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Strong LM, Chang C, Riley JF, Boecker CA, Flower TG, Buffalo CZ, Ren X, Stavoe AK, Holzbaur EL, Hurley JH. Structural basis for membrane recruitment of ATG16L1 by WIPI2 in autophagy. eLife 2021; 10:70372. [PMID: 34505572 PMCID: PMC8455133 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular process that degrades cytoplasmic cargo by engulfing it in a double-membrane vesicle, known as the autophagosome, and delivering it to the lysosome. The ATG12-5-16L1 complex is responsible for conjugating members of the ubiquitin-like ATG8 protein family to phosphatidylethanolamine in the growing autophagosomal membrane, known as the phagophore. ATG12-5-16L1 is recruited to the phagophore by a subset of the phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate-binding seven-bladedß -propeller WIPI proteins. We determined the crystal structure of WIPI2d in complex with the WIPI2 interacting region (W2IR) of ATG16L1 comprising residues 207-230 at 1.85 Å resolution. The structure shows that the ATG16L1 W2IR adopts an alpha helical conformation and binds in an electropositive and hydrophobic groove between WIPI2 ß-propeller blades 2 and 3. Mutation of residues at the interface reduces or blocks the recruitment of ATG12-5-16 L1 and the conjugation of the ATG8 protein LC3B to synthetic membranes. Interface mutants show a decrease in starvation-induced autophagy. Comparisons across the four human WIPIs suggest that WIPI1 and 2 belong to a W2IR-binding subclass responsible for localizing ATG12-5-16 L1 and driving ATG8 lipidation, whilst WIPI3 and 4 belong to a second W34IR-binding subclass responsible for localizing ATG2, and so directing lipid supply to the nascent phagophore. The structure provides a framework for understanding the regulatory node connecting two central events in autophagy initiation, the action of the autophagic PI 3-kinase complex on the one hand and ATG8 lipidation on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Strong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, United States
| | - Chunmei Chang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, United States
| | - Julia F Riley
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States
| | - C Alexander Boecker
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Thomas G Flower
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Cosmo Z Buffalo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Xuefeng Ren
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Andrea Kh Stavoe
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, United States
| | - Erika Lf Holzbaur
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States
| | - James H Hurley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, United States
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Flower TG, Hurley JH. Crystallographic molecular replacement using an in silico-generated search model of SARS-CoV-2 ORF8. Protein Sci 2021; 30:728-734. [PMID: 33625752 PMCID: PMC7980513 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The majority of crystal structures are determined by the method of molecular replacement (MR). The range of application of MR is limited mainly by the need for an accurate search model. In most cases, pre-existing experimentally determined structures are used as search models. In favorable cases, ab initio predicted structures have yielded search models adequate for MR. The ORF8 protein of SARS-CoV-2 represents a challenging case for MR using an ab initio prediction because ORF8 has an all β-sheet fold and few orthologs. We previously determined experimentally the structure of ORF8 using the single anomalous dispersion (SAD) phasing method, having been unable to find an MR solution to the crystallographic phase problem. Following a report of an accurate prediction of the ORF8 structure, we assessed whether the predicted model would have succeeded as an MR search model. A phase problem solution was found, and the resulting structure was refined, yielding structural parameters equivalent to the original experimental solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Flower
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative BiosciencesUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | - James H. Hurley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative BiosciencesUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
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3
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Flower TG, Hurley JH. Crystallographic molecular replacement using an in silico-generated search model of SARS-CoV-2 ORF8. bioRxiv 2021:2021.01.05.425441. [PMID: 33442695 PMCID: PMC7805452 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.05.425441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The majority of crystal structures are determined by the method of molecular replacement (MR). The range of application of MR is limited mainly by the need for an accurate search model. In most cases, pre-existing experimentally determined structures are used as search models. In favorable cases, ab initio predicted structures have yielded search models adequate for molecular replacement. The ORF8 protein of SARS-CoV-2 represents a challenging case for MR using an ab initio prediction because ORF8 has an all β-sheet fold and few orthologs. We previously determined experimentally the structure of ORF8 using the single anomalous dispersion (SAD) phasing method, having been unable to find an MR solution to the crystallographic phase problem. Following a report of an accurate prediction of the ORF8 structure, we assessed whether the predicted model would have succeeded as an MR search model. A phase problem solution was found, and the resulting structure was refined, yielding structural parameters equivalent to the original experimental solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Flower
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - James H. Hurley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
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Flower TG, Buffalo CZ, Hooy RM, Allaire M, Ren X, Hurley JH. Structure of SARS-CoV-2 ORF8, a rapidly evolving coronavirus protein implicated in immune evasion. bioRxiv 2020:2020.08.27.270637. [PMID: 32869027 PMCID: PMC7457612 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.27.270637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The molecular basis for the severity and rapid spread of the COVID-19 disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 is largely unknown. ORF8 is a rapidly evolving accessory protein that has been proposed to interfere with immune responses. The crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 was determined at 2.04 Å resolution by x-ray crystallography. The structure reveals a ~60 residue core similar to SARS-CoV ORF7a with the addition of two dimerization interfaces unique to SARS-CoV-2 ORF8. A covalent disulfide-linked dimer is formed through an N-terminal sequence specific to SARS-CoV-2, while a separate non-covalent interface is formed by another SARS-CoV-2-specific sequence, 73 YIDI 76 . Together the presence of these interfaces shows how SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 can form unique large-scale assemblies not possible for SARS-CoV, potentially mediating unique immune suppression and evasion activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Flower
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Cosmo Z Buffalo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Richard M Hooy
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Marc Allaire
- Molecular Biophysics & Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Xuefeng Ren
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - James H Hurley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Molecular Biophysics & Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
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Flower TG, Takahashi Y, Hudait A, Rose K, Tjahjono N, Pak AJ, Yokom AL, Liang X, Wang HG, Bouamr F, Voth GA, Hurley JH. A helical assembly of human ESCRT-I scaffolds reverse-topology membrane scission. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2020; 27:570-580. [PMID: 32424346 PMCID: PMC7339825 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-020-0426-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The ESCRT complexes drive membrane scission in HIV-1 release, autophagosome closure, MVB biogenesis, cytokinesis, and other cell processes. ESCRT-I is the most upstream complex and bridges the system to HIV-1 Gag in virus release. The crystal structure of the headpiece of human ESCRT-I comprising TSG101–VPS28–VPS37B–MVB12A was determined, revealing an ESCRT-I helical assembly with a 12 molecule repeat. Electron microscopy confirmed that ESCRT-I subcomplexes form helical filaments in solution. Mutation of VPS28 helical interface residues blocks filament formation in vitro and autophagosome closure and HIV-1 release in human cells. Coarse grained simulations of ESCRT assembly at HIV-1 budding sites suggest that formation of a 12-membered ring of ESCRT-I molecules is a geometry-dependent checkpoint during late stages of Gag assembly and HIV-1 budding, and templates ESCRT-III assembly for membrane scission. These data show that ESCRT-I is not merely a bridging adaptor, but has an essential scaffolding and mechanical role in its own right. Further information on experimental design is available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Flower
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yoshinori Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Arpa Hudait
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kevin Rose
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Tjahjono
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Alexander J Pak
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Adam L Yokom
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xinwen Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Hong-Gang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Fadila Bouamr
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gregory A Voth
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James H Hurley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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von Morgen P, Burdova K, Flower TG, O'Reilly NJ, Boulton SJ, Smerdon SJ, Macurek L, Hořejší Z. MRE11 stability is regulated by CK2-dependent interaction with R2TP complex. Oncogene 2017; 36:4943-4950. [PMID: 28436950 PMCID: PMC5531254 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The MRN (MRE11-RAD50-NBS1) complex is essential for repair of DNA double-strand breaks and stalled replication forks. Mutations of the MRN complex subunit MRE11 cause the hereditary cancer-susceptibility disease ataxia-telangiectasia-like disorder (ATLD). Here we show that MRE11 directly interacts with PIH1D1, a subunit of heat-shock protein 90 cochaperone R2TP complex, which is required for the assembly of large protein complexes, such as RNA polymerase II, small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1. The MRE11-PIH1D1 interaction is dependent on casein kinase 2 (CK2) phosphorylation of two acidic sequences within the MRE11 C terminus containing serines 558/561 and 688/689. Conversely, the PIH1D1 phospho-binding domain PIH-N is required for association with MRE11 phosphorylated by CK2. Consistent with these findings, depletion of PIH1D1 resulted in MRE11 destabilization and affected DNA-damage repair processes dependent on MRE11. Additionally, mutations of serines 688/689, which abolish PIH1D1 binding, also resulted in decreased MRE11 stability. As depletion of R2TP frequently leads to instability of its substrates and as truncation mutation of MRE11 lacking serines 688/689 leads to decreased levels of the MRN complex both in ATLD patients and an ATLD mouse model, our results suggest that the MRN complex is a novel R2TP complex substrate and that their interaction is regulated by CK2 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P von Morgen
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - K Burdova
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - T G Flower
- Structural Biology of DNA-damage Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London,UK
| | - N J O'Reilly
- Peptide Chemistry, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - S J Boulton
- DSB Repair Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - S J Smerdon
- Structural Biology of DNA-damage Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London,UK
| | - L Macurek
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Z Hořejší
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
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Hořejší Z, Stach L, Flower TG, Joshi D, Flynn H, Skehel JM, O'Reilly NJ, Ogrodowicz RW, Smerdon SJ, Boulton SJ. Phosphorylation-dependent PIH1D1 interactions define substrate specificity of the R2TP cochaperone complex. Cell Rep 2014; 7:19-26. [PMID: 24656813 PMCID: PMC3989777 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The R2TP cochaperone complex plays a critical role in the assembly of multisubunit machines, including small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins (snoRNPs), RNA polymerase II, and the mTORC1 and SMG1 kinase complexes, but the molecular basis of substrate recognition remains unclear. Here, we describe a phosphopeptide binding domain (PIH-N) in the PIH1D1 subunit of the R2TP complex that preferentially binds to highly acidic phosphorylated proteins. A cocrystal structure of a PIH-N domain/TEL2 phosphopeptide complex reveals a highly specific phosphopeptide recognition mechanism in which Lys57 and 64 in PIH1D1, along with a conserved DpSDD phosphopeptide motif within TEL2, are essential and sufficient for binding. Proteomic analysis of PIH1D1 interactors identified R2TP complex substrates that are recruited by the PIH-N domain in a sequence-specific and phosphorylation-dependent manner suggestive of a common mechanism of substrate recognition. We propose that protein complexes assembled by the R2TP complex are defined by phosphorylation of a specific motif and recognition by the PIH1D1 subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Hořejší
- DNA Damage Response Laboratory, London Research Institute, Clare Hall, South Mimms EN6 3LD, UK
| | - Lasse Stach
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Division of Molecular Structure, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Thomas G Flower
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Division of Molecular Structure, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Dhira Joshi
- Peptide Chemistry, London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Helen Flynn
- DNA Damage Response Laboratory, London Research Institute, Clare Hall, South Mimms EN6 3LD, UK
| | - J Mark Skehel
- DNA Damage Response Laboratory, London Research Institute, Clare Hall, South Mimms EN6 3LD, UK; Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Nicola J O'Reilly
- DNA Damage Response Laboratory, London Research Institute, Clare Hall, South Mimms EN6 3LD, UK
| | - Roksana W Ogrodowicz
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Division of Molecular Structure, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Stephen J Smerdon
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Division of Molecular Structure, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.
| | - Simon J Boulton
- DNA Damage Response Laboratory, London Research Institute, Clare Hall, South Mimms EN6 3LD, UK.
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Goldstone DC, Flower TG, Ball NJ, Sanz-Ramos M, Yap MW, Ogrodowicz RW, Stanke N, Reh J, Lindemann D, Stoye JP. Characterisation of a spumavirus Gag protein. Retrovirology 2013. [PMCID: PMC3847937 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-s1-p3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Goldstone DC, Flower TG, Ball NJ, Sanz-Ramos M, Yap MW, Ogrodowicz RW, Stanke N, Reh J, Lindemann D, Stoye JP, Taylor IA. A unique spumavirus Gag N-terminal domain with functional properties of orthoretroviral matrix and capsid. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003376. [PMID: 23675305 PMCID: PMC3649970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Spumaretrovirinae, or foamyviruses (FVs) are complex retroviruses that infect many species of monkey and ape. Although FV infection is apparently benign, trans-species zoonosis is commonplace and has resulted in the isolation of the Prototypic Foamy Virus (PFV) from human sources and the potential for germ-line transmission. Despite little sequence homology, FV and orthoretroviral Gag proteins perform equivalent functions, including genome packaging, virion assembly, trafficking and membrane targeting. In addition, PFV Gag interacts with the FV Envelope (Env) protein to facilitate budding of infectious particles. Presently, there is a paucity of structural information with regards FVs and it is unclear how disparate FV and orthoretroviral Gag molecules share the same function. Therefore, in order to probe the functional overlap of FV and orthoretroviral Gag and learn more about FV egress and replication we have undertaken a structural, biophysical and virological study of PFV-Gag. We present the crystal structure of a dimeric amino terminal domain from PFV, Gag-NtD, both free and in complex with the leader peptide of PFV Env. The structure comprises a head domain together with a coiled coil that forms the dimer interface and despite the shared function it is entirely unrelated to either the capsid or matrix of Gag from other retroviruses. Furthermore, we present structural, biochemical and virological data that reveal the molecular details of the essential Gag-Env interaction and in addition we also examine the specificity of Trim5α restriction of PFV. These data provide the first information with regards to FV structural proteins and suggest a model for convergent evolution of gag genes where structurally unrelated molecules have become functionally equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Goldstone
- Division of Molecular Structure, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, the Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas G. Flower
- Division of Molecular Structure, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, the Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil J. Ball
- Division of Molecular Structure, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, the Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Sanz-Ramos
- Division of Virology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, the Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melvyn W. Yap
- Division of Virology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, the Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roksana W. Ogrodowicz
- Division of Molecular Structure, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, the Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Stanke
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Juliane Reh
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dirk Lindemann
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jonathan P. Stoye
- Division of Virology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, the Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian A. Taylor
- Division of Molecular Structure, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, the Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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