid-soluble macroglycogen (MG) and acid-insoluble proglycogen (PG) pools are restored after a competitive marathon and also to determine whether glycogen accumulates differently in the various muscle fiber types. Six well-trained marathon runners participated in the study, and muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis of the quadriceps muscle before, immediately after, and 1, 2, and 7 days (days 1, 2, and 7, respectively) after the marathon. During the race, 56 +/- 3.8% of muscle glycogen was utilized, and a greater fraction of MG (72 +/- 3.7%) was utilized compared with PG (34 +/- 6.5%). On day 2, muscle glycogen and MG values remained lower than prerace values, despite a carbohydrate-rich diet, but they had both returned to prerace levels on day 7. The PG concentration was lower on day 1 compared with before the race, whereas there were no significant differences between the prerace PG concentration and the concentrations on days 2 and 7. On day 2 the glycogen concentration was particularly low in the type I fibers, indicating that local processes are important for the accumulation pattern. We conclude that a greater fraction of human muscle MG than of PG is utilized during a marathon and that accumulation of MG is particularly delayed after the prolonged exercise bout. Furthermore, factors produced locally appear important for the glycogen accumulation pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Asp
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, August Krogh Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Rohde T, Asp S, MacLean DA, Pedersen BK. Competitive sustained exercise in humans, lymphokine activated killer cell activity, and glutamine--an intervention study. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1998; 78:448-53. [PMID: 9809846 DOI: 10.1007/s004210050444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether oral glutamine supplementation abolishes some of the exercise-induced changes in lymphocyte functions following long-term intense exercise. A group of 16 marathon runners participating in The Copenhagen Marathon 1996 were placed randomly in either a placebo (n = 7) or a glutamine receiving group (n = 9). Each subject received four doses of either placebo or glutamine (100 mg x kg(-1)) administered at 0, 30, 60, and 90-min post-race. In the placebo group the plasma glutamine concentrations were lower than pre-race values during the post-exercise period [mean 647 (SEM 32) compared to 470 (SEM 22) micromol x 1(-1) 90-min post-race, P < 0.05] whereas glutamine supplementation maintained the plasma glutamine concentration (at approximately 750 micromol x 1(-1)). Glutamine supplementation in vivo had no effect on the lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cell activity, the proliferative responses or the exercise-induced changes in concentrations or percentages of any of the leucocyte subpopulations examined. Glutamine addition in in vitro studies enhanced the proliferative response in both groups. These data would suggest that decreased plasma glutamine concentrations post-exercise are not responsible for exercise-induced decrease in LAK activity and that the influence of glutamine in vitro is not dependent on the plasma glutamine concentration at the time of sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rohde
- The Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases M, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital, Denmark
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Rohde T, Krzywkowski K, Pedersen BK. Glutamine, exercise, and the immune system--is there a link? Exerc Immunol Rev 1998; 4:49-63. [PMID: 9644094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine is known to be important for cells replicating in culture. It has been proposed that the decrease in plasma glutamine concentration in relation to catabolic conditions, including strenuous exercise, resulting in a lack of glutamine for cells of the immune system, is responsible for the transient postexercise immunosuppression. This review discusses the potential role of glutamine on the postexercise in-vitro changes in immune parameters. Furthermore, the value of glutamine as a nutritional supplement to athletes and the possible influence on these parameters is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rohde
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Center, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The ability of lymphocytes to proliferate and generate lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cell activity in vitro is dependent on glutamine. In relation to intense exercise the lymphocyte concentration, the proliferative response, the natural killer and LAK cell activity, and the plasma glutamine concentration decline. It has been hypothesized that in relation to physical activity a lack of glutamine may temporarily affect the function of the immune system. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of glutamine supplementation on exercise-induced immune changes. METHODS In a randomized cross-over placebo-controlled study, eight healthy male subjects performed three bouts of ergometer bicycle exercise lasting 60, 45, and 30 min at 75% of their VO2max separated by 2 h of rest. RESULTS The arterial plasma glutamine concentration declined from 508 +/- 35 (pre-exercise) to 402 +/- 38 microM (2 h after the last exercise bout) in the placebo trial and was maintained above pre-exercise levels in the glutamine supplementation trial. The numbers of circulating lymphocytes and the phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte proliferative response declined 2 h after, respectively, during each bout of exercise, whereas the LAK cell activity declined 2 h after the third bout. Glutamine supplementation in vivo, given in the described doses at the specific times, did not influence these changes. CONCLUSION The present study does not appear to support the hypothesis that those aspects of postexercise immune changes studied are caused by decreased plasma glutamine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rohde
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases M, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital, Denmark.
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Abstract
Strenuous exercise is accompanied by an increase in circulating proinflammatory and inflammation responsive cytokines, having some similarities with the response to sepsis and trauma. The sequential release of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL) 1 beta, IL-6, and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) in the blood is comparable to that observed in relation to bacterial diseases. Eccentric exercise is associated with an increase in serum IL-6 concentrations and is significantly correlated with the concentration of creatine kinase (CK) in the following days, whereas no changes are found after the concentric exercise; this demonstrates a close association between exercise-induced muscle damage and increased serum levels of IL-6. The time course of cytokine production, the close association with muscle damage, and the finding of mRNA-IL-6 in skeletal muscle biopsies after intense exercise all support the idea that during eccentric exercise myofibers are mechanically damaged and that this process stimulates the local production of inflammatory cytokines. It remains to be shown whether systemic endotoxemia during exercise is also a cause of elevated levels of cytokines in the plasma. The present review also discusses the possible roles of protein breakdown, delayed onset muscle soreness, and clinical implications of the acute-phase response following exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Pedersen
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
1. This study was performed to test the hypothesis that inflammatory cytokines are produced in skeletal muscle in response to prolonged intense exercise. Muscle biopsies and blood samples were collected from runners before, immediately after, and 2 h after a marathon race. 2. The concentration of interleukin (IL)-6 protein in plasma increased from 1.5 +/- 0.7 to 94.4 +/- 12.6 pg ml-1 immediately post-exercise and to 22.1 +/- 3.8 pg ml-1 2 h post-exercise. IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) protein in plasma increased from 123 +/- 23 to 2795 +/- 551 pg ml-1, and increased further to 4119 +/- 527 pg ml-1 2 h post-exercise. 3. The comparative polymerase chain reaction technique was used to evaluate mRNA for IL-6, IL-1ra, IL-1beta and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in skeletal muscle and blood mononuclear cells (BMNC) (n = 8). Before exercise, mRNA for IL-6 could not be detected either in muscle or in BMNC, and was only detectable in muscle biopsies (5 out of 8) after exercise. Increased amounts of mRNA for IL-1ra were found in two muscle biopsies and five BMNC samples, and increased amounts of IL-1beta mRNA were found in one muscle and four BMNC samples after exercise. TNF-alpha mRNA was not detected in any samples. 4. This study suggests that exercise-induced destruction of muscle fibres in skeletal muscles may trigger local production of IL-6, which stimulates the production of IL-1ra from circulating BMNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ostrowski
- The Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Section 7652, Tagensvej 20,DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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Abstract
In the recovery phase after intense exercise is found suppressed blood concentration of lymphocytes, suppressed natural immunity of blood lymphocytes, decreased concentration of secretory IgA in mucosa, but increased blood concentration of neutrophils and increased levels in the blood of inflammatory cytokines. Thus, after intense long-term exercise, the immune system is characterized by concomitant inflammation and temporary suppression of the cellular immune system, the most pronounced findings being 2-4 h after the exercise. The underlying mechanisms are multifactorial and include neuroendocrinological and metabolic factors. High levels of cytokines, especially interleukin-6, are found in the recovery period after eccentric exercise, and it has been demonstrated that a close association exists between muscle damage and increased levels of interleukin-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Pedersen
- The Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Pedersen
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
Our purpose was to investigate whether the slow rate of muscle glycogen resynthesis after a competitive marathon is associated with a decrease in the total muscle content of the muscle glucose transporter (GLUT-4). Seven well-trained marathon runners participated in the study, and muscle biopsies were obtained from the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle before, immediately after, and 1, 2, and 7 days after the marathon, as were venous blood samples. Muscle GLUT-4 content was unaltered over the experimental period. Muscle glycogen concentration was 758 +/- 53 mmol/kg dry weight before the marathon and decreased to 148 +/- 39 mmol/kg dry weight immediately afterward. Despite a carbohydrate-rich diet (containing at least 7 g carbohydrate.kg body mass-1.day-1), the muscle glycogen concentration remained 30% lower than before-race values 2 days after the race, whereas it had returned to before-race levels 7 days after the race. We conclude that the total GLUT-4 protein content is unaltered in the lateral gastrocnemius after a competitive marathon and that the slow recovery of muscle glycogen after the race apparently involves factors other than changes in the total content of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Asp
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, August Krogh Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Rohde T, MacLean DA, Richter EA, Kiens B, Pedersen BK. Prolonged submaximal eccentric exercise is associated with increased levels of plasma IL-6. Am J Physiol 1997; 273:E85-91. [PMID: 9252483 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.1.e85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To study the relationship between exercise-related muscle proteolysis and the cytokine response, a prolonged eccentric exercise model of one leg was used. Subjects performed two trials [a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation and a control trial]. The release of amino acids from muscle during and after the eccentric exercise was decreased in the BCAA trial, suggesting a suppression of net muscle protein degradation. The plasma concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6 increased from 0.75 +/- 0.19 (preexercise) to 5.02 +/- 0.96 pg/ml (2 h postexercise) in the control trial and in the BCAA supplementation trial from 1.07 +/- 0.41 to 4.15 +/- 1.21 pg/ml. Eccentric exercise had no effect on the concentrations of neutrophils, lymphocytes, CD16+/CD56+, CD4+, CD8+, CD14+/CD38+, lymphocyte proliferative response, or cytotoxic activities. BCAA supplementation reduced the concentration of CD14+/CD38+ cells. This study shows that the concentration of IL-6 in plasma is increased after prolonged eccentric exercise and suggests that the cytokine response is independent of the muscle proteolysis that occur during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rohde
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Pedersen BK, Clemmensen IH, Rohde T. [Physical activity and cancer]. Ugeskr Laeger 1997; 159:4283-4. [PMID: 9229891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Pedersen BK, Bruunsgaard H, Klokker M, Kappel M, MacLean DA, Nielsen HB, Rohde T, Ullum H, Zacho M. Exercise-induced immunomodulation--possible roles of neuroendocrine and metabolic factors. Int J Sports Med 1997; 18 Suppl 1:S2-7. [PMID: 9129258 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-972695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Acute muscular exercise induces an increased neutrophil count concomitant with recruitment of natural killer (NK), B and T cells to the blood as reflected by an elevation in the total lymphocyte count. Meanwhile, following intense exercise of long duration the lymphocyte count declines, non-MHC-restricted cytotoxicity is suppressed, but the neutrophil concentration increases. In relation to eccentric exercise involving muscle damage, the plasma concentrations of interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and the tumor necrosis factor are elevated. In this review we will propose a model based on the possible roles that stress hormones play a mediating the exercise- related immunological changes: adrenaline and to a lesser degree noradrenaline are responsible for the immediate effects of exercise on lymphocyte subpopulations and cytotoxic activities. The increase in catecholamines and growth hormone mediate the acute effects of exercise on neutrophils, whereas cortisol may be responsible for maintaining lymphopenia and neutrocytosis after exercise of long duration. Lastly, the role of beta-endorphin is less clear, but the cytokine response is closely related to muscle damage and stress hormones do not seem to be directly involved in the elevated cytokine level. Other possible mechanisms of exercise-induced immunomodulation may include the so-called glutamine hypothesis, which is based on the fact that skeletal muscle is an important source of glutamine production and that lymphocytes are dependent on glutamine for optimal growth. Furthermore, physiological changes during exercise, e.g. increased body temperature and decreased oxygen saturation may also in theory contribute to the exercise-induced immunological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Pedersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen Denmark
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Pedersen BK, Rohde T, Zacho M. Immunity in athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1996; 36:236-45. [PMID: 9062046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
It has become clear that the immune system responds to increased physical activity and may be given some of the credit for exercise-related reduction in illness. In contrast, it has repeatedly been shown that intense exercise causes immunosuppression. In essence the immune system is enhanced during moderate and severe exercise, and only intense long-duration exercise is followed by immunodepression. The latter include suppressed concentration of lymphocytes, suppressed natural killer and lymphokine activated killer cytotoxicity and secretory IgA in mucosa. Whether or not the "open window" in the immune system occurs is dependent on the intensity and duration of exercise. One reason for the "overtraining effect" seen in elite athletes could be that this window of opportunism for pathogens is longer and the degree of immunosuppression more pronounced. It is being hypothesized that severe immunodepression may occur if athletes does not allow the immune system to recover, but initiate a new bout of exercise while still immunodepressed. It has also been suggested that neutrophils serve as a last line of defence. The removal of this back-up system following extreme activity would be compatible with the propensity of "overtrained" individuals to develop upper respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Pedersen
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Department of Infectious Deseases, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
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Abstract
The present in vitro study was conducted to examine how glutamine influences the lymphocyte function. Glutamine had no effect on the production of interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 or tumour necrosis factor-alpha, but influenced the production of interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma. Glutamate, leucine, isoleucine and valine (substrates for glutamine production), or the combination of glutamate and leucine, did not influence the lymphocyte proliferative response or the cytokine production. In conclusion, glutamine influenced the production of some T-cell-derived cytokines, and is thereby important for optimal lymphocyte proliferation. Furthermore, the results show that lymphocytes are not capable of producing glutamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rohde
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital, Denmark
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Abstract
This study examined the influence of a triathlon on the immune system and on serum amino acid concentrations. Eight male triathletes swam 2500 m, bicycled 81 km, and ran 19 km. The concentration of total serum amino acids decreased during the race, with the lowest values occurring 2 h postexercise. Similarly, serum glutamine concentration declined from 468 (SEM 24) (prerace) to 318 (SEM 20) mumol-1 (2 h postrace) and the natural killer (NK) and lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cell activities were suppressed 2 h postexercise (P < 0.05). Blood mononuclear cell proliferation decreased during exercise with the lowest value observed after running. The leucocyte concentration increased during and after exercise due to an increase in the concentration of neutrophils and monocytes. There was no significant change in lymphocyte concentration during or after the exercise. The plasma concentration of interleukin-6 did not change and the plasma concentration of interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were below detection limits. The LAK cell cytotoxicity, but not NK cell activity or proliferative response, was significantly correlated with serum glutamine concentrations (r = 0.39, P < 0.01). This study confirms that prolonged endurance exercise results in changes in the cytotoxic function of the NK and LAK cells as well as the proliferative response. The time-course of changes in serum glutamine concentrations were best parallelled by changes in LAK cell activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rohde
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, University Hospital, Department 7641, Denmark
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Rohde T, Ullum H, Rasmussen JP, Kristensen JH, Newsholme E, Pedersen BK. Effects of glutamine on the immune system: influence of muscular exercise and HIV infection. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1995; 79:146-50. [PMID: 7559212 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1995.79.1.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamine increased the proliferative response and the lymphokine-activated killer cell activity of blood mononuclear cells isolated from normal healthy subjects (n = 6) in a dose-dependent manner, with optimum at 0.3-1.0 mM. The relative fraction of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD14+, CD16+, and CD19+ cells was not changed by glutamine at a concentration of 0.6 mM, except in the phytohemagglutinin-stimulated proliferation experiment where the fraction of CD4+, and therefore CD3+ cells, increased. The natural killer cell activity was not influenced by glutamine. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive subjects (n = 8) who performed concentric bicycle exercise for 1 h at 75% of maximal O2 consumption had an overall lower phytohemagglutinin-stimulated proliferative response, compared with the HIV-seronegative control group (n = 7). The proliferation during exercise was lower in both the HIV-seropositive and the HIV-seronegative group. Addition of glutamine in vitro did not normalize the lower proliferation in the HIV-seropositive group or the attenuated proliferation seen during exercise in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rohde
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
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Rohde T, Jensen KM, Høyer S, Colstrup H. Apparent Buschke-Loewenstein tumour of the penis. Br J Urol 1993; 71:754-5. [PMID: 8343908 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.1993.tb16084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Rohde
- Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Rohde T, Jensen KM, Colstrup H. [Testing an ultrasonic scanner for determination of urinary bladder volume]. Ugeskr Laeger 1992; 154:3499-501. [PMID: 1462466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bladderscan BVI 2000 is a portable ultrasound scanner, specially constructed for determination of bladder volume. We have tested this scanner for accuracy, systematic errors and the training required to use it. The bladder volumes measured by ultrasound scanning were compared with the true volumes. Fifty-six measurements were made. We found the accuracy of BVI 2000 sufficient to determine bladder volumes as either small or large. We found no systematic errors. No special training is required to use the scanner. The device is thus useful in most clinical situations when greater accuracy than indicated here is not necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rohde
- Kirurgisk afdeling D, Rigshospitalet, København
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Rohde T. [Use of the National Hospital in 1985-1989]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1991; 111:1525-6. [PMID: 2042192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Rohde T, Hjort PF. [Supply and use of health services--what can we learn from the difference between the counties of Oslo and Akershus?]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1982; 102:698-702. [PMID: 7157250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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