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Chang KH, Yang YH, Su KH, Chen Y, Lin TC, Li JL, Liu ZY, Shi JH, Wang TF, Chang YT, Demchenko AP, Yang HC, Chou PT. Light Induced Proton Coupled Charge Transfer Triggers Counterion Directional Translocation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202403317. [PMID: 38578721 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate directed translocation of ClO4 - anions from cationic to neutral binding site along the synthetized BPym-OH dye molecule that exhibits coupled excited-state intramolecular proton-transfer (ESIPT) and charge-transfer (CT) reaction (PCCT). The results of steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy together with computer simulation and modeling show that in low polar toluene the excited-state redistribution of electronic charge enhanced by ESIPT generates the driving force, which is much stronger than by CT reaction itself and provides more informative gigantic shifts of fluorescence spectra signaling on ultrafast ion motion. The associated with ion translocation red-shifted fluorescence band (at 750 nm, extending to near-IR region) appears at the time ~83 ps as a result of electrochromic modulation of PCCT reaction. It occurs at substantial delay to PCCT that displayed fluorescence band at 640 nm and risetime of <200 fs. Thus, it becomes possible to visualize the manifestations of light-triggered ion translocation and of its driving force by fluorescence techniques and to separate them in time and energy domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hsin Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Hsuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kuan-Hsuan Su
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ta-Chun Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jian-Liang Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Zong-Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jing-Han Shi
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tzu-Fang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Tyng Chang
- Department of Medical Applied Chemistry Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Alexander P Demchenko
- A. V. Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, 01030, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Yuriy Fedkovych National University, Chernivtsi, 58012, Ukrainet
| | - Hsiao-Ching Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Center for Emerging Materials and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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Allen AG, Khan SQ, Margulies CM, Viswanathan R, Lele S, Blaha L, Scott SN, Izzo KM, Gerew A, Pattali R, Cochran NR, Holland CS, Zhao AH, Sherman SE, Jaskolka MC, Wu M, Wilson AC, Sun X, Ciulla DM, Zhang D, Nelson JD, Zhang P, Mazzucato P, Huang Y, Giannoukos G, Marco E, Nehil M, Follit JA, Chang KH, Shearman MS, Wilson CJ, Zuris JA. A highly efficient transgene knock-in technology in clinically relevant cell types. Nat Biotechnol 2024; 42:458-469. [PMID: 37127662 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01779-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Inefficient knock-in of transgene cargos limits the potential of cell-based medicines. In this study, we used a CRISPR nuclease that targets a site within an exon of an essential gene and designed a cargo template so that correct knock-in would retain essential gene function while also integrating the transgene(s) of interest. Cells with non-productive insertions and deletions would undergo negative selection. This technology, called SLEEK (SeLection by Essential-gene Exon Knock-in), achieved knock-in efficiencies of more than 90% in clinically relevant cell types without impacting long-term viability or expansion. SLEEK knock-in rates in T cells are more efficient than state-of-the-art TRAC knock-in with AAV6 and surpass more than 90% efficiency even with non-viral DNA cargos. As a clinical application, natural killer cells generated from induced pluripotent stem cells containing SLEEK knock-in of CD16 and mbIL-15 show substantially improved tumor killing and persistence in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Meng Wu
- Editas Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Wang JK, Wang CH, Wu CC, Chang KH, Wang CH, Liu YH, Chen CT, Chou PT. Hydrogen-Bonded Thiol Undergoes Unconventional Excited-State Intramolecular Proton-Transfer Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3125-3135. [PMID: 38288596 PMCID: PMC10859960 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The chapter on the thiol-related hydrogen bond (H-bond) and its excited-state intramolecular proton-transfer (ESIPT) reaction was recently opened where compound 4'-diethylamino-3-mercaptoflavone (3NTF) undergoes ESIPT in both cyclohexane solution and solid, giving a 710 nm tautomer emission with an anomalously large Stokes shift of 12,230 cm-1. Considering the thiol H-bond to be unconventional compared to the conventional Pauling-type -OH or -NH H-bond, it is thus essential and timely to probe its fundamental difference between their ESIPT. However, thiol-associated ESIPT tends to be nonemissive due to the dominant nπ* character of the tautomeric lowest excited state. Herein, based on the 3-mercaptoflavone scaffold and π-elongation concept, a new series of 4'-substituted-7-diethylamino-3-mercaptoflavones, NTFs, was designed and synthesized with varied H-bond strength and 690-720 nm tautomeric emission upon ultraviolet (UV) excitation in cyclohexane. The order of their H-bonding strength was experimentally determined to be N-NTF < O-NTF < H-NTF < F-NTF, while the rate of -SH ESIPT measured by fluorescence upconversion was F-NTF (398 fs)-1 < H-NTF (232 fs)-1 < O-NTF (123 fs)-1 < N-NTF (101 fs)-1 in toluene. Unexpectedly, the strongest H-bonded F-NTF gives the slowest ESIPT, which does not conform to the traditional ESIPT model. The results are rationalized by the trend of carbonyl oxygen basicity rather than -SH acidity. Namely, the thiol acidity relevant to the H-bond strength plays a minor role in the driving force of ESIPT. Instead, the proton-accepting strength governs ESIPT. That is to say, the noncanonical thiol H-bonding system undergoes an unconventional type of ESIPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Kai Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of
China
| | - Chih-Hsing Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of
China
| | - Chi-Chi Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of
China
| | - Kai-Hsin Chang
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of
China
| | - Chun-Hsiang Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of
China
| | - Yi-Hung Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of
China
| | - Chao-Tsen Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of
China
- Center
for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of
China
- Center
for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Heo EJ, Kim M, Park CG, Chang KH, Kim KH, Shim JB, Park YJ, Kim CY, Lee NK, Lee S. The Feasibility of Fast, Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography-Based O-Ring Linac Plans for Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy in Patients with Poor Performance Status. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023; 117:e672. [PMID: 37785984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.06.2120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) As patients with poor performance status cannot endure long treatment times, it can lead to unplanned and prolonged radiation treatment or discontinuation of treatment. Moreover, prolonged radiation treatment appears to negatively affect survival for patients. We aimed to verify the feasibility of fast 4DCT-based O-ring linear accelerator (LINAC) treatment in lung 4D stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). MATERIALS/METHODS This study included data of 38 patients who received lung 4D-SBRT. Gating20-70% plans were based on 4DCT data obtained at phase values ranging from 20-70% using a C-arm LINAC. Non-GatingFB plans were retrospectively established based on 4DCT data obtained at phase values of 0-90% using an O-ring LINAC. The prescribed dose of 4,800 cGy was delivered to PTV in four fractions. The conformity index (CI), homogeneity index (HI), and gradient measurement (GM) of the PTV were analyzed to compare dosimetric data between Gating20-70% and Non-GatingFB plans. Organs at risks (OARs) were analyzed in accordance with the RTOG 0915 protocol. Treatment delivery time and total monitor units (MU) were analyzed to compare the efficiency of treatment delivery. Statistical comparisons were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (p<0.05). RESULTS For the PTV, there was no significant difference in the CI or HI between Gating20-70% and Non-GatingFB plans (CI: 1.337±0.137, 1.335±0.174, HI: 0.939±0.015, 0.939±0.016, all at p>0.05). However, there was a significant difference in GM between Gating20-70% and Non-GatingFB plan (1.528±0.206 cm, 1.381±0.222 cm, p<0.001). For OARs, all plans met the criteria for dose constraint. There was a significant difference between Gating20-70% and Non-GatingFB plans except in the spinal cord. In particular, D1000cc and D1500cc values for the ipsilateral lung for Gating20-70% plans were 31.6% and 59.9% lower than those for Non-GatingFB plans (D1000cc: 50.780±132.061 cGy, 34.755±102.480 cGy, p<0.001, D1500cc: 6.641±14.598 cGy, 2.666±7.926 cGy, p<0.001). Treatment delivery time was 92% longer for Gating20-70% plans than for Non-GatingFB plans (5.0±0.4 min, 9.6±3.3 min, p = 0.043). The total MU value for Gating20-70% plans was 9.6% higher than that for Non-GatingFB plans (3665.8±230.7, 4016±236.9, p = 0.039). CONCLUSION When compared to OARs both plans were acceptable per RTOG-0915 protocol, but significant differences were between Non-GatingFB and Gating20-70% plans. However, treatment delivery time of Non-GatingFB plans decreased by 47.9% than Gating20-70% plans. We verified the feasibility of fast 4DCT-based O-ring LINAC treatment for patients who cannot endure long treatment times due to poor performance status in lung 4D-SBRT. In further study, we will analyze dosimetric differences and treatment delivery efficiency considering tumor motion according to tumor location.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Heo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea, Republic of (South) Korea; Department of Bio-medical Science, Graduate School of Korea University, Sejong, Korea, Republic of (South) Korea
| | - M Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Computing, Yonsei University Graduate school, Seoul, Korea, Republic of (South) Korea
| | - C G Park
- Department of Mathematics, Kyonggi University, Gyeonggi, Korea, Republic of (South) Korea
| | - K H Chang
- Department of Radiologic Science, Far East University, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea, Republic of (South) Korea
| | - K H Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ilsan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Goyang, Korea, Republic of (South) Korea
| | - J B Shim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guro Hospital, Korea University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea, Republic of (South) Korea
| | - Y J Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea, Republic of (South) Korea
| | - C Y Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea, Republic of (South) Korea
| | - N K Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea, Republic of (South) Korea
| | - S Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea, Republic of (South) Korea
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Chang KH, Peng YC, Su KH, Lin YH, Liu JC, Liu YH, Hsu CH, Yang HC, Chou PT. Long-range hydrogen-bond relay catalyses the excited-state proton transfer reaction. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7237-7247. [PMID: 37416704 PMCID: PMC10321479 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01441j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Solvent (e.g., water)-catalyzed proton transfer (SCPT) via the relay of hydrogen (H)-bonds plays a key role in proton migration. In this study, a new class of 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-g]quinolines (PyrQs) and their derivatives were synthesized, with sufficient separation of the pyrrolic proton donating and pyridinic proton accepting sites to probe excited-state SCPT. There was dual fluorescence for all PyrQs in methanol, i.e., normal (PyrQ) and tautomer 8H-pyrrolo[3,2-g]quinoline (8H-PyrQ) emissions. The fluorescence dynamics unveiled a precursor (PyrQ) and successor (8H-PyrQ) relationship and the correlation of an increasing overall excited-state SCPT rate (kSCPT) upon increasing the N(8)-site basicity. kSCPT can be expressed by the coupling reaction kSCPT = Keq × kPT, where kPT denotes the intrinsic proton tunneling rate in the relay and Keq denotes the pre-equilibrium between randomly and cyclically H-bonded solvated PyrQs. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation defined the cyclic PyrQs and analyzed the H-bond and molecular arrangement over time, which showed the cyclic PyrQs incorporating ≧3 methanol molecules. These cyclic H-bonded PyrQs are endowed with a relay-like proton transfer rate, kPT. MD simulation estimated an upper-limited Keq value of 0.02-0.03 for all studied PyrQs. When there was little change in Keq, the distinct kSCPT values for PyrQs were at different kPT values, which increased as the N(8) basicity increased, which was induced by the C(3)-substituent. kSCPT was subject to a deuterium isotope effect, where the kSCPT of 1.35 × 1010 s-1 for PyrQ-D in CH3OD was 1.68 times slower than that (2.27 × 1010 s-1) of PyrQ in CH3OH. MD simulation provided a similar Keq for PyrQ and PyrQ-D, leading to different proton tunneling rates (kPT) between PyrQ and PyrQ-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hsin Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan ROC
| | - Yu-Chiang Peng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan ROC
| | - Kuan-Hsuan Su
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University New Taipei City 24205 Taiwan ROC
| | - Yi-Hsien Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University New Taipei City 24205 Taiwan ROC
| | - Jiun-Chi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan ROC
| | - Ying-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan ROC
| | - Chao-Hsien Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan ROC
| | - Hsiao-Ching Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University New Taipei City 24205 Taiwan ROC
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan ROC
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Ding N, Liao YC, Wang G, Chang KH, Wang Z, Liu K, Ma J, Chou PT, Fang Y. Bi-
ortho
-Carborane Units Riveted Perylene Monoimides: Structure-Tuned Optical Switches for Electron Transfer and Robust Thin-Film-based Fluorescence Sensors. CCS Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.31635/ccschem.023.202202664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
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Pan HM, Wu CC, Lin CY, Hsu CS, Tsai YC, Chowdhury P, Wang CH, Chang KH, Yang CH, Liu MH, Chen YC, Su SP, Lee YJ, Chiang HK, Chan YH, Chou PT. Rational Design of Asymmetric Polymethines to Attain NIR(II) Bioimaging at >1100 nm. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:516-526. [PMID: 36562565 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Organic molecules having emission in the NIR(II) region are emergent and receiving enormous attention. Unfortunately, attaining accountable organic emission intensity around the NIR(II) region is hampered by the dominant internal conversion operated by the energy gap law, where the emission energy gap and the associated internal reorganization energy λint play key roles. Up to the current stage, the majority of the reported organic NIR(II) emitters belong to those polymethines terminated by two symmetric chromophores. Such a design has proved to have a small λint that greatly suppresses the internal conversion. However, the imposition of symmetric chromophores is stringent, limiting further development of organic NIR(II) dyes in diversity and versatility. Here, we propose a new concept where as far as the emissive state of the any asymmetric polymethines contains more or less equally transition density between two terminated chromophores, λint can be as small as that of the symmetric polymethines. To prove the concept, we synthesize a series of new polymethines terminated by xanthen-9-yl-benzoic acid and 2,4-diphenylthiopyrylium derivatives, yielding AJBF1112 and AEBF1119 that reveal emission peak wavelength at 1112 and 1119 nm, respectively. The quantum yield is higher than all synthesized symmetric polymethines of 2,4-diphenylthiopyrylium derivatives (SC1162, 1182, 1185, and 1230) in this study. λint were calculated to be as small as 6.2 and 7.3 kcal/mol for AJBF1112 and AEBF1119, respectively, proving the concept. AEBF1119 was further prepared as a polymer dot to demonstrate its in vitro specific cellular imaging and in vivo tumor/bone targeting in the NIR(II) region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Min Pan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu30050, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Chi Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chun-Yi Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu30050, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chao-Shian Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Chen Tsai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu30050, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Partha Chowdhury
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu30050, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chih-Hsing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kai-Hsin Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chieh-Hsuan Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu30050, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ming-Ho Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu30050, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yan-Chang Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu30050, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shih-Po Su
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Jang Lee
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, School of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Huihua Kenny Chiang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yang-Hsiang Chan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu30050, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu30010, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung80708, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Lee YL, Chou YT, Su BK, Wu CC, Wang CH, Chang KH, Ho JAA, Chou PT. Comprehensive Thione-Derived Perylene Diimides and Their Bio-Conjugation for Simultaneous Imaging, Tracking, and Targeted Photodynamic Therapy. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17249-17260. [PMID: 36069676 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the chromophore 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide (PDI) is anchored with phenyl substituents at the imide N site, followed by thionation, yielding a series of thione products 1S-PDI-D, 2S-cis-PDI-D, 2S-trans-PDI-D, 3S-PDI-D, and 4S-PDI-D, respectively, with n = 1, 2, 3, and 4 thione. The photophysical properties are dependent on the number of anchored thiones, where the observed prominent lower-lying absorption is assigned to the S0 → S2(ππ*) transition and is red-shifted upon increasing the number of thiones; the lowest-lying excited state is ascribed to a transition-forbidden S1(nπ*) configuration. All nS-PDIs are non-emissive in solution but reveal an excellent two-photon absorption cross-section of >800 GM. Supported by the femtosecond transient absorption study, the S1(nπ*) → T1(ππ*) intersystem crossing (ISC) rate is > 1012 s-1, resulting in ∼100% triplet population. The lowest-lying T1(ππ*) energy is calculated to be in the order of 1S-PDI-D > 2S-cis-PDI-D ∼ 2S-trans-PDI-D > 3S-PDI-D > 4S-PDI-D, where the T1 energy of 1S-PDI-D (1.10 eV) is higher than that (0.97 eV) of the 1O2 1Δg state. 1S-PDI-D is further modified by either conjugation with peptide FC131 on the two terminal sides, forming 1S-FC131, or linkage with peptide FC131 and cyanine5 dye on each terminal, yielding Cy5-1S-FC131. In vitro experiments show power of 1S-FC131 and Cy5-1S-FC131 in recognizing A549 cells out of other three lung normal cells and effective photodynamic therapy. In vivo, both molecular composites demonstrate outstanding antitumor ability in A549 xenografted tumor mice, where Cy5-1S-FC131 shows superiority of simultaneous fluorescence tracking and targeted photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Lin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Te Chou
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology/Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Kang Su
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chi Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Hsin Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ja-An Annie Ho
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology/Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 10617 Taipei, Taiwan
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Allen AG, Khan SQ, Izzo KM, Jagdale M, Gerew A, Cochran NR, Getgano J, Sherman S, Blaha L, Shearman M, Zhang K, Chang KH. Abstract 562: AsCas12a gene-edited iPSC-derived NK cells constitutively expressing CD16 and membrane-bound IL-15 demonstrate prolonged persistence and robust anti-tumor activities in a solid tumor mouse model. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Current cell and gene therapy medicines for oncology have reshaped how cancer is treated. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells have demonstrated that cell therapy can achieve durable remissions in hematologic malignancies. CAR-T cell therapies, however, have limited efficacy in solid tumors and are associated with severe toxicity, highlighting the need for safer and more efficacious novel cell therapies. With their intrinsic tumor killing capacity, few treatment-related toxicities, and the ability to be given to patients off-the shelf, natural killer (NK) cells are an attractive alternative therapy option to CAR-T cells. While most NK cell therapies are produced from healthy donor cells, deriving NK cells from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has the unique advantage that a clone with any desired edits can be generated. We aim to leverage our iPSC platform in combination with our proprietary gene editing technologies to create highly differentiated off-the-shelf treatments for solid tumors. Using our proprietary engineered AsCas12a, we generated double knocked-in (DKI) iPSC clones in which a bicistronic cargo encoding CD16 and a membrane-bound IL-15 (mbIL-15) was knocked into the GAPDH locus to increase the effector function and persistence of iNKs. Constitutive surface expression of CD16 and mbIL-15 by the DKI iNKs was demonstrated. DKI iNKs showed significantly increased natural and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity when compared to wild type (WT) iNKs in a SKOV3 tumor spheroid assay in vitro. Furthermore, in the absence of exogeneous cytokines, DKI iNKs persistence in vitro was dramatically improved over WT iNKs. The anti-tumor efficacy of the DKI iNKs in vivo was evaluated using a SKOV3 ovarian cancer model. Tumor bearing mice were treated with WT or DKI iNKs intraperitoneally in combination with trastuzumab or treated with trastuzumab alone. No exogenous cytokines were administered. DKI iNKs combined with a single dose or multiple doses of trastuzumab exerted greater tumor control compared to WT iNKs with trastuzumab, or trastuzumab alone. A single dose of DKI iNKs combined with three doses of trastuzumab induced tumor clearance in 6 out of 8 mice and significantly prolonged survival. Importantly, DKI iNKs were detected in the peritoneum of the treated animals for greater than 3 months, demonstrating that the mbIL-15 maintained iNK survival for a prolonged period of time in the absence of exogeneous cytokine support. In summary, knocking-in CD16 and mbIL-15 to the GAPDH locus of iPSCs dramatically increased the persistence of the DKI iNKs which exhibited robust anti-tumor activities in a solid tumor mouse model. These data demonstrate that our platform enables the development of off-the-shelf iNK cell medicines that may be highly effective for treating solid tumors.
Citation Format: Alexander G. Allen, Samia Q. Khan, Kaitlyn M. Izzo, Mrunali Jagdale, Alexandra Gerew, Nadire R. Cochran, Jared Getgano, Stephen Sherman, Laura Blaha, Mark Shearman, Kate Zhang, Kai-Hsin Chang. AsCas12a gene-edited iPSC-derived NK cells constitutively expressing CD16 and membrane-bound IL-15 demonstrate prolonged persistence and robust anti-tumor activities in a solid tumor mouse model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 562.
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Chen Y, Tseng SM, Chang KH, Chou PT. Energy Counterbalance to Harness Photoinduced Structural Planarization of Dibenzo[b,f]azepines toward Thermal Reversibility. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1748-1757. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Ming Tseng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kai-Hsin Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Pattali R, Izzo K, Goncz E, Sexton S, Wasko K, Zuris J, Nehil M, Zhang K, Shearman M, Chang KH, Allen A. 191 GAPDH knock-in of high affinity CD16 in iPSC derived NK cells drives high-level expression and increased anti-tumor function. J Immunother Cancer 2021. [DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-sitc2021.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundNatural killer (NK) cells have emerged as an alternative cell type for clinical utility given the low propensity for graft-versus-host disease, thereby making NK cells a potential off-the-shelf cell therapy. One critical pathway NK cells use to target tumor cells is through expression of Fc gamma receptor III alpha (CD16). Antibodies that bind tumor antigens are recognized by CD16 on NK cells, promoting NK-mediated tumor cell killing. High-affinity CD16 variants in the human population correlate with better clinical outcome and anti-tumor response. One mechanism tumors use to evade NK cell recognition is through down-regulation of CD16 expression on the NK cell surface. After being activated, CD16 is cleaved by A Disintigrin and Metalloprotease-17 (ADAM-17). By using a highly-active engineered AsCas12a to knock-in high-affinity CD16 (hCD16KI) at the GAPDH locus, hCD16 is constitutively expressed, continuously replacing hCD16, thereby allowing for repeated ADCC mediated killing.Methods iPSCs were edited at the GAPDH locus with an engineered AsCas12a along with the CD16 donor construct. The bulk edited population was then plated at clonal density and single clones were selected and screened. iPSC clones were then differentiated into NK cells. A 3D tumor spheroid killing assay was used to demonstrate NK cell cytotoxicity against an ovarian cancer cell line (SKOV-3). In addition, a serial killing assay was used to better model NK cell serial killing.ResultsBi-allelic CD16KI iPSC clones were successfully generated. These iPSCs exhibited normal morphology and were able to differentiate into iNK cells. hCD16KI iNK cells showed normal differentiation and surface marker expression, such as CD45/CD56, compared to unedited iNK cells. CD16KI iNK cells demonstrated significantly increased cytotoxicity in the presence of antibody against tumor cells when compared with unedited iNK cells, as measured by reduction in tumor spheroid size in a 3D tumor spheroid killing assay. Importantly, enhanced surface expression of hCD16 on iNK cells after tumor exposure was detected, demonstrating the replenishment of cleaved hCD16. Notably, hCD16KI iNK cells demonstrated prolonged and enhanced tumor cell killing after being subjected to repeated tumor cell exposure in a serial killing assay.ConclusionsThis work demonstrates a powerful new method to drive high-level constitutive hCD16 expression on the surface of iNK cells through transgene knock-in at the GAPDH locus using an engineered AsCas12a. The high level constitutive hCD16 expression enhances ADCC of iNK cells and enables enhanced serial tumor killing and is expected to exert enhanced anti-tumor activity in the clinic.
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Chang KH, Chao WC, Yang YH, Wu CH, Li ZB, Chen HC, Chou YT, Annie Ho JA, Li XC, Peng YC, Liao YC, Liu KM, Chao CM, Chou PT. Cyano Derivatives of 7-Aminoquinoline That Are Highly Emissive in Water: Potential for Sensing Applications. Chemistry 2021; 27:8040-8047. [PMID: 33904607 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
6-Cyano-7-aminoquinoline (6CN-7AQ) and 3-cyano-7-aminoquinoline (3CN-7AQ) were synthesized and found to exhibit intense emission with quantum yield as high as 63 % and 85 %, respectively, in water. Conversely, their derivatives 6-cyano-7-azidoquinoline (6CN-7N3 Q) and 3-cyano-7-azidoquinoline (3CN-7N3 Q) show virtually no emission, which makes them suitable to be used as recognition agents in azide reactions based on fluorescence recovery. Moreover, conjugation of 6CN-7AQ with a hydrophobic biomembrane-penetration peptide PFVYLI renders a nearly non-emissive 6CN-7AQ-PFVYLI composite, which can be digested by proteinase K, recovering the highly emissive 6CN-7AQ with ∼200-fold enhancement. The result provides an effective early confirmation for RT-qPCR in viral detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hsin Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wei-Chih Chao
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Hsuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medical Applied Chemistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Cheng-Ham Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Zhi-Bin Li
- Department of Medical Applied Chemistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hung-Che Chen
- Department of Medical Applied Chemistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Te Chou
- BioAnalytical Chemistry and Nanobiomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ja-An Annie Ho
- BioAnalytical Chemistry and Nanobiomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Center for Emerging Materials and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Xin-Cheng Li
- Department of Medical Applied Chemistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Chiang Peng
- Department of Medical Applied Chemistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Chan Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kuan-Miao Liu
- Department of Medical Applied Chemistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Min Chao
- Department of Medical Applied Chemistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Wu CH, Chen Y, Pyrshev KA, Chen YT, Zhang Z, Chang KH, Yesylevskyy SO, Demchenko AP, Chou PT. Fluorescence Probes Exhibit Photoinduced Structural Planarization: Sensing In Vitro and In Vivo Microscopic Dynamics of Viscosity Free from Polarity Interference. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:1862-1873. [PMID: 32543829 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the construction of wavelength λ-ratiometric images that allow visualizing the distribution of microscopic dynamics within living cells and tissues by using the newly developed principle of fluorescence response. The bent-to-planar motion in the excited state of incorporated fluorescence probes leads to elongation of the π-delocalization, resulting in microviscosity-dependent but polarity-insensitive interplay between well-separated blue and red bands in emission spectra. This allows constructing the exceptionally contrasted images of cellular dynamics. Moreover, the application of probes with increased affinity toward biological membranes allowed detecting the differences in dynamics between the plasma membrane and intracellular membrane structures. Such λ-ratiometric microviscosity imaging was extended for mapping the living tissues and observing their inflammation-dependent changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ham Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Kyrylo A. Pyrshev
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 01030, Ukraine
- Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Zhiyun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Kai-Hsin Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Semen O. Yesylevskyy
- Laboratoire Chrono Environnement UMR CNRS 6249, Universite′ de Bourgogne Franche-Comte′, 16 route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
- Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine
| | - Alexander P. Demchenko
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 01030, Ukraine
- Yuriy Fedkovych National University, 58012 Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
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Chen Y, Chen DG, Chen YA, Wu CH, Chang KH, Meng FY, Chen MC, Lin JA, Huang CY, Su J, Tian H, Chou PT. Mono-Heteroatom Substitution for Harnessing Excited-State Structural Planarization of Dihydrodibenzo[a,c]phenazines. Chemistry 2019; 25:16755-16764. [PMID: 31663166 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
With the aim of generalizing the structure-properties relationship of bending heterocyclic molecules that undergo prominent photoinduced structural planarization (PISP), a series of new dihydrodibenzo[ac]phenazine derivatives in which one nitrogen atom is replaced by oxygen (PNO), sulfur (PNS), selenium (PNSe), or dimethylmethanediyl (PNC) was strategically designed and synthesized. Compounds PNO, PNS, and PNSe have significantly nonplanar geometries in the ground state, which undergo PISP to give a planarlike conformer and hence a large emission Stokes shift. A combination of femtosecond early relaxation dynamics and computational approaches established an R*→I* (intermediate)→P* sequential kinetic pattern for PNS and PNSe, whereas PNO undergoes R*→P* one-step kinetics. The polarization ability of the substituted heteroatoms, which is in the order O<S<Se, correlates with their increase in π conjugation, and hence the Stokes shift of the emission is in the order PNO<PNS<PNSe. Compound PNSe with the largest PISP barrier was shown to be a highly sensitive viscosity probe. Further evidence for heteroatom-harnessing PISP is given by PNC, in which the dimethylmethanediyl substituent lacks lone pair electrons for π extension, showing the normal emission of the bent structure. The results led to the conclusion that PISP is ubiquitous in dihydrodibenzo[ac]phenazines, for which the driving force is elongation of the π delocalization to gain stabilization in the excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science & Technology Shanghai, 200237, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Deng-Gao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Yi-An Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ham Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Kai-Hsin Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Fan-Yi Meng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Jia-An Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ying Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, R.O.C., Taiwan
| | - Jianhua Su
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science & Technology Shanghai, 200237, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science & Technology Shanghai, 200237, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, R.O.C., Taiwan
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Wang CS, Wei YC, Chang KH, Chou PT, Wu YT. Indeno[1,2-b]fluorene-Based [2,2]Cyclophanes with 4n/4n and 4n/[4n+2] π Electrons: Syntheses, Structural Analyses, and Excitonic Coupling Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10158-10162. [PMID: 31081278 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Indeno[1,2-b]fluorene-based [2,2]cyclophanes with 4n/4n and 4n/[4n+2] π-electron systems were prepared, and their structures were identified by X-ray crystallography. With short π-π distances around 3.0 Å, [2.2](5,11)indeno[1,2-b]fluorenophane and its precursor [2.2](5,11)indeno[1,2-b]fluorene-6,12-dionophane exhibit remarkable transannular interactions, leading to their unusual electrochemical and photophysical properties. With the aid of femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, the transition from the monomeric excited state to the redshifted H-type dimeric state was first observed, correlating to the calculated excitonic energy splitting and the steady-state absorption spectra induced by charge-transfer-mediated superexchange interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Shin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Wei
- Department of Chemistry, National (Taiwan) University, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Hsin Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National (Taiwan) University, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National (Taiwan) University, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ting Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
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16
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Boominathan SSK, Chang KH, Liu YC, Wang CS, Wu CF, Chiang MH, Chou PT, Wu YT. Diindeno-Fused Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene and Dibenzo[c,l]chrysene: Syntheses, Structural Analyses, and Properties. Chemistry 2019; 25:7280-7284. [PMID: 30946487 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Diindeno-fused dibenzo[a,h]anthracene 6 and diindeno-fused dibenzo[c,l]chrysene 9 contain the key moieties 1,4-quinodipropene (1,4-QDP) and 2,6-naphthoquinodipropene (2,6-NQDP), respectively, and they both have an open-shell singlet ground state. The latter compound exhibits a strong biradical character and interesting properties, including a low ΔET-S (2.44 kcal mol-1 ), a small HOMO-LUMO gap (1.06 eV), a wide photoabsorption range (250-1172 nm), and a large two-photon absorption cross-section (σ=1342±56 GM). This work verifies that 6 has a slightly larger HOMO-LUMO gap and ΔET-S than its helical isomer diindeno[2,1-f:1',2'-j]picene (DIP), but is a much stronger two-photon absorber, verifying the important effect of geometry on the photophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kai-Hsin Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National (Taiwan) University, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chiao Liu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 11529, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Shin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Feng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsi Chiang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 11529, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National (Taiwan) University, 10617, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ting Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, 70101, Tainan, Taiwan
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Solon JG, O'Neill M, Chang KH, Deady S, Cahill R, Moran B, Shields C, Mulsow J. An 18 year population-based study on site of origin and outcome of patients with peritoneal malignancy in Ireland. Eur J Surg Oncol 2017; 43:1924-1931. [PMID: 28583791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal malignancy (PM) is predominantly metastatic spread from advanced gastrointestinal or gynaecological cancer. PM is generally considered incurable and therefore has rarely been the focus of novel therapeutic strategies. This study assessed patterns and survival outcomes for patients with PM in Ireland. The National Cancer Registry Ireland database was interrogated to identify patients diagnosed with PM during the period 1994-2012. Patient and tumour characteristics were retrieved and survival outcomes calculated. 5791 patients were diagnosed during the study period. Median age at diagnosis was 68 years; females accounted for 62%. The incidence increased annually from 228 in 1994 to 401 in 2012. Primary PM accounted for 3% of cases. Colorectal (22%), ovarian (16%) and gastric (13%) cancers accounted for the majority of cases of secondary PM. Almost 75% of patients had PM at initial presentation. Almost 40% of patients (n = 2274) underwent surgical intervention, while 44% (n = 2560) had tumour directed chemotherapy. The median survival (MS) in patients with secondary PM was 6.6 months, and did not improve significantly during the study period. Outcomes were best in patients with ovarian cancer (MS 15.9 months) and colorectal cancer (MS 14.3 months) and worst in patients with lung (MS 2.4 months) and pancreas (MS 1.9 months) cancers. This is the first population-based study from Ireland to report the incidence and outcomes for PM. PM is more common than previously reported and survival remains poor. These findings highlight the need for greater clinician awareness and the need to focus on new therapeutic approaches to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Solon
- National Centre for Peritoneal Malignancy, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - M O'Neill
- National Centre for Peritoneal Malignancy, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - K H Chang
- National Centre for Peritoneal Malignancy, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - S Deady
- The National Cancer Registry Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - R Cahill
- National Centre for Peritoneal Malignancy, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - B Moran
- National Centre for Peritoneal Malignancy, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland; Peritoneal Malignancy Institute, Basingstoke, UK
| | - C Shields
- National Centre for Peritoneal Malignancy, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - J Mulsow
- National Centre for Peritoneal Malignancy, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland.
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Vierstra J, Reik A, Chang KH, Stehling-Sun S, Zhou Y, Hinkley SJ, Paschon DE, Zhang L, Psatha N, Bendana YR, O'Neil CM, Song AH, Mich AK, Liu PQ, Lee G, Bauer DE, Holmes MC, Orkin SH, Papayannopoulou T, Stamatoyannopoulos G, Rebar EJ, Gregory PD, Urnov FD, Stamatoyannopoulos JA. Functional footprinting of regulatory DNA. Nat Methods 2015; 12:927-30. [PMID: 26322838 PMCID: PMC5381659 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory regions harbor multiple transcription factor recognition sites; however, the contribution of individual sites to regulatory function remains challenging to define. We describe a facile approach that exploits the error-prone nature of genome editing-induced double-strand break repair to map functional elements within regulatory DNA at nucleotide resolution. We demonstrate the approach on a human erythroid enhancer, revealing single TF recognition sites that gate the majority of downstream regulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Vierstra
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andreas Reik
- Sangamo BioSciences, Pt. Richmond, California, USA
| | - Kai-Hsin Chang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sandra Stehling-Sun
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yuanyue Zhou
- Sangamo BioSciences, Pt. Richmond, California, USA
| | | | | | - Lei Zhang
- Sangamo BioSciences, Pt. Richmond, California, USA
| | - Nikoletta Psatha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Pei-Qi Liu
- Sangamo BioSciences, Pt. Richmond, California, USA
| | - Gary Lee
- Sangamo BioSciences, Pt. Richmond, California, USA
| | - Daniel E Bauer
- Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Stuart H Orkin
- Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thalia Papayannopoulou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - George Stamatoyannopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | | | - John A Stamatoyannopoulos
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Chang KH, Kelly NP, Duff GP, Condon ET, Waldron D, Coffey JC. Neoadjuvant therapy does not affect lymph node ratio in rectal cancer. Surgeon 2015; 14:270-3. [PMID: 26148760 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Recently, lymph-node ratio (LNR) has emerged as a prognostic tool in staging rectal cancer. Studies to date have demonstrated threshold values above and below which survival is differentially altered. Neoadjuvant therapy significantly reduces the number of lymph node retrieved. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of neoadjuvant therapy on LNR and its prognostic properties. METHODS Consecutive patients who underwent curative rectal cancer resections in a single institution from 2007 to 2010 were reviewed. LNR was stratified into five subgroups of 0, 0.01-0.17, 0.18-0.41, 0.42-0.69 and 0.7-1.0 based on a previous study. The effect of neoadjuvant therapy on lymph node retrieval, LNR, locoregional (LR) and systemic recurrence (SR), disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) was compared between patients who did (Neoadjuvant) and did not (Surgery Alone) receive neoadjuvant therapy. RESULTS Neoadjuvant and Surgery Alone groups were comparable in gender, age and tumour stage. The number of lymph nodes retrieved were significantly lower in the Neoadjuvant group (p < 0.01). However, LNR remained similar in both groups (p = 0.36). There was no statistical difference in the DFS and OS between the Neoadjuvant and Surgery Alone groups at the various LNR cut off values in patients with AJCC Stage 3 tumours. CONCLUSIONS LNR ratio remains unaltered despite reduced lymph node retrieval after neoadjuvant therapy in rectal cancer. LNR may therefore be a more reliable prognostic indicator in this subgroup of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Chang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospitals Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - N P Kelly
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospitals Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - G P Duff
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospitals Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - E T Condon
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospitals Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - D Waldron
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospitals Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - J C Coffey
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospitals Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; 4i Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation and immunity, Limerick, Ireland; Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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Chang KH, Cotter J, McGreal GT. A rare aberrant distal branch preventing complete internal carotid artery occlusion. J Surg Case Rep 2015; 2015:rjv038. [PMID: 26070479 PMCID: PMC4463491 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjv038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 72-year-old man presented with a 3-day history of recurrent transient ischaemic attacks comprising slurred speech, left arm weakness and paresthesia. Carotid Doppler revealed total occlusion of the right internal carotid artery (ICA). Computed tomography angiography demonstrated occlusion of the proximal right ICA over a length of 1.5 cm. The ICA distal to the occlusion was entirely normal. In view of the normal distal ICA, a decision was made to proceed with surgical exploration and right carotid endarterectomy, on the basis that there must have been some flow through the lesion. Intra-operatively, there was an extensive plaque in the carotid bulb and proximal ICA causing 80-90% stenosis. Fresh thrombus completed the occlusion. An aberrant branch of the ICA was identified distal to the plaque, the backflow through which maintained patency of the distal ICA. A standard endarterectomy was performed. The patient recovered uneventfully, being discharged on the second post-operative day.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Chang
- Department of Surgery, Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - J Cotter
- Department of Surgery, Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - G T McGreal
- Department of Surgery, Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
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21
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Reik A, Chang KH, Vierstra J, Psatha N, Stehling-Sun S, Zhou Y, O'Neil CM, Mich A, Miller JC, Lee G, Tan S, Jiang H, Stamatoyannopoulos G, Papayannopoulou T, Rebar EJ, Gregory PD, Stamatoyannopoulos JA, Urnov FD. 53. From GWAS To the Clinic: Genome-Editing the Human BCL11A Erythroid Enhancer for Fetal Globin Elevation in the Hemoglobinopathies. Mol Ther 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1525-0016(16)33658-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Hsiao P, Hsu WY, Liou TH, Lin YN, Lin Y, Chang KH. Association between body composition and median neuropathy in patients with physical disabilities. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2015; 51:5-13. [PMID: 25311882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with physical disabilities more often have median neuropathies of the wrist and more than 70% of wheelchair users are overweight or obese. AIM To explore the effects of body composition on the occurrence of distal median neuropathy and to search for the best probabilistic cutoff value of indicators to predict the likelihood of developing distal median neuropathy in patients with physical disabilities. DESIGN A prospective study. SETTING A 1-day annual physical checkup program for employees of a social welfare organization. POPULATION In total, 72 patients with a physical disability (mean age ± SD, 40.0 ± 8.8 years; 40 women). METHODS Using electrophysiologic testing to assess distal median nerve function and using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry examination to assess body composition. The formula for leg exercise burden index (EBI) was: leg EBI = body fat mass of both legs/lean tissue mass of both legs. RESULTS The risk of developing a low median sensory nerve conduction velocity in the wrist-to-palm segment (< 43 m/s) was greater for patients with a higher leg EBI, yielding an adjusted odds ratio of 6.88 (P < 0.005). The body mass index (BMI) and being a wheelchair user were predictors of developing long median distal motor latency (> 4 ms). Using receiver operating characteristic analyses, we determined that patients with a physical disability were likely to develop distal median sensory neuropathy if they had a leg EBI of ≥ 0.943 and were likely to develop distal median motor neuropathy if they had a BMI of ≥ 24.5 kg/m2. CONCLUSION The leg EBI is a predictor of having distal median sensory neuropathy among patients with a physical disability. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT The value of the leg EBI can be useful information for identifying risk of distal median sensory neuropathy in patients with a physical disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hsiao
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, (Hsiao, Hsu, YN Lin, Yu Lin, Chang), Taipei, Taiwan -
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23
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Yue F, Cheng Y, Breschi A, Vierstra J, Wu W, Ryba T, Sandstrom R, Ma Z, Davis C, Pope BD, Shen Y, Pervouchine DD, Djebali S, Thurman RE, Kaul R, Rynes E, Kirilusha A, Marinov GK, Williams BA, Trout D, Amrhein H, Fisher-Aylor K, Antoshechkin I, DeSalvo G, See LH, Fastuca M, Drenkow J, Zaleski C, Dobin A, Prieto P, Lagarde J, Bussotti G, Tanzer A, Denas O, Li K, Bender MA, Zhang M, Byron R, Groudine MT, McCleary D, Pham L, Ye Z, Kuan S, Edsall L, Wu YC, Rasmussen MD, Bansal MS, Kellis M, Keller CA, Morrissey CS, Mishra T, Jain D, Dogan N, Harris RS, Cayting P, Kawli T, Boyle AP, Euskirchen G, Kundaje A, Lin S, Lin Y, Jansen C, Malladi VS, Cline MS, Erickson DT, Kirkup VM, Learned K, Sloan CA, Rosenbloom KR, Lacerda de Sousa B, Beal K, Pignatelli M, Flicek P, Lian J, Kahveci T, Lee D, Kent WJ, Ramalho Santos M, Herrero J, Notredame C, Johnson A, Vong S, Lee K, Bates D, Neri F, Diegel M, Canfield T, Sabo PJ, Wilken MS, Reh TA, Giste E, Shafer A, Kutyavin T, Haugen E, Dunn D, Reynolds AP, Neph S, Humbert R, Hansen RS, De Bruijn M, Selleri L, Rudensky A, Josefowicz S, Samstein R, Eichler EE, Orkin SH, Levasseur D, Papayannopoulou T, Chang KH, Skoultchi A, Gosh S, Disteche C, Treuting P, Wang Y, Weiss MJ, Blobel GA, Cao X, Zhong S, Wang T, Good PJ, Lowdon RF, Adams LB, Zhou XQ, Pazin MJ, Feingold EA, Wold B, Taylor J, Mortazavi A, Weissman SM, Stamatoyannopoulos JA, Snyder MP, Guigo R, Gingeras TR, Gilbert DM, Hardison RC, Beer MA, Ren B. A comparative encyclopedia of DNA elements in the mouse genome. Nature 2015; 515:355-64. [PMID: 25409824 PMCID: PMC4266106 DOI: 10.1038/nature13992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1135] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The laboratory mouse shares the majority of its protein-coding genes with humans, making it the premier model organism in biomedical research, yet the two mammals differ in significant ways. To gain greater insights into both shared and species-specific transcriptional and cellular regulatory programs in the mouse, the Mouse ENCODE Consortium has mapped transcription, DNase I hypersensitivity, transcription factor binding, chromatin modifications and replication domains throughout the mouse genome in diverse cell and tissue types. By comparing with the human genome, we not only confirm substantial conservation in the newly annotated potential functional sequences, but also find a large degree of divergence of sequences involved in transcriptional regulation, chromatin state and higher order chromatin organization. Our results illuminate the wide range of evolutionary forces acting on genes and their regulatory regions, and provide a general resource for research into mammalian biology and mechanisms of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yue
- 1] Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC-5477 Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Alessandra Breschi
- Bioinformatics and Genomics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jeff Vierstra
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Weisheng Wu
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Tyrone Ryba
- Department of Biological Science, 319 Stadium Drive, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4295, USA
| | - Richard Sandstrom
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Zhihai Ma
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC-5477 Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Carrie Davis
- Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Benjamin D Pope
- Department of Biological Science, 319 Stadium Drive, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4295, USA
| | - Yin Shen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Dmitri D Pervouchine
- Bioinformatics and Genomics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sarah Djebali
- Bioinformatics and Genomics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Robert E Thurman
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Rajinder Kaul
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Eric Rynes
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Anthony Kirilusha
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Georgi K Marinov
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Brian A Williams
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Diane Trout
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Henry Amrhein
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Katherine Fisher-Aylor
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Igor Antoshechkin
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Gilberto DeSalvo
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Lei-Hoon See
- Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Meagan Fastuca
- Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Jorg Drenkow
- Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Chris Zaleski
- Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Alex Dobin
- Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Pablo Prieto
- Bioinformatics and Genomics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Julien Lagarde
- Bioinformatics and Genomics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Giovanni Bussotti
- Bioinformatics and Genomics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Andrea Tanzer
- 1] Bioinformatics and Genomics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. [2] Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 17/3/303, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Olgert Denas
- Departments of Biology and Mathematics and Computer Science, Emory University, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Kanwei Li
- Departments of Biology and Mathematics and Computer Science, Emory University, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - M A Bender
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. [2] Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Miaohua Zhang
- Basic Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Rachel Byron
- Basic Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Mark T Groudine
- 1] Basic Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA. [2] Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - David McCleary
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Long Pham
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Zhen Ye
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Samantha Kuan
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Lee Edsall
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Yi-Chieh Wu
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Matthew D Rasmussen
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Mukul S Bansal
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Manolis Kellis
- 1] Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Cheryl A Keller
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Christapher S Morrissey
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Tejaswini Mishra
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Deepti Jain
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Nergiz Dogan
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Robert S Harris
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Philip Cayting
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC-5477 Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Trupti Kawli
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC-5477 Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Alan P Boyle
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC-5477 Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Ghia Euskirchen
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC-5477 Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Anshul Kundaje
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC-5477 Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Shin Lin
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC-5477 Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Yiing Lin
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC-5477 Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Camden Jansen
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Venkat S Malladi
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC-5477 Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Melissa S Cline
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Drew T Erickson
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC-5477 Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Vanessa M Kirkup
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Katrina Learned
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Cricket A Sloan
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC-5477 Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Kate R Rosenbloom
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Beatriz Lacerda de Sousa
- Departments of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Pathology, and Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Kathryn Beal
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Miguel Pignatelli
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Paul Flicek
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Jin Lian
- Yale University, Department of Genetics, PO Box 208005, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8005, USA
| | - Tamer Kahveci
- Computer &Information Sciences &Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Dongwon Lee
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 733 N. Broadway, BRB 573 Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - W James Kent
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Miguel Ramalho Santos
- Departments of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Pathology, and Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Javier Herrero
- 1] European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK. [2] Bill Lyons Informatics Centre, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Cedric Notredame
- Bioinformatics and Genomics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Audra Johnson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Shinny Vong
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Kristen Lee
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Daniel Bates
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Fidencio Neri
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Morgan Diegel
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Theresa Canfield
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Peter J Sabo
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Matthew S Wilken
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, HSB I-516, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Thomas A Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, HSB I-516, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Erika Giste
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Anthony Shafer
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Tanya Kutyavin
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Eric Haugen
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Douglas Dunn
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Alex P Reynolds
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Shane Neph
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Richard Humbert
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - R Scott Hansen
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Marella De Bruijn
- MRC Molecular Haemotology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Licia Selleri
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Alexander Rudensky
- HHMI and Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Canter, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Steven Josefowicz
- HHMI and Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Canter, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Robert Samstein
- HHMI and Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Canter, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Evan E Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Stuart H Orkin
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Dana Levasseur
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Thalia Papayannopoulou
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Kai-Hsin Chang
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Arthur Skoultchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Srikanta Gosh
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Christine Disteche
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Piper Treuting
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Yanli Wang
- Bioinformatics and Genomics program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Mitchell J Weiss
- Department of Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Gerd A Blobel
- 1] Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. [2] Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Cao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Sheng Zhong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Genetics, Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Peter J Good
- NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, 5635 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9307, USA
| | - Rebecca F Lowdon
- NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, 5635 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9307, USA
| | - Leslie B Adams
- NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, 5635 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9307, USA
| | - Xiao-Qiao Zhou
- NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, 5635 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9307, USA
| | - Michael J Pazin
- NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, 5635 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9307, USA
| | - Elise A Feingold
- NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, 5635 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9307, USA
| | - Barbara Wold
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - James Taylor
- Departments of Biology and Mathematics and Computer Science, Emory University, O. Wayne Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Ali Mortazavi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Sherman M Weissman
- Yale University, Department of Genetics, PO Box 208005, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8005, USA
| | | | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, MC-5477 Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Roderic Guigo
- Bioinformatics and Genomics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Thomas R Gingeras
- Functional Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - David M Gilbert
- Department of Biological Science, 319 Stadium Drive, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4295, USA
| | - Ross C Hardison
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Michael A Beer
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 733 N. Broadway, BRB 573 Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Bing Ren
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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24
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Vierstra J, Rynes E, Sandstrom R, Zhang M, Canfield T, Hansen RS, Stehling-Sun S, Sabo PJ, Byron R, Humbert R, Thurman RE, Johnson AK, Vong S, Lee K, Bates D, Neri F, Diegel M, Giste E, Haugen E, Dunn D, Wilken MS, Josefowicz S, Samstein R, Chang KH, Eichler EE, De Bruijn M, Reh TA, Skoultchi A, Rudensky A, Orkin SH, Papayannopoulou T, Treuting PM, Selleri L, Kaul R, Groudine M, Bender MA, Stamatoyannopoulos JA. Mouse regulatory DNA landscapes reveal global principles of cis-regulatory evolution. Science 2014; 346:1007-12. [PMID: 25411453 PMCID: PMC4337786 DOI: 10.1126/science.1246426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To study the evolutionary dynamics of regulatory DNA, we mapped >1.3 million deoxyribonuclease I-hypersensitive sites (DHSs) in 45 mouse cell and tissue types, and systematically compared these with human DHS maps from orthologous compartments. We found that the mouse and human genomes have undergone extensive cis-regulatory rewiring that combines branch-specific evolutionary innovation and loss with widespread repurposing of conserved DHSs to alternative cell fates, and that this process is mediated by turnover of transcription factor (TF) recognition elements. Despite pervasive evolutionary remodeling of the location and content of individual cis-regulatory regions, within orthologous mouse and human cell types the global fraction of regulatory DNA bases encoding recognition sites for each TF has been strictly conserved. Our findings provide new insights into the evolutionary forces shaping mammalian regulatory DNA landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Vierstra
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Eric Rynes
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Richard Sandstrom
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Miaohua Zhang
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Theresa Canfield
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - R Scott Hansen
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sandra Stehling-Sun
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Peter J Sabo
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rachel Byron
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Richard Humbert
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Robert E Thurman
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Audra K Johnson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Shinny Vong
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kristen Lee
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Daniel Bates
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Fidencio Neri
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Morgan Diegel
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Erika Giste
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Eric Haugen
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Douglas Dunn
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Matthew S Wilken
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Steven Josefowicz
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Robert Samstein
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Kai-Hsin Chang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Evan E Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Marella De Bruijn
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Thomas A Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Arthur Skoultchi
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Alexander Rudensky
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Stuart H Orkin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thalia Papayannopoulou
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Piper M Treuting
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Licia Selleri
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rajinder Kaul
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mark Groudine
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - M A Bender
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John A Stamatoyannopoulos
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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25
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Chang KH, Fang X, Wang H, Huang A, Cao H, Yang Y, Bonig H, Stamatoyannopoulos JA, Papayannopoulou T. Epigenetic modifications and chromosome conformations of the beta globin locus throughout development. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 9:397-407. [PMID: 22374078 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-012-9355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells provide an alternative to using human embryos for studying developmentally regulated gene expression. The co-expression of high levels of embryonic ε and fetal γ globin by the hESC-derived erythroblasts allows the interrogation of ε globin regulation at the transcriptional and epigenetic level which could only be attained previously by studying cell lines or transgenic mice. In this study, we compared the histone modifications across the β globin locus of the undifferentiated hESCs and hESC-, FL-, and mobilized PB CD34(+) cells-derived erythroblasts, which have distinct globin expression patterns corresponding to their developmental stages. We demonstrated that the histone codes employed by the β globin locus are conserved throughout development. Furthermore, in spite of the close proximity of the ε globin promoter, as compared to the β or γ globin promoter, with the LCR, a chromatin loop was also formed between the LCR and the active ε globin promoter, similar to the loop that forms between the β or γ globin promoters and the LCR, in contrary to the previously proposed tracking mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hsin Chang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, NE Pacific St, Box 357710, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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26
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Chang KH, Wang HP, Wu TY, Sun IW. Optical and electrochromic characterizations of four 2,5-dithienylpyrrole-based conducting polymer films. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.11.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Taniguchi Ishikawa E, Chang KH, Nayak R, Olsson HA, Ficker AM, Dunn SK, Madhu MN, Sengupta A, Whitsett JA, Grimes HL, Cancelas JA. Klf5 controls bone marrow homing of stem cells and progenitors through Rab5-mediated β1/β2-integrin trafficking. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1660. [PMID: 23552075 PMCID: PMC3627399 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kruppel-like factor 5 (Klf5) regulates pluripotent stem cell self-renewal but its role in somatic stem cells is unknown. Here we show that Klf5 deficient haematopoietic stem cells and progenitors (HSC/P) fail to engraft after transplantation. This HSC/P defect is associated with impaired bone marrow homing and lodging and decreased retention in bone marrow, and with decreased adhesion to fibronectin and expression of membrane-bound β1/β2-integrins. In vivo inducible gain-of-function of Klf5 in HSCs increases HSC/P adhesion. The expression of Rab5 family members, mediators of β1/β2-integrin recycling in the early endosome, is decreased in Klf5Δ/Δ HSC/Ps. Klf5 binds directly to the promoter of Rab5a/b and overexpression of Rab5b rescues the expression of activated β1/β2-integrins, adhesion and bone marrow homing of Klf5Δ/Δ HSC/Ps. Altogether, these data indicate that Klf5 is indispensable for adhesion, homing, lodging and retention of HSC/Ps in the bone marrow through Rab5-dependent post-translational regulation of β1/β2 integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Taniguchi Ishikawa
- Hoxworth Blood Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0055, USA
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28
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Sahebally SM, Burke JP, Chang KH, Kiernan MG, O'Connell PR, Coffey JC. Circulating fibrocytes and Crohn's disease. Br J Surg 2013; 100:1549-56. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Despite advances in medical therapy, there remains no effective preventive or non-surgical therapeutic option for fibrostenotic Crohn's disease (CD). Symptomatic recurrences are common, necessitating reintervention. Intestinal fibroblasts mediate stricture formation, but their exact source is unclear. Recent evidence indicates that circulating fibrocytes drive fibrosis through differentiation into fibroblasts and the production of extracellular matrix proteins. The aim of this review is to describe current understanding of the pathophysiology underlying fibrosis in CD, the cellular and molecular biology of fibrocytes and their role in CD.
Methods
The electronic literature (January 1972 to December 2012) on ‘circulating fibrocytes’ and ‘Crohn's fibrosis’ was reviewed.
Results
Circulating fibrocytes appear universally involved in organ fibrosis. A complex array of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors regulate fibrocyte biology, and these are associated with fibrogenesis in CD. The cytokines transforming growth factor β1, connective tissue growth factor and interleukin 13, overexpressed in the strictured Crohn's intestine, promote fibrocyte generation and/or differentiation.
Conclusion
Levels of circulating fibrocytes are raised in conditions marked by exaggerated fibrosis. These and other observations prompt a characterization of fibrocyte activity in CD with a view to investigating a pathogenic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Sahebally
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- 4i Centre for Interventions In Inflammation, Infection and Immunity, Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - J P Burke
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - K H Chang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - M G Kiernan
- 4i Centre for Interventions In Inflammation, Infection and Immunity, Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - P R O'Connell
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J C Coffey
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- 4i Centre for Interventions In Inflammation, Infection and Immunity, Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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29
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Yang Y, Wang H, Chang KH, Qu H, Zhang Z, Xiong Q, Qi H, Cui P, Lin Q, Ruan X, Yang Y, Li Y, Shu C, Li Q, Wakeland EK, Yan J, Hu S, Fang X. Transcriptome dynamics during human erythroid differentiation and development. Genomics 2013; 102:431-441. [PMID: 24121002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To explore the mechanisms controlling erythroid differentiation and development, we analyzed the genome-wide transcription dynamics occurring during the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs) into the erythroid lineage and development of embryonic to adult erythropoiesis using high throughput sequencing technology. HESCs and erythroid cells at three developmental stages: ESER (embryonic), FLER (fetal), and PBER (adult) were analyzed. Our findings revealed that the number of expressed genes decreased during differentiation, whereas the total expression intensity increased. At each of the three transitions (HESCs-ESERs, ESERs-FLERs, and FLERs-PBERs), many differentially expressed genes were observed, which were involved in maintaining pluripotency, early erythroid specification, rapid cell growth, and cell-cell adhesion and interaction. We also discovered dynamic networks and their central nodes in each transition. Our study provides a fundamental basis for further investigation of erythroid differentiation and development, and has implications in using ESERs for transfusion product in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Yang
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hai Wang
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kai-Hsin Chang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Hongzhu Qu
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhaojun Zhang
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qian Xiong
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Heyuan Qi
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Peng Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiuyan Ruan
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yaran Yang
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yajuan Li
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chang Shu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Quanzhen Li
- Department of Immunology & Microarray Core Facility, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Edward K Wakeland
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Department of Immunology & Microarray Core Facility, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jiangwei Yan
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Songnian Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiangdong Fang
- Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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30
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Xiong Q, Zhang Z, Chang KH, Qu H, Wang H, Qi H, Li Y, Ruan X, Yang Y, Yang Y, Li Y, Sandstrom R, Sabo PJ, Li Q, Stamatoyannopoulos G, Stamatoyannopoulos JA, Fang X. Comprehensive characterization of erythroid-specific enhancers in the genomic regions of human Krüppel-like factors. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:587. [PMID: 23985037 PMCID: PMC3846580 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mapping of DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs) is a powerful tool to experimentally identify cis-regulatory elements (CREs). Among CREs, enhancers are abundant and predominantly act in driving cell-specific gene expression. Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) are a family of eukaryotic transcription factors. Several KLFs have been demonstrated to play important roles in hematopoiesis. However, transcriptional regulation of KLFs via CREs, particularly enhancers, in erythroid cells has been poorly understood. Results In this study, 23 erythroid-specific or putative erythroid-specific DHSs were identified by DNase-seq in the genomic regions of 17 human KLFs, and their enhancer activities were evaluated using dual-luciferase reporter (DLR) assay. Of the 23 erythroid-specific DHSs, the enhancer activities of 15 DHSs were comparable to that of the classical enhancer HS2 in driving minimal promoter (minP). Fifteen DHSs, some overlapping those that increased minP activities, acted as enhancers when driving the corresponding KLF promoters (KLF-Ps) in erythroid cells; of these, 10 DHSs were finally characterized as erythroid-specific KLF enhancers. These 10 erythroid-specific KLF enhancers were further confirmed using chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to sequencing (ChIP-seq) data-based bioinformatic and biochemical analyses. Conclusion Our present findings provide a feasible strategy to extensively identify gene- and cell-specific enhancers from DHSs obtained by high-throughput sequencing, which will help reveal the transcriptional regulation and biological functions of genes in some specific cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xiong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P,R, China.
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31
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Li LB, Chang KH, Wang PR, Hirata RK, Papayannopoulou T, Russell DW. Trisomy correction in Down syndrome induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 11:615-9. [PMID: 23084023 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Human trisomies can alter cellular phenotypes and produce congenital abnormalities such as Down syndrome (DS). Here we have generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from DS fibroblasts and introduced a TKNEO transgene into one copy of chromosome 21 by gene targeting. When selecting against TKNEO, spontaneous chromosome loss was the most common cause for survival, with a frequency of ~10(-4), while point mutations, epigenetic silencing, and TKNEO deletions occurred at lower frequencies in this unbiased comparison of inactivating mutations. Mitotic recombination events resulting in extended loss of heterozygosity were not observed in DS iPSCs. The derived, disomic cells proliferated faster and produced more endothelia in vivo than their otherwise isogenic trisomic counterparts, but in vitro hematopoietic differentiation was not consistently altered. Our study describes a targeted removal of a human trisomy, which could prove useful in both clinical and research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li B Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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32
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Park JO, Chang KH, Lee HH, Chung IS. Biochemical analysis of Hyphantria cunea NPV attachment to Spodoptera frugiperda 21 cells. Cytotechnology 2012; 31:159-63. [PMID: 19003136 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008007818967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding characteristics of Hyphantria cunea nuclear polyhedrosis virus (HcNPV) to Spodoptera frugiperda 21 (Sf21) cells was determined. The cells displayed an affinity of 0.9 x 10(10) M(-1) with about 8900 binding sites per cell. The biochemical nature of HcNPV-binding sites on the cell surface was also partially elucidated. There were 45 to 49% reductions in HcNPV binding following the pretreatment of cells with three proteases, suggesting the involvement of a cellular protein component in virus binding. Tunicamycin, which inhibits N-linked glycosylation and the expression of some membrane proteins on the cell surface, reduced virus binding suggesting a role for glycoprotein(s) in binding. Treatment of cells with wheat germ agglutinin or neuraminidase did not measurably reduce virus binding, indicating that oligosaccharides containing N-acetylglucosamine or sialic acid are not directly involved in HcNPV attachment. The negative effect of methylamine on HcNPV binding seems to be due to the fact that HcNPV entry via an endocytic pathway is blocked by the increased pH of the endosome. Data on energy inhibitors (sodium azide and dinitrophenol) indicates that HcNPV attachment to Sf21 cells may be closely linked to viral entry via receptor-mediated endocytosis. These findings suggest that the binding site moiety has a glycoprotein component, but that direct involvement of oligosacccharides containing N-acetylglucosamine or sialic acid residues in binding is unlikely, and that HcNPV attachment to Sf21 cells might be via receptor-mediated endocytosis.
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33
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Smith FM, Chang KH, Sheahan K, Hyland J, O'Connell PR, Winter DC. The surgical significance of residual mucosal abnormalities in rectal cancer following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Br J Surg 2012; 99:993-1001. [PMID: 22351592 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.8700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Local excision of rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) has been proposed as an alternative to radical surgery in selected patients. However, little is known about the significance of the morphological and histological features of residual tumour. METHODS Patients who had undergone CRT at the authors' institution between 1997 and 2010 were identified. Multiple features were assessed as putative markers of pathological response. These included: gross residual disease, diameter of residual mucosal abnormalities, tumour differentiation, presence of lymphovascular/perineural invasion and lymph node ratio. RESULTS Data from 220 of 276 patients were suitable for analysis. Diameter of residual mucosal abnormalities correlated strongly with pathological tumour category after CRT (ypT) (P < 0·001). Forty of 42 tumours downstaged to ypT0/1 had residual mucosal abnormalities of 2·99 cm or less after CRT. Importantly, 19 of 31 patients with a complete pathological response had evidence of a residual mucosal abnormality consistent with an incomplete clinical response. The ypT category was associated with both pathological node status after CRT (P < 0·001) and lymph node ratio (P < 0·001). Positive nodes were found in only one of 42 patients downstaged to ypT0/1. The risk of nodal metastases was associated with poor differentiation (P = 0·027) and lymphovascular invasion (P < 0·001). CONCLUSION In this series, the majority of patients with a complete pathological response did not have a complete clinical response. In tumours downstaged to ypT0/1 after CRT, residual mucosal abnormalities were predominantly small and had a 2 per cent risk of positive nodes, thus potentially facilitating transanal excision. The presence of adverse histological characteristics risk stratified tumours for nodal metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Smith
- Section of Surgery and Surgical Specialties, University College Dublin, Ireland.
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34
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Chang KH, Bonig H, Papayannopoulou T. Generation and characterization of erythroid cells from human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells: an overview. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2011:791604. [PMID: 22135684 PMCID: PMC3205655 DOI: 10.4061/2011/791604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of the imbalance in the supply and demand of red blood cells (RBCs), especially for alloimmunized patients or patients with rare blood phenotypes, extensive research has been done to generate therapeutic quantities of mature RBCs from hematopoietic stem cells of various sources, such as bone marrow, peripheral blood, and cord blood. Since human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be maintained indefinitely in vitro, they represent potentially inexhaustible sources of donor-free RBCs. In contrast to other ex vivo stem-cell-derived cellular therapeutics, tumorigenesis is not a concern, as RBCs can be irradiated without marked adverse effects on in vivo function. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the recent publications relevant to the generation and characterization of hESC- and iPSC-derived erythroid cells and discuss challenges to be met before the eventual realization of clinical usage of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hsin Chang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific, Rm K243, P. O. Box 357710, Seattle, WA 98195-7710, USA
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35
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Chang CS, Chen CF, Berthouly-Salazar C, Chazara O, Lee YP, Chang CM, Chang KH, Bed'Hom B, Tixier-Boichard M. A global analysis of molecular markers and phenotypic traits in local chicken breeds in Taiwan. Anim Genet 2011; 43:172-82. [PMID: 22404353 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2011.02226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular and phenotypic data have been combined to characterize the genetic diversity of six local chicken breeds maintained with a long-term conservation programme. Hua-Tung, Hsin-Yi, Ju-Chi and Quemoy originated from Taiwan, Shek-Ki is from South China, and Nagoya is from Japan. Molecular tools included 24 microsatellite markers, melanocortin 1 receptor (alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor) (MC1R), the LEI0258 marker located within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), and mitochondrial DNA. Performance was recorded on the same individuals for body weight, panting rate in summer and antibody response (antigens: Newcastle disease virus and sheep red blood cells). A multivariate method previously proposed for taxonomy was used to combine the different data sets. Melanocortin 1 receptor (alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor) and the MCW330 marker contributed the most to the first axis of the multiple coinertia analysis of molecular markers. Melanocortin 1 receptor (alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor) showed evidence of selection, probably related to its effect on feather colour. The MHC exhibited a large diversity, with 16 alleles of the LEI0258 marker. Immune response traits contributed the most to the principal component analysis of phenotypic data. Eight mitochondrial DNA haplotypes related to clades A, B, C and E were distributed across breeds and revealed an important contribution of Indian and European breeds to Ju-Chi, Quemoy and Hsin-Yi. Phenotypic data contributed less than molecular data to the combined analysis, and two markers, LEI0258 and LEI0228, contributed the most. The combined analysis could clearly discriminate all breeds, except Ju-Chi, which was similar to Quemoy for many criteria, except immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Chang
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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Abstract
The effect of oxygen partial pressure on viral replication was investigated with Vero/VSV system. At 10% oxygen partial pressure in spinner culture, VSV titer was significantly increased 130 fold compared to that obtained at 21%. A similar result was obtained for viral production in 1liter bioreactor. This implies that oxygen partial pressure during viral production has to be low. In low oxygen partial pressure, malondialdehyde concentration was decreased about 5 fold. Thus, low oxygen partial pressure allowed the reduced reactive oxygen species to be evolved, possibly by decreasing the random oxidation of the produced viral protein and membrane from the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Lim
- Department of Biological Engineering, Yosu National University, San 96-1, Doonduk-Dong, Yosu, Chunnam, 550-250, Korea
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Chang KH, Miller N, Kheirelseid EAH, Ingoldsby H, Hennessy E, Curran CE, Curran S, Smith MJ, Regan M, McAnena OJ, Kerin MJ. MicroRNA-21 and PDCD4 expression in colorectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2011; 37:597-603. [PMID: 21546206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION MiRNAs regulate gene expression by binding to target sites and initiating translational repression and/or mRNA degradation. Studies have shown that miR-21 exerts its oncogenic activity by targeting the PDCD4 tumour suppressor 3'-UTR. However, the mechanism of this regulation is poorly understood. In colorectal cancer, loss of PDCD4 has been reported in association with increased tumour aggressiveness and poor prognosis. The purpose of this study was to delineate the interaction between PDCD4 and its oncogenic modulator miR-21 in colorectal cancer. METHODS A cohort of 48 colorectal tumours, 61 normal tissues and 7 polyps were profiled for miR-21 and PDCD4 gene expression. A subset of 48 specimens (31 tumours and 17 normal tissues) were analysed for PDCD4 protein expression by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS A significant inverse relationship between miR-21 and PDCD4 gene expression (p < 0.001) was identified by RT-qPCR. In addition, significant reduction of PDCD4 (p < 0.001) expression and reciprocal upregulation of miR-21 (p = 0.005) in a progressive manner from tumour-polyp-normal mucosae was identified. Analysis of protein expression by IHC revealed loss of PDCD4 staining in tumour tissue. Patients with disease recurrence had higher levels of miR-21. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the inverse relationship between miR-21 and PDCD4, thus suggesting that miR-21 post-transcriptionally modulates PDCD4 via mRNA degradation. Pharmacological manipulation of the miR-21/PDCD4 axis could represent a novel therapeutic strategy in the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Chang
- Department of Surgery, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Chang KH, McAnena OJ, Smith MJ, Salman RR, Khan MF, Lowe D. Surgery for oesophageal cancer at Galway University Hospital 1993-2008. Ir J Med Sci 2010; 179:521-7. [PMID: 20848322 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-010-0573-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical volume and outcome remain controversial in the management of oesophageal cancer. AIMS To assess the outcome of oesophagectomy for cancer at Galway University Hospital (GUH). METHODS Between 1994 and 2008, patients who underwent oesophagectomy were analysed. RESULTS During the study period, 126 oesophagectomies were performed for cancer. The average surgeon volume was 9 cases per year. The 30-day and overall in-hospital mortality rates were 6.3 and 7.9%, respectively. Restructuring of our critical care services has led to a reduction in 30-day mortality from 8.2 to 5.1%. The use of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy has increased from 17 to 35% during the study period. In patients who underwent resection, the 3 and 5-year overall survival rates were 45 and 29%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Operative morbidity and mortality at GUH are comparable with worldwide outcomes. Improved resources and national restructuring of cancer services have significantly improved the quality of care and outcomes of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Chang
- Department of Surgery, Galway University Hospital, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland.
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Jiang Y, Bonig H, Ulyanova T, Chang K, Papayannopoulou T. On the adaptation of endosteal stem cell niche function in response to stress. Blood 2009; 114:3773-82. [PMID: 19724056 PMCID: PMC2773492 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-05-219840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the influence of microenvironmental "niche" on the function of a variety of stem cells is undisputed, the details of hematopoietic stem cell/niche interactions at the cellular and molecular level have sparked a continuous debate. We studied the microanatomic partitioning of transplanted normal and alpha4 integrin-deficient Lin-kit+ cells in trabecular and compact bone before and after irradiation and present robust quantitative data on both. We found that (1) the microanatomic distribution of normal highly enriched progenitor cells is random in nonirradiated recipients based on area distribution analyses, (2) in contrast, in irradiated hosts normal cells distribute preferentially near the endosteum, (3) the overall cell seeding efficiency was higher in trabecular versus compact bone both before and after irradiation, and (4) alpha4 integrin-deficient cells not only lodge with reduced overall efficiency confirming previous data, but fail to preferentially partition themselves into endosteal regions in irradiated hosts, as normal cells do. A similar phenotype was observed with cells rendered G(i)-protein signaling incompetent by pertussis toxin treatment, supporting an active stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) gradient near endosteum after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jiang
- University of Washington, Department of Medicine/Hematology, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Bonig H, Watts KL, Chang KH, Kiem HP, Papayannopoulou T. Concurrent blockade of alpha4-integrin and CXCR4 in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell mobilization. Stem Cells 2009; 27:836-7. [PMID: 19350684 DOI: 10.1002/stem.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The important contributions of the alpha4 integrin VLA-4 and the CXCR4/SDF-1 axis in mobilization have been demonstrated and thereby, these pathways can be suggested as rational targets for clinical stem cell mobilization in the absence of cytokine use. alpha4-blockade alone (in humans, macaques and mice), or genetic ablation of alpha4-integrin in mice, provides reproducible, but modest mobilization. Similarly, CXCR4 blockade with small-molecule antagonists mobilizes hematopoietic stem cells in all three species, but at least with the established single-injection schedule, the mobilization efficiency is marginally sufficient for clinical purposes. Hypothesizing that the different molecular targets (alpha4-integrin vs. CXCR4) might allow for additive mobilization effects, we therefore tested the efficacy of the combination of alpha4-integrin blockade with anti-functional antibodies and CXCR4 blockade with the small-molecule inhibitor AMD3100 in macaques, or the combination of conditional alpha4-integrin ablation and AMD3100 in mice. Mobilization was at least additive. While the prolonged effects of alpha4-blocking antibodies may not be suitable for clinical mobilization, future availability of small-molecule alpha4-antagonists in combination with AMD3100 could provide an alternative to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halvard Bonig
- German Red Cross Blood Center, Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Chang KH, McAnena OJ. En bloc esophagectomy reduces local recurrence and improves survival compared with transhiatal resection after neoadjuvant therapy for esophageal adenocarcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009; 137:253; author reply 253-4. [PMID: 19154939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2008.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yoon JH, Yoo SC, Kim WY, Chang SJ, Chang KH, Ryu HS. Role of HPV DNA testing for detection of high-grade cervical lesions in women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance: a prospective study in a Korean population. EUR J GYNAECOL ONCOL 2009; 30:271-274. [PMID: 19697619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine if HPV DNA testing improves the accuracy of detecting possible high-grade cervical lesions in women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US). METHODS Cervical cytology and Hybrid Capture II (HCII) assay for HPV DNA detection was performed in 10,526 women from July 2005 to July 2007. Two hundred and sixty women with ASC-US underwent colposcopy-directed biopsy to determine the final histologic diagnosis. They were divided into two groups according to the positivity of the HPV DNA test, and the respective biopsy results were compared. RESULTS Positive HCII was significantly more associated with CIN 2, CIN 3, and invasive cancer than negative HCII (p < 0.001). The odds ratio of positive HPV DNA testing in detecting high-grade lesions was 7.0 (95% CI; 2.8-17.7). CONCLUSION The HPV DNA test is useful for predicting the severity of lesions of the uterine cervix and formulating decisions with regard to treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Yoon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Yoo SC, Kim WY, Yoon JH, Kim HY, Lee EJ, Chang SJ, Chang KH, Ryu HS. Accuracy of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging in assessing lymph node metastasis and myometrial invasion in patients with uterine cancer. EUR J GYNAECOL ONCOL 2009; 30:167-170. [PMID: 19480246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aim was to know preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can accurately predict lymph node metastasis (LNM) and deep myometrial invasion (DMI, > or = 50%) in patients with uterine cancer. METHODS From January 1997 to December 2006, 99 patients who were diagnosed with uterine cancer and surgically staged at our institution were retrospectively analyzed. Preoperative clinicopathologic characteristics and MRI findings were reviewed and compared with LNM status and DMI observed in the final pathology. RESULTS The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive values (NPV) for MRI in determination of pelvic LNM were 77.7%, 85.6%, 35.0%, and 94.7%, respectively. MRI failed to detect the presence of paraaortic LNM in all of the three patients with positive paraaortic lymph nodes. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV for MRI in determining DMI were 46.6%, 84.5%, 35%, and 89.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION Preoperative evaluation of uterine cancer by MRI does not accurately predict the LNM and DMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Yoo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Baik SK, Kim YW, Kim HJ, Lee JW, Cho BM, Kim DH, Choi SH, Lee SH, Chang KH. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic findings of cerebral fat embolism induced by triolein emulsion in cats. Acta Radiol 2008; 49:1174-81. [PMID: 19031181 DOI: 10.1080/02841850802512449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In experimental studies, embolization of the cerebral hemisphere with triolein emulsion has revealed reversible magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in the subacute stage. PURPOSE To investigate the changes in the major metabolites, by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), in a cerebral fat embolism induced by a triolein emulsion. MATERIAL AND METHODS The internal carotid arteries of 19 cats were injected with a triolein emulsion, and multivoxel MRS was performed 30 min, 1 day, and 7 days later. In the control group, six cats were injected with normal saline. The MR spectra were evaluated for N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr), and choline (Cho), along with the presence of lipid and lactate. Semiquantitative analyses of NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, NAA/Cho, and lipid/Cr ratios compared the median values of the ipsilateral metabolite ratios with those of the contralateral side and in the control group for each point in time. RESULTS The NAA/Cr, Cho/Cr, and NAA/Cho ratios in the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere of the embolized group after 30 min, 1 day, and 7days were not significantly different from the contralateral hemisphere of the embolized and control groups (P>0.05). The lipid/Cr ratio in the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere of the embolized group was significantly higher when compared with the control group (P=0.012 at 30 min, P=0.001 on day 1, and P=0.018 on day 7). CONCLUSION Cerebral fat embolism induced by a triolein emulsion resulted in no significant change in the major metabolites of the brain in the acute stage, except for an elevated lipid/Cr ratio, which suggests the absence of any significant hypoxic-ischemic changes in the lesions embolized using a fat emulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Baik
- Department of Radiology, Preventive Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea, Department of Radiology, Sorabol College, Kyungju, South Korea and Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Y-W Kim
- Department of Radiology, Preventive Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea, Department of Radiology, Sorabol College, Kyungju, South Korea and Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - H J Kim
- Department of Radiology, Preventive Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea, Department of Radiology, Sorabol College, Kyungju, South Korea and Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J W Lee
- Department of Radiology, Preventive Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea, Department of Radiology, Sorabol College, Kyungju, South Korea and Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - B. M. Cho
- Department of Radiology, Preventive Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea, Department of Radiology, Sorabol College, Kyungju, South Korea and Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - D-H Kim
- Department of Radiology, Preventive Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea, Department of Radiology, Sorabol College, Kyungju, South Korea and Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - S H Choi
- Department of Radiology, Preventive Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea, Department of Radiology, Sorabol College, Kyungju, South Korea and Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - S H Lee
- Department of Radiology, Preventive Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea, Department of Radiology, Sorabol College, Kyungju, South Korea and Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - K H Chang
- Department of Radiology, Preventive Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea, Department of Radiology, Sorabol College, Kyungju, South Korea and Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Chang KH, Nelson AM, Fields PA, Hesson JL, Ulyanova T, Cao H, Nakamoto B, Ware CB, Papayannopoulou T. Diverse hematopoietic potentials of five human embryonic stem cell lines. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:2930-40. [PMID: 18692044 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite a growing body of literature concerning the hematopoietic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), the full hematopoietic potential of the majority of existing hESC lines remains unknown. In this study, the hematopoietic response of five NIH-approved hESC lines (H1, hSF6, BG01, BG02, and BG03) was compared. Our data show that despite expressing similar hESC markers under self-renewing conditions and initiating mesodermal differentiation under spontaneous differentiation conditions, marked differences in subsequent hematopoietic differentiation potential among these lines existed. A high degree of hematopoietic differentiation was attained only by H1 and BG02, whereas this process appeared to be abortive in nature for hSF6, BG01, and BG03. This difference in hematopoietic differentiation predisposition was readily apparent during spontaneous differentiation, and further augmented under hematopoietic-inducing conditions. This predisposition appeared to be intrinsic to the specific hESC line and independent of passage number or gender karyotype. Interestingly, H1 and BG02 displayed remarkable similarities in their kinetics of hematopoietic marker expression, hematopoietic colony formation, erythroid differentiation, and globin expression, suggesting that a similar, predetermined differentiation sequence is followed. The identification of intrinsic and extrinsic factors governing the hematopoietic differentiation potential of hESCs will be of great importance for the putative clinical utility of hESC lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hsin Chang
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Division, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Box 357710, Seattle, WA, USA
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Bonig H, Chang KH, Geisen C, Seifried E, Ware C. Blood types of current embryonic stem cell lines are not conducive to culturing "universal-donor" red blood cells. Transfusion 2008; 48:1039-40. [PMID: 18454742 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.01706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Park KH, Bang JH, Park WB, Kim HB, Kim NJ, Ahn JK, Chang KH, Oh MD, Choe KW. Retrobulbar optic neuritis and meningoencephalitis following progressive outer retinal necrosis due to CMV in a patient with AIDS. Infection 2008; 36:475-9. [PMID: 18574556 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-007-6290-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We report on a 34-year-old male patient with AIDS who developed retrobulbar optic neuritis and meningoencephalitis following bilateral progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN) caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV). This case documents the presumed association of PORN with retrobulbar optic neuritis, and CMV meningoencephalitis in an AIDS patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Park
- Department of Internal medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 28 Youngun-dong, Chongro-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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Thawani N, Tam M, Chang KH, Stevenson MM. Interferon-gamma mediates suppression of erythropoiesis but not reduced red cell survival following CpG-ODN administration in vivo. Exp Hematol 2007; 34:1451-61. [PMID: 17046564 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Revised: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cytokines released during inflammatory processes have been proposed to play a central role in mediating mechanism(s) leading to anemia. Here, we used CpG-ODN to investigate the effects of a pro-inflammatory response on the pathophysiological processes leading to anemia. METHODS Naïve and erythropoietin (EPO)-treated mice were injected for 2 days with 100 microg CpG-ODN or control ODN and the effects on the course of red blood cell (RBC) and reticulocyte counts, RBC turnover, and EPO-stimulated maturation of erythroid cells were analyzed. To study the effect of CpG-ODN on erythroid cell maturation in vitro, we obtained primary EPO-responsive cells by treating mice with thiamphenicol (15 mg/g body weight). RESULTS CpG-ODN-treated mice developed anemia, which persisted for 5 days and was associated with a 50% reduction in EPO-stimulated differentiation of EPOR+ cells to TER119+ erythroblasts. CpG-ODN-induced suppression required accessory cells, including antigen presenting cells, which activated other cells to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines. In vitro neutralization of IFN-gamma, but not IL-12, TNF-alpha, IFN-alpha, IL-1alpha, or IL-1beta, abrogated the erythropoietic suppression induced by CpG-ODN. The anemia observed in CpG-ODN-treated mice was also associated with reduced RBC survival in vivo, as demonstrated by a sevenfold to eightfold higher turnover of biotinylated RBC compared to control ODN-treated mice. In vivo IFN-gamma neutralization confirmed that IFN-gamma contributed to erythropoietic suppression but not reduced RBC survival. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results demonstrate that CpG-ODN anemia is associated with suppressed erythropoiesis and decreased RBC survival. Importantly, CpG-ODN-induced IFN-gamma was found to be the major factor mediating erythropoietic suppression but not decreased RBC survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeta Thawani
- Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Kim E, Na DG, Kim EY, Kim JH, Son KR, Chang KH. MR imaging of metronidazole-induced encephalopathy: lesion distribution and diffusion-weighted imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007; 28:1652-8. [PMID: 17885234 PMCID: PMC8134211 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a0655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE MR imaging features of metronidazole-induced encephalopathy (MIE) have not been fully established. This study was undertaken to determine the topographic distributions and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) findings of MIE. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively evaluated the initial MR images (n = 7), including DWI (n = 5), and follow-up MR images (n = 4) after drug discontinuation in 7 patents with clinically diagnosed MIE. The topographic distributions of lesions were evaluated on MR images, and DWI signal intensities and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of the lesions were assessed. RESULTS MR images demonstrated bilateral symmetric T2 hyperintense lesions in the cerebellar dentate nucleus (n = 7), midbrain (n = 7), dorsal pons (n = 6), medulla (n = 4), corpus callosum (n = 4), and cerebral white matter (n = 1). Brain stem lesions involved the following: tectum (n = 5), tegmentum (n = 4), red nucleus (n = 3) of the midbrain, vestibular nucleus (n = 6), and a focal tegmental lesion involving the superior olivary nucleus (n = 6) and abducens nucleus (n = 4) of the pons and vestibular nucleus (n = 4) and inferior olivary nucleus (n = 1) of the medulla. DWI (n = 5) showed isointensity or hyperintensity of lesions, and the decreased ADC value was found only in the corpus callosum lesions (n = 2). All detected lesions were completely reversible at follow-up except for the single corpus callosum lesion with an initial low ADC value. CONCLUSION Brain lesions were typically located at the cerebellar dentate nucleus, midbrain, dorsal pons, medulla, and splenium of the corpus callosum. According to DWI, most of the lesions in MIE probably corresponded to areas of vasogenic edema, whereas only some of them, located in the corpus callosum, corresponded to cytotoxic edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kim
- Department of Radiology and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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