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Maurano MT, Wang H, John S, Shafer A, Canfield T, Lee K, Stamatoyannopoulos JA. Role of DNA Methylation in Modulating Transcription Factor Occupancy. Cell Rep 2015; 12:1184-95. [PMID: 26257180 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although DNA methylation is commonly invoked as a mechanism for transcriptional repression, the extent to which it actively silences transcription factor (TF) occupancy sites in vivo is unknown. To study the role of DNA methylation in the active modulation of TF binding, we quantified the effect of DNA methylation depletion on the genomic occupancy patterns of CTCF, an abundant TF with known methylation sensitivity that is capable of autonomous binding to its target sites in chromatin. Here, we show that the vast majority (>98.5%) of the tens of thousands of unoccupied, methylated CTCF recognition sequences remain unbound upon abrogation of DNA methylation. The small fraction of sites that show methylation-dependent binding in vivo are in turn characterized by highly variable CTCF occupancy across cell types. Our results suggest that DNA methylation is not a primary groundskeeper of genomic TF landscapes, but rather a specialized mechanism for stabilizing intrinsically labile sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Maurano
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sam John
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anthony Shafer
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Theresa Canfield
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kristen Lee
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John A Stamatoyannopoulos
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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2
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Yue F, Cheng Y, Breschi A, Vierstra J, Wu W, Ryba T, Sandstrom R, Ma Z, Davis C, Pope BD, Shen Y, Pervouchine DD, Djebali S, Thurman RE, Kaul R, Rynes E, Kirilusha A, Marinov GK, Williams BA, Trout D, Amrhein H, Fisher-Aylor K, Antoshechkin I, DeSalvo G, See LH, Fastuca M, Drenkow J, Zaleski C, Dobin A, Prieto P, Lagarde J, Bussotti G, Tanzer A, Denas O, Li K, Bender MA, Zhang M, Byron R, Groudine MT, McCleary D, Pham L, Ye Z, Kuan S, Edsall L, Wu YC, Rasmussen MD, Bansal MS, Kellis M, Keller CA, Morrissey CS, Mishra T, Jain D, Dogan N, Harris RS, Cayting P, Kawli T, Boyle AP, Euskirchen G, Kundaje A, Lin S, Lin Y, Jansen C, Malladi VS, Cline MS, Erickson DT, Kirkup VM, Learned K, Sloan CA, Rosenbloom KR, Lacerda de Sousa B, Beal K, Pignatelli M, Flicek P, Lian J, Kahveci T, Lee D, Kent WJ, Ramalho Santos M, Herrero J, Notredame C, Johnson A, Vong S, Lee K, Bates D, Neri F, Diegel M, Canfield T, Sabo PJ, Wilken MS, Reh TA, Giste E, Shafer A, Kutyavin T, Haugen E, Dunn D, Reynolds AP, Neph S, Humbert R, Hansen RS, De Bruijn M, Selleri L, Rudensky A, Josefowicz S, Samstein R, Eichler EE, Orkin SH, Levasseur D, Papayannopoulou T, Chang KH, Skoultchi A, Gosh S, Disteche C, Treuting P, Wang Y, Weiss MJ, Blobel GA, Cao X, Zhong S, Wang T, Good PJ, Lowdon RF, Adams LB, Zhou XQ, Pazin MJ, Feingold EA, Wold B, Taylor J, Mortazavi A, Weissman SM, Stamatoyannopoulos JA, Snyder MP, Guigo R, Gingeras TR, Gilbert DM, Hardison RC, Beer MA, Ren B. A comparative encyclopedia of DNA elements in the mouse genome. Nature 2015; 515:355-64. [PMID: 25409824 PMCID: PMC4266106 DOI: 10.1038/nature13992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1135] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The laboratory mouse shares the majority of its protein-coding genes with humans, making it the premier model organism in biomedical research, yet the two mammals differ in significant ways. To gain greater insights into both shared and species-specific transcriptional and cellular regulatory programs in the mouse, the Mouse ENCODE Consortium has mapped transcription, DNase I hypersensitivity, transcription factor binding, chromatin modifications and replication domains throughout the mouse genome in diverse cell and tissue types. By comparing with the human genome, we not only confirm substantial conservation in the newly annotated potential functional sequences, but also find a large degree of divergence of sequences involved in transcriptional regulation, chromatin state and higher order chromatin organization. Our results illuminate the wide range of evolutionary forces acting on genes and their regulatory regions, and provide a general resource for research into mammalian biology and mechanisms of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yue
- 1] Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC-5477 Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Alessandra Breschi
- Bioinformatics and Genomics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jeff Vierstra
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Weisheng Wu
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Tyrone Ryba
- Department of Biological Science, 319 Stadium Drive, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4295, USA
| | - Richard Sandstrom
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Zhihai Ma
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC-5477 Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Carrie Davis
- Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Benjamin D Pope
- Department of Biological Science, 319 Stadium Drive, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4295, USA
| | - Yin Shen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Dmitri D Pervouchine
- Bioinformatics and Genomics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sarah Djebali
- Bioinformatics and Genomics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Robert E Thurman
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Rajinder Kaul
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Eric Rynes
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Anthony Kirilusha
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Georgi K Marinov
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Brian A Williams
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Diane Trout
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Henry Amrhein
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Katherine Fisher-Aylor
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Igor Antoshechkin
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Gilberto DeSalvo
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Lei-Hoon See
- Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Meagan Fastuca
- Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Jorg Drenkow
- Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Chris Zaleski
- Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Alex Dobin
- Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Pablo Prieto
- Bioinformatics and Genomics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Julien Lagarde
- Bioinformatics and Genomics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Giovanni Bussotti
- Bioinformatics and Genomics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Andrea Tanzer
- 1] Bioinformatics and Genomics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. [2] Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 17/3/303, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Olgert Denas
- Departments of Biology and Mathematics and Computer Science, Emory University, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Kanwei Li
- Departments of Biology and Mathematics and Computer Science, Emory University, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - M A Bender
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. [2] Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Miaohua Zhang
- Basic Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Rachel Byron
- Basic Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Mark T Groudine
- 1] Basic Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA. [2] Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - David McCleary
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Long Pham
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Zhen Ye
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Samantha Kuan
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Lee Edsall
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Yi-Chieh Wu
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Matthew D Rasmussen
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Mukul S Bansal
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Manolis Kellis
- 1] Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Cheryl A Keller
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Christapher S Morrissey
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Tejaswini Mishra
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Deepti Jain
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Nergiz Dogan
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Robert S Harris
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Philip Cayting
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC-5477 Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Trupti Kawli
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC-5477 Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Alan P Boyle
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC-5477 Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Ghia Euskirchen
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC-5477 Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Anshul Kundaje
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC-5477 Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Shin Lin
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC-5477 Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Yiing Lin
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC-5477 Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Camden Jansen
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Venkat S Malladi
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC-5477 Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Melissa S Cline
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Drew T Erickson
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC-5477 Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Vanessa M Kirkup
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Katrina Learned
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Cricket A Sloan
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC-5477 Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Kate R Rosenbloom
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Beatriz Lacerda de Sousa
- Departments of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Pathology, and Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Kathryn Beal
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Miguel Pignatelli
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Paul Flicek
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Jin Lian
- Yale University, Department of Genetics, PO Box 208005, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8005, USA
| | - Tamer Kahveci
- Computer &Information Sciences &Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Dongwon Lee
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 733 N. Broadway, BRB 573 Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - W James Kent
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Miguel Ramalho Santos
- Departments of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Pathology, and Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Javier Herrero
- 1] European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK. [2] Bill Lyons Informatics Centre, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Cedric Notredame
- Bioinformatics and Genomics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Audra Johnson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Shinny Vong
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Kristen Lee
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Daniel Bates
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Fidencio Neri
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Morgan Diegel
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Theresa Canfield
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Peter J Sabo
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Matthew S Wilken
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, HSB I-516, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Thomas A Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, HSB I-516, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Erika Giste
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Anthony Shafer
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Tanya Kutyavin
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Eric Haugen
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Douglas Dunn
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Alex P Reynolds
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Shane Neph
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Richard Humbert
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - R Scott Hansen
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Marella De Bruijn
- MRC Molecular Haemotology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Licia Selleri
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Alexander Rudensky
- HHMI and Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Canter, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Steven Josefowicz
- HHMI and Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Canter, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Robert Samstein
- HHMI and Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Canter, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Evan E Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Stuart H Orkin
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Dana Levasseur
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Thalia Papayannopoulou
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Kai-Hsin Chang
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Arthur Skoultchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Srikanta Gosh
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Christine Disteche
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Piper Treuting
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Yanli Wang
- Bioinformatics and Genomics program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Mitchell J Weiss
- Department of Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Gerd A Blobel
- 1] Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. [2] Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Cao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Sheng Zhong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Genetics, Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Peter J Good
- NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, 5635 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9307, USA
| | - Rebecca F Lowdon
- NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, 5635 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9307, USA
| | - Leslie B Adams
- NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, 5635 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9307, USA
| | - Xiao-Qiao Zhou
- NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, 5635 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9307, USA
| | - Michael J Pazin
- NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, 5635 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9307, USA
| | - Elise A Feingold
- NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, 5635 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9307, USA
| | - Barbara Wold
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - James Taylor
- Departments of Biology and Mathematics and Computer Science, Emory University, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Ali Mortazavi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Sherman M Weissman
- Yale University, Department of Genetics, PO Box 208005, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8005, USA
| | | | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC-5477 Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Roderic Guigo
- Bioinformatics and Genomics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Thomas R Gingeras
- Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - David M Gilbert
- Department of Biological Science, 319 Stadium Drive, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4295, USA
| | - Ross C Hardison
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Michael A Beer
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 733 N. Broadway, BRB 573 Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Bing Ren
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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3
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Stergachis AB, Neph S, Sandstrom R, Haugen E, Reynolds AP, Zhang M, Byron R, Canfield T, Stelhing-Sun S, Lee K, Thurman RE, Vong S, Bates D, Neri F, Diegel M, Giste E, Dunn D, Vierstra J, Hansen RS, Johnson AK, Sabo PJ, Wilken MS, Reh TA, Treuting PM, Kaul R, Groudine M, Bender MA, Borenstein E, Stamatoyannopoulos JA. Conservation of trans-acting circuitry during mammalian regulatory evolution. Nature 2015; 515:365-70. [PMID: 25409825 PMCID: PMC4405208 DOI: 10.1038/nature13972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The basic body plan and major physiological axes have been highly conserved during mammalian evolution, yet only a small fraction of the human genome sequence appears to be subject to evolutionary constraint. To quantify cis- versus trans-acting contributions to mammalian regulatory evolution, we performed genomic DNase I footprinting of the mouse genome across 25 cell and tissue types, collectively defining ∼8.6 million transcription factor (TF) occupancy sites at nucleotide resolution. Here we show that mouse TF footprints conjointly encode a regulatory lexicon that is ∼95% similar with that derived from human TF footprints. However, only ∼20% of mouse TF footprints have human orthologues. Despite substantial turnover of the cis-regulatory landscape, nearly half of all pairwise regulatory interactions connecting mouse TF genes have been maintained in orthologous human cell types through evolutionary innovation of TF recognition sequences. Furthermore, the higher-level organization of mouse TF-to-TF connections into cellular network architectures is nearly identical with human. Our results indicate that evolutionary selection on mammalian gene regulation is targeted chiefly at the level of trans-regulatory circuitry, enabling and potentiating cis-regulatory plasticity. Mouse genomic footprinting reveals conservation of transcription factor (TF) recognition repertoires and trans-regulatory circuitry despite massive turnover of DNA elements that contact TFs in vivo. Having generated genomic DNase I footprinting data of the mouse genome across 25 cell and tissue types, these authors use these data to quantify cis-versus-trans regulatory contributions to mammalian regulatory evolution. They describe more than 600 motifs that collectively are over 95% similar to that recognized in vivo by human transcription factors (TFs). Despite substantial turnover of the cis-regulatory landscape around each TF gene, nearly half of all pairwise regulatory interactions connecting mouse TF genes have been maintained in orthologous human cell types through evolutionary innovation of TF recognition sequences. Conservation between mouse and human TF regulatory networks is particularly similar at the highest organization level. The work was performed as part of the mouse ENCODE project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Stergachis
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Shane Neph
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Richard Sandstrom
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Eric Haugen
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Alex P Reynolds
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Miaohua Zhang
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Rachel Byron
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Theresa Canfield
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Sandra Stelhing-Sun
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Kristen Lee
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Robert E Thurman
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Shinny Vong
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Daniel Bates
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Fidencio Neri
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Morgan Diegel
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Erika Giste
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Douglas Dunn
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jeff Vierstra
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - R Scott Hansen
- 1] Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA [2] Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Audra K Johnson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Peter J Sabo
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Matthew S Wilken
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Thomas A Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Piper M Treuting
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Rajinder Kaul
- 1] Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA [2] Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Mark Groudine
- 1] Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [2] Division of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - M A Bender
- 1] Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Elhanan Borenstein
- 1] Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA [2] Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98102, USA [3] Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, USA
| | - John A Stamatoyannopoulos
- 1] Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA [2] Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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4
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Vierstra J, Rynes E, Sandstrom R, Zhang M, Canfield T, Hansen RS, Stehling-Sun S, Sabo PJ, Byron R, Humbert R, Thurman RE, Johnson AK, Vong S, Lee K, Bates D, Neri F, Diegel M, Giste E, Haugen E, Dunn D, Wilken MS, Josefowicz S, Samstein R, Chang KH, Eichler EE, De Bruijn M, Reh TA, Skoultchi A, Rudensky A, Orkin SH, Papayannopoulou T, Treuting PM, Selleri L, Kaul R, Groudine M, Bender MA, Stamatoyannopoulos JA. Mouse regulatory DNA landscapes reveal global principles of cis-regulatory evolution. Science 2014; 346:1007-12. [PMID: 25411453 PMCID: PMC4337786 DOI: 10.1126/science.1246426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To study the evolutionary dynamics of regulatory DNA, we mapped >1.3 million deoxyribonuclease I-hypersensitive sites (DHSs) in 45 mouse cell and tissue types, and systematically compared these with human DHS maps from orthologous compartments. We found that the mouse and human genomes have undergone extensive cis-regulatory rewiring that combines branch-specific evolutionary innovation and loss with widespread repurposing of conserved DHSs to alternative cell fates, and that this process is mediated by turnover of transcription factor (TF) recognition elements. Despite pervasive evolutionary remodeling of the location and content of individual cis-regulatory regions, within orthologous mouse and human cell types the global fraction of regulatory DNA bases encoding recognition sites for each TF has been strictly conserved. Our findings provide new insights into the evolutionary forces shaping mammalian regulatory DNA landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Vierstra
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Eric Rynes
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Richard Sandstrom
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Miaohua Zhang
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Theresa Canfield
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - R Scott Hansen
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sandra Stehling-Sun
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Peter J Sabo
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rachel Byron
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Richard Humbert
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Robert E Thurman
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Audra K Johnson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Shinny Vong
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kristen Lee
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Daniel Bates
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Fidencio Neri
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Morgan Diegel
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Erika Giste
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Eric Haugen
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Douglas Dunn
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Matthew S Wilken
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Steven Josefowicz
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Robert Samstein
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Kai-Hsin Chang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Evan E Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Marella De Bruijn
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Thomas A Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Arthur Skoultchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Alexander Rudensky
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Stuart H Orkin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thalia Papayannopoulou
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Piper M Treuting
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Licia Selleri
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rajinder Kaul
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mark Groudine
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - M A Bender
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John A Stamatoyannopoulos
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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5
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Wang H, Maurano MT, Qu H, Varley KE, Gertz J, Pauli F, Lee K, Canfield T, Weaver M, Sandstrom R, Thurman RE, Kaul R, Myers RM, Stamatoyannopoulos JA. Widespread plasticity in CTCF occupancy linked to DNA methylation. Genome Res 2013; 22:1680-8. [PMID: 22955980 PMCID: PMC3431485 DOI: 10.1101/gr.136101.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
CTCF is a ubiquitously expressed regulator of fundamental genomic processes including transcription, intra- and interchromosomal interactions, and chromatin structure. Because of its critical role in genome function, CTCF binding patterns have long been assumed to be largely invariant across different cellular environments. Here we analyze genome-wide occupancy patterns of CTCF by ChIP-seq in 19 diverse human cell types, including normal primary cells and immortal lines. We observed highly reproducible yet surprisingly plastic genomic binding landscapes, indicative of strong cell-selective regulation of CTCF occupancy. Comparison with massively parallel bisulfite sequencing data indicates that 41% of variable CTCF binding is linked to differential DNA methylation, concentrated at two critical positions within the CTCF recognition sequence. Unexpectedly, CTCF binding patterns were markedly different in normal versus immortal cells, with the latter showing widespread disruption of CTCF binding associated with increased methylation. Strikingly, this disruption is accompanied by up-regulation of CTCF expression, with the result that both normal and immortal cells maintain the same average number of CTCF occupancy sites genome-wide. These results reveal a tight linkage between DNA methylation and the global occupancy patterns of a major sequence-specific regulatory factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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6
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Neph S, Vierstra J, Stergachis AB, Reynolds AP, Haugen E, Vernot B, Thurman RE, Sandstrom R, Johnson AK, Maurano MT, Humbert R, Rynes E, Wang H, Vong S, Lee K, Bates D, Diegel M, Roach V, Dunn D, Neri J, Schafer A, Hansen RS, Kutyavin T, Giste E, Weaver M, Canfield T, Sabo P, Zhang M, Balasundaram G, Byron R, MacCoss MJ, Akey JM, Bender M, Groudine M, Kaul R, Stamatoyannopoulos JA. An expansive human regulatory lexicon encoded in transcription factor footprints. Nature 2012; 489:83-90. [PMID: 22955618 PMCID: PMC3736582 DOI: 10.1038/nature11212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 566] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory factor binding to genomic DNA protects the underlying sequence from cleavage by DNase I, leaving nucleotide-resolution footprints. Using genomic DNase I footprinting across 41 diverse cell and tissue types, we detected 45 million transcription factor occupancy events within regulatory regions, representing differential binding to 8.4 million distinct short sequence elements. Here we show that this small genomic sequence compartment, roughly twice the size of the exome, encodes an expansive repertoire of conserved recognition sequences for DNA-binding proteins that nearly doubles the size of the human cis-regulatory lexicon. We find that genetic variants affecting allelic chromatin states are concentrated in footprints, and that these elements are preferentially sheltered from DNA methylation. High-resolution DNase I cleavage patterns mirror nucleotide-level evolutionary conservation and track the crystallographic topography of protein-DNA interfaces, indicating that transcription factor structure has been evolutionarily imprinted on the human genome sequence. We identify a stereotyped 50-base-pair footprint that precisely defines the site of transcript origination within thousands of human promoters. Finally, we describe a large collection of novel regulatory factor recognition motifs that are highly conserved in both sequence and function, and exhibit cell-selective occupancy patterns that closely parallel major regulators of development, differentiation and pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Neph
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Jeff Vierstra
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | | | - Alex P. Reynolds
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Eric Haugen
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Benjamin Vernot
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Robert E. Thurman
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Richard Sandstrom
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Audra K. Johnson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Matthew T. Maurano
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Richard Humbert
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Eric Rynes
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Shinny Vong
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Kristen Lee
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Daniel Bates
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Morgan Diegel
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Vaughn Roach
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Douglas Dunn
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Jun Neri
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Anthony Schafer
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - R. Scott Hansen
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Tanya Kutyavin
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Erika Giste
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Molly Weaver
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Theresa Canfield
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Peter Sabo
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Miaohua Zhang
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | | | - Rachel Byron
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Michael J. MacCoss
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Joshua M. Akey
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Michael Bender
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Mark Groudine
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchison Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Rajinder Kaul
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - John A. Stamatoyannopoulos
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Division of Oncology, Deparment of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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7
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Stamatoyannopoulos JA, Snyder M, Hardison R, Ren B, Gingeras T, Gilbert DM, Groudine M, Bender M, Kaul R, Canfield T, Giste E, Johnson A, Zhang M, Balasundaram G, Byron R, Roach V, Sabo PJ, Sandstrom R, Stehling AS, Thurman RE, Weissman SM, Cayting P, Hariharan M, Lian J, Cheng Y, Landt SG, Ma Z, Wold BJ, Dekker J, Crawford GE, Keller CA, Wu W, Morrissey C, Kumar SA, Mishra T, Jain D, Byrska-Bishop M, Blankenberg D, Lajoie1 BR, Jain G, Sanyal A, Chen KB, Denas O, Taylor J, Blobel GA, Weiss MJ, Pimkin M, Deng W, Marinov GK, Williams BA, Fisher-Aylor KI, Desalvo G, Kiralusha A, Trout D, Amrhein H, Mortazavi A, Edsall L, McCleary D, Kuan S, Shen Y, Yue F, Ye Z, Davis CA, Zaleski C, Jha S, Xue C, Dobin A, Lin W, Fastuca M, Wang H, Guigo R, Djebali S, Lagarde J, Ryba T, Sasaki T, Malladi VS, Cline MS, Kirkup VM, Learned K, Rosenbloom KR, Kent WJ, Feingold EA, Good PJ, Pazin M, Lowdon RF, Adams LB. An encyclopedia of mouse DNA elements (Mouse ENCODE). Genome Biol 2012; 13:418. [PMID: 22889292 PMCID: PMC3491367 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2012-13-8-418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To complement the human Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project and to enable a broad range of mouse genomics efforts, the Mouse ENCODE Consortium is applying the same experimental pipelines developed for human ENCODE to annotate the mouse genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Stamatoyannopoulos
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ross Hardison
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bing Ren
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Thomas Gingeras
- Dept. of Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - David M Gilbert
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Mark Groudine
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Bender
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rajinder Kaul
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Theresa Canfield
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erica Giste
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Audra Johnson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mia Zhang
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gayathri Balasundaram
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rachel Byron
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Vaughan Roach
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Peter J Sabo
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Richard Sandstrom
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - A Sandra Stehling
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robert E Thurman
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Philip Cayting
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Manoj Hariharan
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jin Lian
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stephen G Landt
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Zhihai Ma
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Barbara J Wold
- Div. of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Job Dekker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachussetts, USA
| | - Gregory E Crawford
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cheryl A Keller
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Weisheng Wu
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher Morrissey
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Swathi A Kumar
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tejaswini Mishra
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deepti Jain
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marta Byrska-Bishop
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel Blankenberg
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bryan R Lajoie1
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gaurav Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachussetts, USA
| | - Amartya Sanyal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachussetts, USA
| | - Kaun-Bei Chen
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Olgert Denas
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - James Taylor
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gerd A Blobel
- Div. of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mitchell J Weiss
- Div. of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Max Pimkin
- Div. of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wulan Deng
- Div. of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Georgi K Marinov
- Div. of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Brian A Williams
- Div. of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | | | - Gilberto Desalvo
- Div. of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Anthony Kiralusha
- Div. of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Diane Trout
- Div. of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Henry Amrhein
- Div. of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Ali Mortazavi
- Dept. of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine California, USA
| | - Lee Edsall
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David McCleary
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Samantha Kuan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yin Shen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Feng Yue
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Zhen Ye
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Carrie A Davis
- Dept. of Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Chris Zaleski
- Dept. of Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Sonali Jha
- Dept. of Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Chenghai Xue
- Dept. of Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Alex Dobin
- Dept. of Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Wei Lin
- Dept. of Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Meagan Fastuca
- Dept. of Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Huaien Wang
- Dept. of Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
| | - Roderic Guigo
- Division of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Sarah Djebali
- Division of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Julien Lagarde
- Division of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Tyrone Ryba
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Takayo Sasaki
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Venkat S Malladi
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Melissa S Cline
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Vanessa M Kirkup
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Katrina Learned
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Kate R Rosenbloom
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - W James Kent
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Elise A Feingold
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter J Good
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Pazin
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca F Lowdon
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Leslie B Adams
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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8
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Abstract
Vascular grafts can be twisted inadvertently during implantation. If twisted excessively, they may kink and obstruct flow. In this study, in vitro experiments were performed to identify the mechanical factors that determine graft kinking. These included graft material, graft length, graft diameter, graft wall thickness, perfusion pressure, and flow rate. Six-millimeter-diameter saphenous veins were obtained from humans at autopsy. Six-millimeter standard-wall and 6-mm thin-wall polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts also were obtained. Both fixed-length and stretchable PTFE grafts were examined. Grafts 15, 30, 50, and 70 cm in length were evaluated. Finally, PTFE grafts 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 mm in diameter were studied to determine the effect of diameter. The vessels were mounted horizontally in vitro and were perfused with saline at 50, 100, or 150 mmHg pressure at low (49 mL/min), medium (105 mL/min), and high (239 mL/min) flow rates. Each graft was twisted 90 degrees, then subjected to perfusion for 15 sec. Pressure and flow were interrupted, and an additional 90 degrees twist was imposed for another 15 sec. This sequence was repeated until a visible kink developed. We conclude from our results that, when constructing a bypass, particular care should be taken with vein, short grafts, thin-wall grafts, and large-diameter grafts, as these are especially susceptible to kinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Dobrin
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA.
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9
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Dobrin P, Canfield T, Moran J, Sullivan H, Pifarré R. Coronary artery bypass. The physiological basis for differences in flow with internal mammary artery and saphenous vein grafts. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1977; 74:445-54. [PMID: 302374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Eighteen brands of cuffed endotracheal tubes, including those with the new low pressure cuffs, were evaluated and compared. Experiments were performed in vitro on excised dog tracheae to measure the mucosal pressure exerted by the inflated cuffs. Pressure was measured directly with a mechanical sensor. Latex cuffs exerted the highest mucosal pressures, whereas silicone cuffs exerted the lowest mucosal pressures. Polyvinyl chloride cuffs exerted intermediate levels of mucosal pressure. With each material, predistended cuffs exerted lower mucosal pressures than nonpredistended cuffs. A second set of experiments was performed in vivo to determine the effect of mucosal pressure on tracheal wall blood flow. These studies employed a thermistor technic. The data showed that, when inflated sufficiently to seal within the trachea, stiff cuffs reduced blood flow more than compliant cuffs. With all cuffs, blood flow was reduced more at the mucosa than at deeper regions of the tracheal wall.It was concluded that for clinical use, compliant cuffs are preferable to stiff cuffs because they should cause less ischemia.
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11
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Abstract
Experiments were performed to indentify the series elastic component (SEC) in intact dog carotid artery held at in situ length. The vessels were studied during excitation of the muscle with norepinephrine and after metabolic poisoning with potassium cyanide and sodium iodoacetate. Static circumferential stress-strain curves and stress-quick-release stiffness curves were examined to evaluate Maxwell and Voigt model elements. The vessels were studied at 33, 36, and 39 degrees C. Temperature variations altered active stress, but did not alter connective tissue properties or the Maxwell SEC stiffness. The Voigt model SEC stiffness was altered, but this was secondary to changes in active stress. Thus, most of the SEC is separate from the contractile apparatus. Other vessels were treated with elastase, collagenase, or hyaluronidase to digest the connective tissue components of the wall. Hyaluronidase had no effect on mechanics. Elastase and collagenase altered connective tissue properties, but only elastase unequivocally altered SEC stiffness. This analysis indicated 1) that the carotid artery wall is better represented by a Maxwell model than a Voigt model, and 2) that the SEC in intact carotid artery is primarily elastin.
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12
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Abstract
Longitudinal retraction of carotid arteries, was examined in 105 neonatal puppies as a measure of longitudinal traction. Percent vessel retraction increased linearly with age. This was attributed to stretching of the vessels by growth and to changes in connective tissue composition. The mechanical significance of artery retraction was discussed.
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