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Fustec B, Phanitchat T, Aromseree S, Pientong C, Thaewnongiew K, Ekalaksananan T, Cerqueira D, Poinsignon A, Elguero E, Bangs MJ, Alexander N, Overgaard HJ, Corbel V. Serological biomarker for assessing human exposure to Aedes mosquito bites during a randomized vector control intervention trial in northeastern Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009440. [PMID: 34043621 PMCID: PMC8189451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aedes mosquitoes are vectors for several major arboviruses of public health concern including dengue viruses. The relationships between Aedes infestation and disease transmission are complex wherein the epidemiological dynamics can be difficult to discern because of a lack of robust and sensitive indicators for predicting transmission risk. This study investigates the use of anti-Aedes saliva antibodies as a serological biomarker for Aedes mosquito bites to assess small scale variations in adult Aedes density and dengue virus (DENV) transmission risk in northeastern Thailand. Individual characteristics, behaviors/occupation and socio-demographics, climatic and epidemiological risk factors associated with human-mosquito exposure are also addressed. Methods The study was conducted within a randomized clustered control trial in Roi Et and Khon Kaen provinces over a consecutive 19 months period. Thirty-six (36) clusters were selected, each of ten houses. Serological and entomological surveys were conducted in all houses every four months and monthly in three sentinel households per cluster between September 2017 and April 2019 for blood spot collections and recording concurrent immature and adult Aedes indices. Additionally, the human exposure to Aedes mosquito bites (i.e., Mosquito Exposure Index or MEI) was estimated by ELISA measuring levels of human antibody response to the specific Nterm-34 kDa salivary antigen. The relationships between the MEI, vector infestation indices (adult and immature stages) and vector DENV infection were evaluated using a two-level (house and individual levels) mixed model analysis with one-month lag autoregressive correlation. Results There was a strong positive relationship between the MEI and adult Aedes (indoor and outdoor) density. Individuals from households with a medium mosquito density (mean difference: 0.091, p<0.001) and households with a high mosquito density (mean difference: 0.131, p<0.001) had higher MEI’s compared to individuals from households without Aedes. On a similar trend, individuals from households with a low, medium or high indoor Aedes densities (mean difference: 0.021, p<0.007, 0.053, p<0.0001 and 0.037, p<0.0001 for low, medium and high levels of infestation, respectively) had higher MEI than individuals from houses without indoor Aedes. The MEI was driven by individual characteristics, such as gender, age and occupation/behaviors, and varied according to climatic, seasonal factors and vector control intervention (p<0.05). Nevertheless, the study did not demonstrate a clear correlation between MEI and the presence of DENV-infected Aedes. Conclusion This study represents an important step toward the validation of the specific IgG response to the Aedes salivary peptide Nterm-34kDa as a proxy measure for Aedes infestation levels and human-mosquito exposure risk in a dengue endemic setting. The use of the IgG response to the Nterm-34 kDa peptide as a viable diagnostic tool for estimating dengue transmission requires further investigations and validation in other geographical and transmission settings. Aedes mosquitoes and the viruses they transmit are major public health concerns for over half of the global human population. However, the quantitative relationships between virus transmission and vector mosquito infestation remain unclear despite numerous indicators used to estimate transmission risk and predict dengue outbreaks. The aim of this study is to investigate the use of a salivary biomarker to assess the small-scale variation in human exposure to Aedes bites and the risk of dengue infection in the context of a vector control intervention in northeastern Thailand. A cohort of 539 persons visited every four months, including 161 individuals visited monthly, were recruited for routine serological and concurrent household entomological surveys during 19 consecutive months follow-up. Antibody response to Aedes bites was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to assess the mosquito exposure index (MEI) and association with the Aedes adult and immature abundance as well as the presence of dengue virus (DENV) in adult mosquitoes (transmission risk). Additionally, the individual (cohort), climatic, and vector control intervention risk factors associated with MEI are explored. This study demonstrates that the MEI was strongly related to household adult Aedes density, particularly indoors resting mosquitoes. Additionally, the MEI was influenced by individual characteristics (i.e., person age, gender, staying indoors), and varied according to seasons and intervention. Nonetheless, no clear relationship between MEI and dengue transmission risk (i.e., vector infection) was detected. This study demonstrated the potential usefulness of the MEI to assess heterogeneity in adult Aedes infestation indices that could assist public health authorities to rapidly identify mosquito “hot spots” and the timeliness of effective vector control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedicte Fustec
- Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (BF); (VC)
| | - Thipruethai Phanitchat
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok
| | - Sirinart Aromseree
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chamsai Pientong
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Dominique Cerqueira
- Public Health & Malaria Control, International SOS, Mimika, Papua, Indonesia
| | | | - Eric Elguero
- MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael J. Bangs
- Public Health & Malaria Control, International SOS, Mimika, Papua, Indonesia
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Neal Alexander
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vincent Corbel
- Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (BF); (VC)
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Le BCT, Ekalaksananan T, Thaewnongiew K, Phanthanawiboon S, Aromseree S, Phanitchat T, Chuerduangphui J, Suwannatrai AT, Alexander N, Overgaard HJ, Bangs MJ, Pientong C. Interepidemic Detection of Chikungunya Virus Infection and Transmission in Northeastern Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:1660-1669. [PMID: 32700661 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya fever is a viral mosquito-borne, acute febrile illness associated with rash, joint pain, and occasionally prolonged polyarthritis. Chikungunya outbreaks have been reported worldwide including many provinces of Thailand. Although chikungunya virus (CHIKV) occurs in Thailand, details on its epidemiology are lacking compared with dengue, a common mosquito-borne disease in the country. Therefore, study on CHIKV and its epidemiology in both humans and mosquitoes is required to better understand its importance clinically and dynamics in community settings. So a prospective examination of virus circulation in human and mosquito populations in northeastern Thailand using serological and molecular methods, including the genetic characterization of the virus, was undertaken. The study was conducted among febrile patients in eight district hospitals in northeastern Thailand from June 2016 to October 2017. Using real-time PCR on the conserved region of nonstructural protein 1 gene, CHIKV was detected in eight (4.9%) of 161 plasma samples. Only one strain yielded a sequence of sufficient size allowing for phylogenetic analysis. In addition, anti-CHIKV IgM and IgG were detected in six (3.7%) and 17 (10.6%) patient plasma samples. The single sequenced sample belonged to the East/Central/South Africa (ECSA) genotype and was phylogenetically similar to the Indian Ocean sub-lineage. Adult Aedes mosquitoes were collected indoors and within a 100-m radius from the index case house and four neighboring houses. CHIKV was detected in two of 70 (2.9%) female Aedes aegypti mosquito pools. This study clearly demonstrated the presence and local transmission of the ECSA genotype of CHIKV in the northeastern region of Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Chi Thi Le
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam.,Department of Microbiology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kesorn Thaewnongiew
- Department of Disease Control, Office of Disease Prevention and Control, Region 7 Khon Kaen Ministry of Public Health, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Sirinart Aromseree
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Microbiology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Thipruethai Phanitchat
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Neal Alexander
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hans J Overgaard
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Michael J Bangs
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.,Public Health & Malaria Control, PT Freeport Indonesia/International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Chamsai Pientong
- Department of Microbiology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Fustec B, Phanitchat T, Hoq MI, Aromseree S, Pientong C, Thaewnongiew K, Ekalaksananan T, Bangs MJ, Corbel V, Alexander N, Overgaard HJ. Complex relationships between Aedes vectors, socio-economics and dengue transmission-Lessons learned from a case-control study in northeastern Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008703. [PMID: 33001972 PMCID: PMC7553337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Dengue fever is an important public health concern in most tropical and subtropical countries, and its prevention and control rest on vector surveillance and control. However, many aspects of dengue epidemiology remain unclear; in particular, the relationship between Aedes vector abundance and dengue transmission risk. This study aims to identify entomological and immunological indices capable of discriminating between dengue case and control (non-case) houses, based on the assessment of candidate indices, as well as individual and household characteristics, as potential risk factors for acquiring dengue infection. METHODS This prospective, hospital-based, case-control study was conducted in northeastern Thailand between June 2016 and August 2019. Immature and adult stage Aedes were collected at the houses of case and control patients, recruited from district hospitals, and at patients' neighboring houses. Blood samples were tested by RDT and PCR to detect dengue cases, and were processed with the Nterm-34 kDa salivary peptide to measure the human immune response to Aedes bites. Socioeconomic status, and other individual and household characteristics were analyzed as potential risk factors for dengue. RESULTS Study findings showed complex relationships between entomological indices and dengue risk. The presence of DENV-infected Aedes at the patient house was associated with 4.2-fold higher odds of dengue. On the other hand, Aedes presence (irrespective of infectious status) in the patient's house was negatively associated with dengue. In addition, the human immune response to Aedes bites, was higher in control than in case patients and Aedes adult abundance and immature indices were higher in control than in case houses at the household and the neighboring level. Multivariable analysis showed that children aged 10-14 years old and those aged 15-25 years old had respectively 4.5-fold and 2.9-fold higher odds of dengue infection than those older than 25 years. CONCLUSION DENV infection in female Aedes at the house level was positively associated with dengue infection, while adult Aedes presence in the household was negatively associated. This study highlights the potential benefit of monitoring dengue viruses in Aedes vectors. Our findings suggest that monitoring the presence of DENV-infected Aedes mosquitoes could be a better indicator of dengue risk than the traditional immature entomological indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedicte Fustec
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Montpellier, France
| | - Thipruethai Phanitchat
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mohammad Injamul Hoq
- School of Public Health, Epidemiology and Social Medicine at the Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sirinart Aromseree
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chamsai Pientong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Michael J. Bangs
- Public Health & Malaria Control, PT Freeport Indonesia/International SOS, Mimika, Papua, Indonesia
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vincent Corbel
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Montpellier, France
| | - Neal Alexander
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Phanitchat T, Apiwathnasorn C, Sungvornyothin S, Samung Y, Dujardin S, Dujardin JP, Sumruayphol S. Geometric morphometric analysis of the effect of temperature on wing size and shape in Aedes albopictus. Med Vet Entomol 2019; 33:476-484. [PMID: 31125148 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wing geometry helps to identify mosquito species, even cryptic ones. On the other hand, temperature has a well-known effect on insect metric properties. Can such effects blur the taxonomic signal embedded in the wing? Two strains of Aedes albopictus (laboratory and field strain) were examined under three different rearing temperatures (26, 30 and 33 °C) using landmark- and outline-based morphometric approaches. The wings of each experimental line were compared with Aedes aegypti. Both approaches indicated similar associations between wing size and temperature. For the laboratory strain, the wing size significantly decreased as the temperature increased. For the field strain, the largest wings were observed at the intermediate temperature. The two morphometric approaches describing shape showed different sensibilities to temperature. For both strains and sexes, the landmark-based approach disclosed significant wing shape changes with temperature changes. The outline-based approach showed lesser effects, detecting significant changes only in laboratory females and in field males. Despite the size and shape changes induced by temperature, the two strains of Ae. albopictus were always distinguished from Ae. aegypti. The present study confirms the lability of size. However, it also suggests that, despite environmentally-induced variation, the architecture of the wing still provides a strong taxonomic signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Phanitchat
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - C Apiwathnasorn
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - S Sungvornyothin
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Y Samung
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - S Dujardin
- IRD, UMR INTERTRYP IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - J-P Dujardin
- IRD, UMR INTERTRYP IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - S Sumruayphol
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Le T, Ekalaksananan T, Overgaard H, Thaewnongiew K, Aromseree S, Phanitchat T, Phanthanawiboon S, Pientong C. Association of acute febrile illness with Chikungunya infection in Northeastern Thailand. Int J Infect Dis 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.11.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Nonyong P, Pientong C, Overgaard H, Thaewnongiew K, Aromseree S, Phanitchat T, Phanthanawiboon S, Ekalaksananan T. Correlation between dengue virus serotypes in dengue patients and in mosquitoes at patients’ houses and surrounding in Northeastern Thailand. Int J Infect Dis 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.11.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Overgaard HJ, Pientong C, Thaewnongiew K, Bangs MJ, Ekalaksananan T, Aromseree S, Phanitchat T, Phanthanawiboon S, Fustec B, Corbel V, Cerqueira D, Alexander N. Correction to: Assessing dengue transmission risk and a vector control intervention using entomological and immunological indices in Thailand: study protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018; 19:703. [PMID: 30583732 PMCID: PMC6304772 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-3110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chamsai Pientong
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Michael J Bangs
- PT Freeport Indonesia/International SOS Indonesia, Kuala Kencana, Indonesia.,Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sirinart Aromseree
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Supranee Phanthanawiboon
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Benedicte Fustec
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Corbel
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC, UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), Montpellier, France
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Overgaard HJ, Pientong C, Thaewnongiew K, Bangs MJ, Ekalaksananan T, Aromseree S, Phanitchat T, Phanthanawiboon S, Fustec B, Corbel V, Cerqueira D, Alexander N. Assessing dengue transmission risk and a vector control intervention using entomological and immunological indices in Thailand: study protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018; 19:122. [PMID: 29458406 PMCID: PMC5819278 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2490-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue fever is the most common and widespread mosquito-borne arboviral disease in the world. There is a compelling need for cost-effective approaches and practical tools that can reliably measure real-time dengue transmission dynamics that enable more accurate and useful predictions of incidence and outbreaks. Sensitive surveillance tools do not exist today, and only a small handful of new control strategies are available. Vector control remains at the forefront for combating dengue transmission. However, the effectiveness of many current vector control interventions is fraught with inherent weaknesses. No single vector control method is effective enough to control both vector populations and disease transmission. Evaluations of novel larval and adult control interventions are needed. Methods/design A cluster-randomized controlled trial will be carried out between 2017 and 2019 in urban community clusters in Khon Kaen and Roi Et cities, northeastern Thailand. The effectiveness of a pyriproxyfen/spinosad combination treatment of permanent water storage containers will be evaluated on epidemiological and entomological outcomes, including dengue incidence, number of female adult dengue vectors infected or not infected with dengue virus (DENV), human exposure to Aedes mosquito bites, and several other indices. These indices will also be used to develop predictive models for dengue transmission and impending outbreaks. Epidemiological and entomological data will be collected continuously for 2 years, with the intervention implemented after 1 year. Discussion The aims of the trial are to simultaneously evaluate the efficacy of an innovative dengue vector control intervention and developing predictive dengue models. Assessment of human exposure to mosquito bites by detecting antibodies generated against Aedes saliva proteins in human blood samples has, so far, not been applied in dengue epidemiological risk assessment and disease surveillance methodologies. Likewise, DENV detection in mosquitoes (adult and immature stages) has not been used in any practical way for routine disease surveillance strategies. The integration of multiple outcome measures will assist health authorities to better predict outbreaks for planning and applying focal and timely interventions. The trial outcomes will not only be important for Thailand, but also for the entire Southeast Asian region and further afield. Trial registration ISRCTN, ISRCTN73606171. Registered on 23 June 2017. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-018-2490-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chamsai Pientong
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Michael J Bangs
- PT Freeport Indonesia/International SOS Indonesia, Kuala Kencana, Indonesia.,Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sirinart Aromseree
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Supranee Phanthanawiboon
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Benedicte Fustec
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Corbel
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC, UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), Montpellier, France
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