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King CP, Chitre AS, Leal-Gutiérrez JD, Tripi JA, Hughson AR, Horvath AP, Lamparelli AC, George A, Martin C, Pierre CLS, Sanches T, Bimschleger HV, Gao J, Cheng R, Nguyen KM, Holl KL, Polesskaya O, Ishiwari K, Chen H, Woods LCS, Palmer AA, Robinson TE, Flagel SB, Meyer PJ. Genomic Loci Influencing Cue-Reactivity in Heterogeneous Stock Rats. bioRxiv 2024:2024.03.13.584852. [PMID: 38559127 PMCID: PMC10980002 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.13.584852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Addiction vulnerability is associated with the tendency to attribute incentive salience to reward predictive cues; both addiction and the attribution of incentive salience are influenced by environmental and genetic factors. To characterize the genetic contributions to incentive salience attribution, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in a cohort of 1,645 genetically diverse heterogeneous stock (HS) rats. We tested HS rats in a Pavlovian conditioned approach task, in which we characterized the individual responses to food-associated stimuli ("cues"). Rats exhibited either cue-directed "sign-tracking" behavior or food-cup directed "goal-tracking" behavior. We then used the conditioned reinforcement procedure to determine whether rats would perform a novel operant response for unrewarded presentations of the cue. We found that these measures were moderately heritable (SNP heritability, h2 = .189-.215). GWAS identified 14 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for 11 of the 12 traits we examined. Interval sizes of these QTLs varied widely. 7 traits shared a QTL on chromosome 1 that contained a few genes (e.g. Tenm4, Mir708) that have been associated with substance use disorders and other mental health traits in humans. Other candidate genes (e.g. Wnt11, Pak1) in this region had coding variants and expression-QTLs in mesocorticolimbic regions of the brain. We also conducted a Phenome-Wide Association Study (PheWAS) on other behavioral measures in HS rats and found that regions containing QTLs on chromosome 1 were also associated with nicotine self-administration in a separate cohort of HS rats. These results provide a starting point for the molecular genetic dissection of incentive salience and provide further support for a relationship between attribution of incentive salience and drug abuse-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P. King
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
- Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, Buffalo, USA
| | - Apurva S. Chitre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | | | - Jordan A. Tripi
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
| | - Alesa R. Hughson
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Aidan P. Horvath
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | | | - Anthony George
- Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, Buffalo, USA
| | - Connor Martin
- Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, Buffalo, USA
| | | | - Thiago Sanches
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | | | - Jianjun Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Riyan Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Khai-Minh Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Katie L. Holl
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Oksana Polesskaya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Keita Ishiwari
- Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, Buffalo, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science and Toxicology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, USA
| | - Leah C. Solberg Woods
- Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular Medicine, Center on Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, USA
| | - Abraham A. Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | | | - Shelly B. Flagel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Paul J. Meyer
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, USA
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Lara MK, Chitre AS, Chen D, Johnson BB, Nguyen KM, Cohen KA, Muckadam SA, Lin B, Ziegler S, Beeson A, Sanches T, Solberg Woods LC, Polesskaya O, Palmer AA, Mitchell SH. Genome-wide association study of delay discounting in Heterogenous Stock rats. bioRxiv 2023:2023.12.12.570851. [PMID: 38168347 PMCID: PMC10760013 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.12.570851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Delay discounting refers to the behavioral tendency to devalue rewards as a function of their delay in receipt. Heightened delay discounting has been associated with substance use disorders, as well as multiple co-occurring psychopathologies. Genetic studies in humans and animal models have established that delay discounting is a heritable trait, but only a few specific genes have been associated with delay discounting. Here, we aimed to identify novel genetic loci associated with delay discounting through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using Heterogenous Stock rats, a genetically diverse outbred population derived from eight inbred founder strains. We assessed delay discounting in 650 male and female rats using an adjusting amount procedure in which rats chose between smaller immediate sucrose rewards or a larger reward at variable delays. Preference switch points were calculated for each rat and both exponential and hyperbolic functions were fitted to these indifference points. Area under the curve (AUC) and the discounting parameter k of both functions were used as delay discounting measures. GWAS for AUC, exponential k, and indifference points for a short delay identified significant loci on chromosomes 20 and 14. The gene Slc35f1, which encodes a member of the solute carrier family of nucleoside sugar transporters, was the only gene within the chromosome 20 locus. That locus also contained an eQTL for Slc35f1, suggesting that heritable differences in the expression of that gene might be responsible for the association with behavior. The gene Adgrl3, which encodes a member of the latrophilin family of G-protein coupled receptors, was the only gene within the chromosome 14 locus. These findings implicate novel genes in delay discounting and highlight the need for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montana Kay Lara
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Apurva S. Chitre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Denghui Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Benjamin B. Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Khai-Minh Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Katarina A. Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sakina A. Muckadam
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Bonnie Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shae Ziegler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Angela Beeson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Thiago Sanches
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Leah C. Solberg Woods
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Oksana Polesskaya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Abraham A. Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Suzanne H. Mitchell
- Departments of Behavioral Neuroscience, Psychiatry, the Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239 USA
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