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N'Guessan R, Assi SB, Koffi A, Ahoua Alou PL, Mian A, Achee NL, Fustec B, Grieco JP, Liu F, Kumar S, Noffsinger M, Hudson A, Möhlmann TWR, Farenhorst M. EaveTubes for control of vector-borne diseases in Côte d'Ivoire: study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials 2023; 24:704. [PMID: 37919815 PMCID: PMC10621221 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07639-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vector control tools, long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), have significantly contributed to malaria prevention efforts in sub-Saharan Africa. However, insecticide resistance has seriously hampered their efficacy in recent years and new tools are essential to further progress. In2Care® EaveTubes (ETs) are an inexpensive, new resistance-breaking vector control product under World Health Organization (WHO) evaluation informed by mosquito ecology to efficiently target malaria vectors. By installing ETs in the walls of the house at the eave level that funnel the natural airflow, mosquitoes are drawn in by the same heat and odor cues that typically attract them through open eaves. Once inside an ET, mosquitoes are exposed to insecticide-treated netting placed inside the ET. The aim of this study is to test whether ETs as stand-alone tool have an effect on the epidemiology of malaria in villages where houses have been modified with the ET intervention. METHODS A two-armed, cluster randomized controlled trial will be conducted to evaluate the effect of ETs on clinical malaria incidence in children living in Côte d'Ivoire. Thirty-four villages will be selected based on population size and the proportion of houses suitable for modification with ETs (17 treatment arms (ETs + LLINs, 17 control arms (LLINs only)). Based on the population census, 55 households per cluster with eligible children (i.e., between the ages of 6 months to 8 years old at the start of the study) will be randomly selected for recruitment into the active detection cohorts. In the treatment arm, we will enroll eligible children who reside in ET-treated houses. The intervention and control cohorts will be followed for 4 months for baseline covariate measurements and 24 months with intervention. During case detection visits, blood samples will be taken from all febrile children and tested for malaria infection with rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). All positive clinical malaria infections will be treated. To estimate the impact of the ET on malaria vector densities, entomological measurements (indoor sampling with CDC traps) will be conducted monthly in 20 clusters (10 ET, 10 Control) in 10 randomly selected households per cluster. To estimate the infectiousness of malaria vectors, sporozoite rates will be measured in subsets of the collected mosquito samples. DISCUSSION Findings will serve as an efficacy trial of ETs and will be submitted to the WHO Vector Control Advisory Group (VCAG) for assessment of public health value. Entomological outcomes will also be measured as proxies of malaria transmission to help develop guidelines for the evaluation of future In2Care® ETs products. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05736679. Registered on 10 February 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael N'Guessan
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre/Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Serge-Brice Assi
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre/Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Alphonsine Koffi
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre/Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Anatole Mian
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre/Institut Pierre Richet, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | | | | | - Fang Liu
- University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Keough School of Global Affairs, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Fustec B, Phanitchat T, Aromseree S, Pientong C, Thaewnongiew K, Ekalaksananan T, Cerqueira D, Poinsignon A, Elguero E, Bangs MJ, Alexander N, Overgaard HJ, Corbel V. Serological biomarker for assessing human exposure to Aedes mosquito bites during a randomized vector control intervention trial in northeastern Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009440. [PMID: 34043621 PMCID: PMC8189451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aedes mosquitoes are vectors for several major arboviruses of public health concern including dengue viruses. The relationships between Aedes infestation and disease transmission are complex wherein the epidemiological dynamics can be difficult to discern because of a lack of robust and sensitive indicators for predicting transmission risk. This study investigates the use of anti-Aedes saliva antibodies as a serological biomarker for Aedes mosquito bites to assess small scale variations in adult Aedes density and dengue virus (DENV) transmission risk in northeastern Thailand. Individual characteristics, behaviors/occupation and socio-demographics, climatic and epidemiological risk factors associated with human-mosquito exposure are also addressed. Methods The study was conducted within a randomized clustered control trial in Roi Et and Khon Kaen provinces over a consecutive 19 months period. Thirty-six (36) clusters were selected, each of ten houses. Serological and entomological surveys were conducted in all houses every four months and monthly in three sentinel households per cluster between September 2017 and April 2019 for blood spot collections and recording concurrent immature and adult Aedes indices. Additionally, the human exposure to Aedes mosquito bites (i.e., Mosquito Exposure Index or MEI) was estimated by ELISA measuring levels of human antibody response to the specific Nterm-34 kDa salivary antigen. The relationships between the MEI, vector infestation indices (adult and immature stages) and vector DENV infection were evaluated using a two-level (house and individual levels) mixed model analysis with one-month lag autoregressive correlation. Results There was a strong positive relationship between the MEI and adult Aedes (indoor and outdoor) density. Individuals from households with a medium mosquito density (mean difference: 0.091, p<0.001) and households with a high mosquito density (mean difference: 0.131, p<0.001) had higher MEI’s compared to individuals from households without Aedes. On a similar trend, individuals from households with a low, medium or high indoor Aedes densities (mean difference: 0.021, p<0.007, 0.053, p<0.0001 and 0.037, p<0.0001 for low, medium and high levels of infestation, respectively) had higher MEI than individuals from houses without indoor Aedes. The MEI was driven by individual characteristics, such as gender, age and occupation/behaviors, and varied according to climatic, seasonal factors and vector control intervention (p<0.05). Nevertheless, the study did not demonstrate a clear correlation between MEI and the presence of DENV-infected Aedes. Conclusion This study represents an important step toward the validation of the specific IgG response to the Aedes salivary peptide Nterm-34kDa as a proxy measure for Aedes infestation levels and human-mosquito exposure risk in a dengue endemic setting. The use of the IgG response to the Nterm-34 kDa peptide as a viable diagnostic tool for estimating dengue transmission requires further investigations and validation in other geographical and transmission settings. Aedes mosquitoes and the viruses they transmit are major public health concerns for over half of the global human population. However, the quantitative relationships between virus transmission and vector mosquito infestation remain unclear despite numerous indicators used to estimate transmission risk and predict dengue outbreaks. The aim of this study is to investigate the use of a salivary biomarker to assess the small-scale variation in human exposure to Aedes bites and the risk of dengue infection in the context of a vector control intervention in northeastern Thailand. A cohort of 539 persons visited every four months, including 161 individuals visited monthly, were recruited for routine serological and concurrent household entomological surveys during 19 consecutive months follow-up. Antibody response to Aedes bites was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to assess the mosquito exposure index (MEI) and association with the Aedes adult and immature abundance as well as the presence of dengue virus (DENV) in adult mosquitoes (transmission risk). Additionally, the individual (cohort), climatic, and vector control intervention risk factors associated with MEI are explored. This study demonstrates that the MEI was strongly related to household adult Aedes density, particularly indoors resting mosquitoes. Additionally, the MEI was influenced by individual characteristics (i.e., person age, gender, staying indoors), and varied according to seasons and intervention. Nonetheless, no clear relationship between MEI and dengue transmission risk (i.e., vector infection) was detected. This study demonstrated the potential usefulness of the MEI to assess heterogeneity in adult Aedes infestation indices that could assist public health authorities to rapidly identify mosquito “hot spots” and the timeliness of effective vector control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedicte Fustec
- Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (BF); (VC)
| | - Thipruethai Phanitchat
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok
| | - Sirinart Aromseree
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chamsai Pientong
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Dominique Cerqueira
- Public Health & Malaria Control, International SOS, Mimika, Papua, Indonesia
| | | | - Eric Elguero
- MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael J. Bangs
- Public Health & Malaria Control, International SOS, Mimika, Papua, Indonesia
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Neal Alexander
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vincent Corbel
- Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (BF); (VC)
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Fustec B, Phanitchat T, Hoq MI, Aromseree S, Pientong C, Thaewnongiew K, Ekalaksananan T, Bangs MJ, Corbel V, Alexander N, Overgaard HJ. Complex relationships between Aedes vectors, socio-economics and dengue transmission-Lessons learned from a case-control study in northeastern Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008703. [PMID: 33001972 PMCID: PMC7553337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Dengue fever is an important public health concern in most tropical and subtropical countries, and its prevention and control rest on vector surveillance and control. However, many aspects of dengue epidemiology remain unclear; in particular, the relationship between Aedes vector abundance and dengue transmission risk. This study aims to identify entomological and immunological indices capable of discriminating between dengue case and control (non-case) houses, based on the assessment of candidate indices, as well as individual and household characteristics, as potential risk factors for acquiring dengue infection. METHODS This prospective, hospital-based, case-control study was conducted in northeastern Thailand between June 2016 and August 2019. Immature and adult stage Aedes were collected at the houses of case and control patients, recruited from district hospitals, and at patients' neighboring houses. Blood samples were tested by RDT and PCR to detect dengue cases, and were processed with the Nterm-34 kDa salivary peptide to measure the human immune response to Aedes bites. Socioeconomic status, and other individual and household characteristics were analyzed as potential risk factors for dengue. RESULTS Study findings showed complex relationships between entomological indices and dengue risk. The presence of DENV-infected Aedes at the patient house was associated with 4.2-fold higher odds of dengue. On the other hand, Aedes presence (irrespective of infectious status) in the patient's house was negatively associated with dengue. In addition, the human immune response to Aedes bites, was higher in control than in case patients and Aedes adult abundance and immature indices were higher in control than in case houses at the household and the neighboring level. Multivariable analysis showed that children aged 10-14 years old and those aged 15-25 years old had respectively 4.5-fold and 2.9-fold higher odds of dengue infection than those older than 25 years. CONCLUSION DENV infection in female Aedes at the house level was positively associated with dengue infection, while adult Aedes presence in the household was negatively associated. This study highlights the potential benefit of monitoring dengue viruses in Aedes vectors. Our findings suggest that monitoring the presence of DENV-infected Aedes mosquitoes could be a better indicator of dengue risk than the traditional immature entomological indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedicte Fustec
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Montpellier, France
| | - Thipruethai Phanitchat
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mohammad Injamul Hoq
- School of Public Health, Epidemiology and Social Medicine at the Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sirinart Aromseree
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chamsai Pientong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Michael J. Bangs
- Public Health & Malaria Control, PT Freeport Indonesia/International SOS, Mimika, Papua, Indonesia
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vincent Corbel
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Montpellier, France
| | - Neal Alexander
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Overgaard HJ, Pientong C, Thaewnongiew K, Bangs MJ, Ekalaksananan T, Aromseree S, Phanitchat T, Phanthanawiboon S, Fustec B, Corbel V, Cerqueira D, Alexander N. Correction to: Assessing dengue transmission risk and a vector control intervention using entomological and immunological indices in Thailand: study protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018; 19:703. [PMID: 30583732 PMCID: PMC6304772 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-3110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chamsai Pientong
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Michael J Bangs
- PT Freeport Indonesia/International SOS Indonesia, Kuala Kencana, Indonesia.,Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sirinart Aromseree
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Supranee Phanthanawiboon
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Benedicte Fustec
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Corbel
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC, UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), Montpellier, France
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Sumarnrote A, Corbel V, Overgaard HJ, Celhay O, Marasri N, Fustec B, Thanispong K, Chareonviriyaphap T. Plasmodium Infections in Anopheles Mosquitoes in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Northeastern Thailand During a Malaria Outbreak. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2018; 34:11-17. [PMID: 31442122 DOI: 10.2987/17-6715.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented malaria outbreak occurred in Ubon Ratchathani Province, northeastern Thailand, in 2014. The province showed the highest number of malaria cases of all Thai provinces. Five entomological surveys were conducted at 8 sentinel sites from September 2013 to September 2015 to address the role of different Anopheles species in malaria transmission. Mosquito collections were conducted using human landing catches and cow bait. A total of 10,369 Anopheles mosquitoes were collected and 2,240 were morphologically identified as potential malaria vectors, including An. dirus (n = 78), An. minimus (n = 18), An. sawadwongporni (n = 4), An. barbirostris s.l. (n = 819), An. philippinensis (n = 612), An. nivipes (n = 676), An. annularis (n = 42), An. aconitus (n = 7), and An. rampae (n = 142). Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to screen for the presence of Plasmodium spp. in salivary glands. The proportion of primary vectors of surveyed villages was very low (<1%), and no Plasmodium-infected specimens were detected among in the 2,240 Anopheles mosquitoes tested. The absence of positive Plasmodium samples during malaria outbreaks suggests that malaria transmission most likely occurred outside the villages, particularly in the deep-forested hilly areas that provided suitable habitats for competent malaria vectors. These results emphasize the need to develop vector control related to village community activities to reduce malaria transmission along Thailand border areas.
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Overgaard HJ, Pientong C, Thaewnongiew K, Bangs MJ, Ekalaksananan T, Aromseree S, Phanitchat T, Phanthanawiboon S, Fustec B, Corbel V, Cerqueira D, Alexander N. Assessing dengue transmission risk and a vector control intervention using entomological and immunological indices in Thailand: study protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018; 19:122. [PMID: 29458406 PMCID: PMC5819278 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2490-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue fever is the most common and widespread mosquito-borne arboviral disease in the world. There is a compelling need for cost-effective approaches and practical tools that can reliably measure real-time dengue transmission dynamics that enable more accurate and useful predictions of incidence and outbreaks. Sensitive surveillance tools do not exist today, and only a small handful of new control strategies are available. Vector control remains at the forefront for combating dengue transmission. However, the effectiveness of many current vector control interventions is fraught with inherent weaknesses. No single vector control method is effective enough to control both vector populations and disease transmission. Evaluations of novel larval and adult control interventions are needed. Methods/design A cluster-randomized controlled trial will be carried out between 2017 and 2019 in urban community clusters in Khon Kaen and Roi Et cities, northeastern Thailand. The effectiveness of a pyriproxyfen/spinosad combination treatment of permanent water storage containers will be evaluated on epidemiological and entomological outcomes, including dengue incidence, number of female adult dengue vectors infected or not infected with dengue virus (DENV), human exposure to Aedes mosquito bites, and several other indices. These indices will also be used to develop predictive models for dengue transmission and impending outbreaks. Epidemiological and entomological data will be collected continuously for 2 years, with the intervention implemented after 1 year. Discussion The aims of the trial are to simultaneously evaluate the efficacy of an innovative dengue vector control intervention and developing predictive dengue models. Assessment of human exposure to mosquito bites by detecting antibodies generated against Aedes saliva proteins in human blood samples has, so far, not been applied in dengue epidemiological risk assessment and disease surveillance methodologies. Likewise, DENV detection in mosquitoes (adult and immature stages) has not been used in any practical way for routine disease surveillance strategies. The integration of multiple outcome measures will assist health authorities to better predict outbreaks for planning and applying focal and timely interventions. The trial outcomes will not only be important for Thailand, but also for the entire Southeast Asian region and further afield. Trial registration ISRCTN, ISRCTN73606171. Registered on 23 June 2017. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-018-2490-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chamsai Pientong
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Michael J Bangs
- PT Freeport Indonesia/International SOS Indonesia, Kuala Kencana, Indonesia.,Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sirinart Aromseree
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Supranee Phanthanawiboon
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Benedicte Fustec
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Corbel
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC, UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), Montpellier, France
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Chaumeau V, Andolina C, Fustec B, Tuikue Ndam N, Brengues C, Herder S, Cerqueira D, Chareonviriyaphap T, Nosten F, Corbel V. Comparison of the Performances of Five Primer Sets for the Detection and Quantification of Plasmodium in Anopheline Vectors by Real-Time PCR. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159160. [PMID: 27441839 PMCID: PMC4956213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qrtPCR) has made a significant improvement for the detection of Plasmodium in anopheline vectors. A wide variety of primers has been used in different assays, mostly adapted from molecular diagnosis of malaria in human. However, such an adaptation can impact the sensitivity of the PCR. Therefore we compared the sensitivity of five primer sets with different molecular targets on blood stages, sporozoites and oocysts standards of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) and P. vivax (Pv). Dilution series of standard DNA were used to discriminate between methods at low concentrations of parasite and to generate standard curves suitable for the absolute quantification of Plasmodium sporozoites. Our results showed that the best primers to detect blood stages were not necessarily the best ones to detect sporozoites. Absolute detection threshold of our qrtPCR assay varied between 3.6 and 360 Pv sporozoites and between 6 and 600 Pf sporozoites per mosquito according to the primer set used in the reaction mix. In this paper, we discuss the general performance of each primer set and highlight the need to use efficient detection methods for transmission studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Chaumeau
- Centre hospitalier universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
- Centre for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Institute of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail: (V. Chaumeau); (V. Corbel)
| | - C. Andolina
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - B. Fustec
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
- Centre for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Institute of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - N. Tuikue Ndam
- Institut de Recherche pour le développement, UMR216, Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, Paris, France
- Communauté d’Universités et d’Etablissements Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France
| | - C. Brengues
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - S. Herder
- UMR Intertryp, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - D. Cerqueira
- Centre for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Institute of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - T. Chareonviriyaphap
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - F. Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - V. Corbel
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
- Centre for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Institute of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail: (V. Chaumeau); (V. Corbel)
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