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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Zieneldien
- College of Arts and Science, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Zieneldien
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Zieneldien
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa
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Zieneldien T. Hospital Garden. Am J Kidney Dis 2024; 83:A12. [PMID: 38206254 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Zieneldien
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Zieneldien T. On Dementia. J Soc Work End Life Palliat Care 2024:1. [PMID: 38386510 DOI: 10.1080/15524256.2024.2320884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Zieneldien
- College of Arts and Science, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Zieneldien
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Zieneldien
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Zieneldien
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Zieneldien T. Precision medicine. Palliat Support Care 2024:1. [PMID: 38251439 DOI: 10.1017/s1478951524000075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Zieneldien
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Aljassabi A, Zieneldien T, Kim J, Regmi D, Cao C. Alzheimer's Disease Immunotherapy: Current Strategies and Future Prospects. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:755-772. [PMID: 38489183 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an extremely complex and heterogeneous pathology influenced by many factors contributing to its onset and progression, including aging, amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, tau fibril accumulation, inflammation, etc. Despite promising advances in drug development, there is no cure for AD. Although there have been substantial advancements in understanding the pathogenesis of AD, there have been over 200 unsuccessful clinical trials in the past decade. In recent years, immunotherapies have been at the forefront of these efforts. Immunotherapy alludes to the immunological field that strives to identify disease treatments via the enhancement, suppression, or induction of immune responses. Interestingly, immunotherapy in AD is a relatively new approach for non-infectious disease. At present, antibody therapy (passive immunotherapy) that targets anti-Aβ aimed to prevent the fibrillization of Aβ peptides and disrupt pre-existing fibrils is a predominant AD immunotherapy due to the continuous failure of active immunotherapy for AD. The most rational and safe strategies will be those targeting the toxic molecule without triggering an abnormal immune response, offering therapeutic advantages, thus making clinical trial design more efficient. This review offers a concise overview of immunotherapeutic strategies, including active and passive immunotherapy for AD. Our review encompasses approved methods and those presently under investigation in clinical trials, while elucidating the recent challenges, complications, successes, and potential treatments. Thus, immunotherapies targeting Aβ throughout the disease progression using a mutant oligomer-Aβ stimulated dendritic cell vaccine may offer a promising therapy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Aljassabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Tarek Zieneldien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Janice Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Deepika Regmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Chuanhai Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Zieneldien T. Person-centered care. Palliat Support Care 2023:1. [PMID: 38126352 DOI: 10.1017/s1478951523002018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Zieneldien
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Zieneldien T. Healing across cultures. Palliat Support Care 2023:1. [PMID: 37970650 DOI: 10.1017/s1478951523001694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Zieneldien
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Zieneldien
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Zieneldien
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Zieneldien T. The sonographer's explorations. Palliat Support Care 2023:1. [PMID: 37970649 DOI: 10.1017/s1478951523001700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Zieneldien
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Zieneldien T. Laughter as medicine. Palliat Support Care 2023:1. [PMID: 37970648 DOI: 10.1017/s147895152300175x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Zieneldien
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Fihurka O, Wang Y, Hong Y, Lin X, Shen N, Yang H, Brown B, Mommer M, Zieneldien T, Li Y, Kim J, Li M, Cai J, Zhou Q, Cao C. Multi-Targeting Intranasal Nanoformulation as a Therapeutic for Alzheimer's Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:232. [PMID: 36830601 PMCID: PMC9953380 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin, insulin, and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) have been shown to reverse cognitive deficits and attenuate neuropathologies in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) when used individually. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic properties of long-term intranasal treatment with a novel nanoformulation containing melatonin, insulin, and THC in aged APPswe/PS1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) mice, a transgenic model of AD. Transgenic mice at the age of 12 months were intranasally administered with a new nanoformulation containing melatonin, insulin, and THC at doses of 0.04, 0.008, and 0.02 mg/kg, respectively, once daily for 3 months. The spatial memory of the mice was assessed using the radial arm water maze (RAWM) test before and after drug treatment. Brain tissues were collected at the end of the treatment period for the assessment of Aβ load, tauopathy state, and markers of mitochondrial function. The RAWM test revealed that the treatment with the melatonin-insulin-THC (MIT) nasal spray improved the spatial learning memory of APP/PS1 mice significantly. Results of protein analyses of brain homogenates indicated that MIT treatment significantly decreased the tau phosphorylation implicated in tau toxicity (p < 0.05) and the expression of CKMT1 associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, MIT significantly decreased the expression of two mitochondrial fusion-related proteins, Mfn2 and Opa1 (p < 0.01 for both), while increasing the expression of a mitophagy regulator, Parkin, suggesting a compensatory enhancement of mitophagy due to MIT-promoted mitochondrial fusion. In conclusion, this study was the first to demonstrate the ability of an MIT nanoformulation to improve spatial memory in AD mice through its multi-targeting effects on Aβ production, tau phosphorylation, and mitochondrial dynamics. Thus, MIT may be a safe and effective therapeutic for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Fihurka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Yuzhu Hong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Ning Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Haiqiang Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Breanna Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Marcus Mommer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Tarek Zieneldien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Yitong Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Janice Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Minghua Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts & Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Qingyu Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Chuanhai Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts & Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- USF-health Byrd Alzheimer Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Zieneldien T, Kim J, Sawmiller D, Cao C. The Immune System as a Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer’s Disease. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091440. [PMID: 36143476 PMCID: PMC9506058 DOI: 10.3390/life12091440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder and is the most common cause of dementia. Furthermore, aging is considered the most critical risk factor for AD. However, despite the vast amount of research and resources allocated to the understanding and development of AD treatments, setbacks have been more prominent than successes. Recent studies have shown that there is an intricate connection between the immune and central nervous systems, which can be imbalanced and thereby mediate neuroinflammation and AD. Thus, this review examines this connection and how it can be altered with AD. Recent developments in active and passive immunotherapy for AD are also discussed as well as suggestions for improving these therapies moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Zieneldien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Janice Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Darrell Sawmiller
- MegaNano BioTech, Inc., 3802 Spectrum Blvd. Suite 122, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Chuanhai Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- USF-Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
- Correspondence:
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Zhang L, Cao J, Yang H, Pham P, Khan U, Brown B, Wang Y, Zieneldien T, Cao C. Commercial and Instant Coffees Effectively Lower Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 in N2a/APPswe Cells. Front Nutr 2022; 9:850523. [PMID: 35369094 PMCID: PMC8965317 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.850523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurological disease with neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques as histopathological markers. Due to this, although AD is the leading cause of dementia worldwide, clinical AD dementia cannot be certainly diagnosed until neuropathological post-mortem evaluation. Coffee has been reported to have neurologically protective factors, particularly against AD, but coffee brand and type have not been taken into consideration in previous studies. We examined the discrepancies among popular commercial and instant coffees in limiting the development and progression through Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 production, and hypothesized that coffee consumption, regardless of brand or type, is beneficial for stalling the progression and development of Aβ-related AD. Methods Coffee samples from four commercial coffee brands and four instant coffees were purchased or prepared following given instructions and filtered for the study. 5, 2.5, and 1.25% concentrations of each coffee were used to treat N2a/APPswe cell lines. MTT assay was used to assess cell viability for coffee concentrations, as well as pure caffeine concentrations. Sandwich ELISA assay was used to determine Aβ concentration for Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 peptides of coffee-treated cells. Results Caffeine concentrations were significantly varied among all coffees (DC vs. MDC, PC, SB, NIN, MIN p < 0.05). There was no correlation between caffeine concentration and cell toxicity among brands and types of coffee, with no toxicity at 0.5 mg/ml caffeine and lower. Most coffees were toxic to N2a/APPswe cells at 5% (p < 0.05), but not at 2.5%. Most coffees at a 2.5% concentration reduced Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 production, with comparable results between commercial and instant coffees. Conclusion All coffees tested have beneficial health effects for AD through lowering Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 production, with Dunkin' Donuts® medium roast coffee demonstrating the most consistent and optimal cell survival rates and Aβ concentration. On the other hand, Starbucks® coffee exhibited the highest cell toxicity rates among the tested coffees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Zhang
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guanzhou, China
| | - Jessica Cao
- Department of Kinesiology, Wiess School of Natural Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Haiqiang Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Phillip Pham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Umer Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Breanna Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Tarek Zieneldien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Chuanhai Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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Shan FY, Fung KM, Zieneldien T, Kim J, Cao C, Huang JH. Examining the Toxicity of α-Synuclein in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111126. [PMID: 34833002 PMCID: PMC8621244 DOI: 10.3390/life11111126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Neurodegenerative disorders are complex disorders that display a variety of clinical manifestations. The second-most common neurodegenerative disorder is Parkinson’s disease, and the leading pathological protein of the disorder is considered to be α-synuclein. Nonetheless, α-synuclein accumulation also seems to result in multiple system atrophy and dementia with Lewy bodies. In order to obtain a more proficient understanding in the pathological progression of these synucleinopathies, it is crucial to observe the post-translational modifications of α-synuclein and the conformations of α-synuclein, as well as its role in the dysfunction of cellular pathways. Abstract α-synuclein is considered the main pathological protein in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease, multiple system atrophy, and dementia with Lewy bodies. As of now, numerous studies have been aimed at examining the post-translational modifications of α-synuclein to determine their effects on α-synuclein aggregation, propagation, and oligomerization, as well as the potential cellular pathway dysfunctions caused by α-synuclein, to determine the role of the protein in disease progression. Furthermore, α-synuclein also appears to contribute to the fibrilization of tau and amyloid beta, which are crucial proteins in Alzheimer’s disease, advocating for α-synuclein’s preeminent role in neurodegeneration. Due to this, investigating the mechanisms of toxicity of α-synuclein in neurodegeneration may lead to a more proficient understanding of the timeline progression in neurodegenerative synucleinopathies and could thereby lead to the development of potent targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Y. Shan
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Temple, TX 76508, USA
- Correspondence: (F.Y.S.); (T.Z.)
| | - Kar-Ming Fung
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Medical Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA;
| | - Tarek Zieneldien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (J.K.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence: (F.Y.S.); (T.Z.)
| | - Janice Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (J.K.); (C.C.)
| | - Chuanhai Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (J.K.); (C.C.)
| | - Jason H. Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Temple, TX 76508, USA;
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Zieneldien T, Kim J, Cao J, Cao C. COVID-19 Vaccines: Current Conditions and Future Prospects. Biology (Basel) 2021; 10:biology10100960. [PMID: 34681059 PMCID: PMC8533517 DOI: 10.3390/biology10100960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first encountered in December of 2019 in Wuhan, China. As of now, there have been over 200 million infections and 4 million deaths attributed to the virus. Due to this, it has been a priority to find an effective preventative measure, and numerous vaccines have been developed. Although the developed vaccines share the target of blocking viral entry by the spike protein, their pharmacology and efficacy differs. As such, the mechanism of action and the elicited immune response of the most common COVID-19 vaccines have been compared to help determine which vaccine is most efficacious and is best suited to prevent reinfection and address viral mutations. Abstract It has been over a year since SARS-CoV-2 was first reported in December of 2019 in Wuhan, China. To curb the spread of the virus, many therapies and cures have been tested and developed, most notably mRNA and DNA vaccines. Federal health agencies (CDC, FDA) have approved emergency usage of these S gene-based vaccines with the intention of minimizing any further loss of lives and infections. It is crucial to assess which vaccines are the most efficacious by examining their effects on the immune system, and by providing considerations for new technological vaccine strategies in the future. This paper provides an overview of the current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines with their mechanisms of action, current technologies utilized in manufacturing of the vaccines, and limitations in this new field with emerging data. Although the most popular COVID-19 vaccines have been proven effective, time will be the main factor in dictating which vaccine will be able to best address mutations and future infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Zieneldien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (T.Z.); (J.K.)
| | - Janice Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (T.Z.); (J.K.)
| | - Jessica Cao
- Department of Natural Sciences, Wiess School of Natural Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA;
| | - Chuanhai Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (T.Z.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence:
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