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Ma D, Sun C, Manne R, Guo T, Bosc C, Barry J, Magliery T, Andrieux A, Li H, Gu C. A cytoskeleton-membrane interaction conserved in fast-spiking neurons controls movement, emotion, and memory. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3994-4010. [PMID: 37833406 PMCID: PMC10905646 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of schizophrenia is believed to involve combined dysfunctions of many proteins including microtubule-associated protein 6 (MAP6) and Kv3.1 voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channel, but their relationship and functions in behavioral regulation are often not known. Here we report that MAP6 stabilizes Kv3.1 channels in parvalbumin-positive (PV+ ) fast-spiking GABAergic interneurons, regulating behavior. MAP6-/- and Kv3.1-/- mice display similar hyperactivity and avoidance reduction. Their proteins colocalize in PV+ interneurons and MAP6 deletion markedly reduces Kv3.1 protein level. We further show that two microtubule-binding modules of MAP6 bind the Kv3.1 tetramerization domain with high affinity, maintaining the channel level in both neuronal soma and axons. MAP6 knockdown by AAV-shRNA in the amygdala or the hippocampus reduces avoidance or causes hyperactivity and recognition memory deficit, respectively, through elevating projection neuron activity. Finally, knocking down Kv3.1 or disrupting the MAP6-Kv3.1 binding in these brain regions causes avoidance reduction and hyperactivity, consistent with the effects of MAP6 knockdown. Thus, disrupting this conserved cytoskeleton-membrane interaction in fast-spiking neurons causes different degrees of functional vulnerability in various neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Ma
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- MCDB graduate program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rahul Manne
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Tianqi Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Christophe Bosc
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Joshua Barry
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- IDDRC, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Magliery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Annie Andrieux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Houzhi Li
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Chen Gu
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- MCDB graduate program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Tchekneva EE, Goruganthu MUL, Uzhachenko RV, Thomas PL, Antonucci A, Chekneva I, Koenig M, Piao L, Akhter A, de Aquino MTP, Ranganathan P, Long N, Magliery T, Valujskikh A, Evans JV, Arasada RR, Massion PP, Carbone DP, Shanker A, Dikov MM. Correction to: Determinant roles of dendritic cell-expressed Notch Delta-like and Jagged ligands on anti-tumor T-cell immunity. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:124. [PMID: 31064404 PMCID: PMC6505242 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0592-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elena E Tchekneva
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 460 W 12th Ave, 484 BRT, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Mounika U L Goruganthu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 460 W 12th Ave, 484 BRT, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Roman V Uzhachenko
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, 2005 Harold D. West Basic Sciences Building, 1023 21st Ave N, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Portia L Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, 2005 Harold D. West Basic Sciences Building, 1023 21st Ave N, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, USA.,School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Anneliese Antonucci
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 460 W 12th Ave, 484 BRT, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Irina Chekneva
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael Koenig
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 460 W 12th Ave, 484 BRT, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Longzhu Piao
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 460 W 12th Ave, 484 BRT, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Anwari Akhter
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 460 W 12th Ave, 484 BRT, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Maria Teresa P de Aquino
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, 2005 Harold D. West Basic Sciences Building, 1023 21st Ave N, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Parvathi Ranganathan
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nicholas Long
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Thomas Magliery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anna Valujskikh
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jason V Evans
- Department of Pathology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Rajeswara R Arasada
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 460 W 12th Ave, 484 BRT, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Pierre P Massion
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David P Carbone
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 460 W 12th Ave, 484 BRT, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Anil Shanker
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, 2005 Harold D. West Basic Sciences Building, 1023 21st Ave N, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA. .,School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Host-Tumor Interactions Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Mikhail M Dikov
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 460 W 12th Ave, 484 BRT, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Tchekneva EE, Goruganthu MUL, Uzhachenko RV, Thomas PL, Antonucci A, Chekneva I, Koenig M, Piao L, Akhter A, de Aquino MTP, Ranganathan P, Long N, Magliery T, Valujskikh A, Evans JV, Arasada RR, Massion PP, Carbone DP, Shanker A, Dikov MM. Determinant roles of dendritic cell-expressed Notch Delta-like and Jagged ligands on anti-tumor T cell immunity. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:95. [PMID: 30940183 PMCID: PMC6446314 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Notch intercellular communication instructs tissue-specific T-cell development and function. In this study, we explored the roles of dendritic cell (DC)-expressed Notch ligands in the regulation of T-cell effector function. Methods We generated mice with CD11c lineage-specific deletion of Notch Delta-like ligand (Dll)1 and Jagged (Jag)2. Using these genetically-ablated mice and engineered pharmacological Notch ligand constructs, the roles of various Delta-like and Jagged ligands in the regulation of T-cell-mediated immunity were investigated. We assessed tumor growth, mouse survival, cytokine production, immunophenotyping of myeloid and lymphoid populations infiltrating the tumors, expression of checkpoint molecules and T-cell function in the experimental settings of murine lung and pancreatic tumors and cardiac allograft rejection. Correlative studies were also performed for the expression of NOTCH ligands, NOTCH receptors and PD-1 on various subsets of myeloid and lymphoid cells in tumor-infiltrating immune cells analyzed from primary human lung cancers. Results Mice with CD11c lineage-specific deletion of Notch ligand gene Dll1, but not Jag2, exhibited accelerated growth of lung and pancreatic tumors concomitant with decreased antigen-specific CD8+T-cell functions and effector-memory (Tem) differentiation. Increased IL-4 but decreased IFN-γ production and elevated populations of T-regulatory and myeloid-derived suppressor cells were observed in Dll1-ablated mice. Multivalent clustered DLL1-triggered Notch signaling overcame DC Dll1 deficiency and improved anti-tumor T-cell responses, whereas the pharmacological interference by monomeric soluble DLL1 construct suppressed the rejection of mouse tumors and cardiac allograft. Moreover, monomeric soluble JAG1 treatment reduced T-regulatory cells and improved anti-tumor immune responses by decreasing the expression of PD-1 on CD8+Tem cells. A significant correlation was observed between DC-expressed Jagged and Delta-like ligands with Tem-expressed PD-1 and Notch receptors, respectively, in human lung tumor-infiltrates. Conclusion Our data show the importance of specific expression of Notch ligands on DCs in the regulation of T-cell effector function. Thus, strategies incorporating selectively engineered Notch ligands could provide a novel approach of therapeutics for modulating immunity in various immunosuppressive conditions including cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40425-019-0566-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena E Tchekneva
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 460 W 12th Ave, 484 BRT, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Mounika U L Goruganthu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 460 W 12th Ave, 484 BRT, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Roman V Uzhachenko
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, 2005 Harold D. West Basic Sciences Building, 1023 21st Ave N, Nashville, 37208, TN, USA
| | - Portia L Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, 2005 Harold D. West Basic Sciences Building, 1023 21st Ave N, Nashville, 37208, TN, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, USA.,School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Anneliese Antonucci
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 460 W 12th Ave, 484 BRT, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Irina Chekneva
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael Koenig
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 460 W 12th Ave, 484 BRT, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Longzhu Piao
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 460 W 12th Ave, 484 BRT, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Anwari Akhter
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 460 W 12th Ave, 484 BRT, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Maria Teresa P de Aquino
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, 2005 Harold D. West Basic Sciences Building, 1023 21st Ave N, Nashville, 37208, TN, USA
| | - Parvathi Ranganathan
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nicholas Long
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Thomas Magliery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anna Valujskikh
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jason V Evans
- Department of Pathology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Rajeswara R Arasada
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 460 W 12th Ave, 484 BRT, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Pierre P Massion
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David P Carbone
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 460 W 12th Ave, 484 BRT, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Anil Shanker
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, 2005 Harold D. West Basic Sciences Building, 1023 21st Ave N, Nashville, 37208, TN, USA. .,School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Host-Tumor Interactions Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Mikhail M Dikov
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, 460 W 12th Ave, 484 BRT, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Long N, Tchekneva E, Antonucci A, Carbone D, Magliery T, Mikhail D. Reagents Based on Notch Ligands as a Novel Type of Immunotherapeutics. J Thorac Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2017.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Tchekneva EI, Antonucci AE, Chekneva I, Long N, Evans JV, Akhter A, Carbone DP, Magliery T, Dikov MM. Abstract 1624: NOTCH ligand-based therapeutics for immunomodulation in cancer and organ transplantation. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We demonstrated in human and mouse studies that tumor-induced modulation of Notch ligand expression and Notch signaling in hematopoietic compartment contributes to tumor immune escape. Down-regulation of delta-like ligands (DLL) leads to defects in T cell development and T helper (Th1) cell differentiation with the prevalence of regulatory T cell (Treg) generation.
To determine the roles of Notch ligands in antigen-presenting dendritic cells in regulation of antitumor immune responses we generated a set of lineage-specific knock-out mice lacking one of the Notch ligands in CD11c+ dendritic cells (DC). We are developing and testing a set of reagents for clinical application for ligand-specific activation or inhibition of Notch signaling to stimulate or inhibit, respectively, various types of immune responses for applications in oncology and immune diseases.
Mice with DLL1 insufficiency in DC demonstrated remarkably accelerated growth of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) tumor, and reduced survival compared to wild type animals. This associated with impaired anti-tumor immune responses indicated by the decreased tumor infiltration by IFNγ-producing T cells. Jagged2 knockout did not cause any significant alterations. Notch ligand expression in antigen-presenting cells was identified as a “checkpoint” regulating the type of immune response. Data reveal that expression of Notch ligands by antigen-presenting cells is an important immune response specifying mechanism and that ligand-specific Notch signaling could be a valuable therapeutic target.
Reagents for the pharmacological modulation of immune responses based on Notch ligand constructs is proposed. Our cell-based study showed that pharmacological activation of Notch ligands required multivalent receptor-ligand interaction, whereas soluble ligands acted as competitive Notch inhibitors. We have generated reagents that comprise specific domains of the DLL1 in multivalent or monovalent form. Therapeutic inhibition of Notch by monovalent DLL1-based reagent accelerated LLC tumor growth and attenuated T cell-mediated anti-tumor immune response. In a heart transplantation mouse model, monovalent DLL1 reagent significantly prolonged allograft survival by inhibiting Th1 effector and memory T cell differentiation. Multivalent forms of DLL1 effectively stimulated Notch signaling in T cell cultures and enhanced IFNγ production, whereas monovalent reagent had opposite effects.
Pharmacological up-regulation of DLL1-mediated Notch signaling with multivalent forms of ligand represents an efficient strategy for the enhancement of anti-tumor immunity and targeting multiple mechanisms of tumor growth. Monovalent DLL1 forms could be utilized for therapeutic inhibition of Th1 responses in autoimmune diseases and organ transplantation. Reagents based on the mono- and multivalent forms of Notch ligands can be efficiently utilized for therapeutic modulation of Notch signaling.
Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting.
Citation Format: Elena I. Tchekneva, Anneliese E. Antonucci, Irina Chekneva, Nicholas Long, Jason V. Evans, Anwari Akhter, David P. Carbone, Thomas Magliery, Mikhail M. Dikov. NOTCH ligand-based therapeutics for immunomodulation in cancer and organ transplantation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1624. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1624
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irina Chekneva
- 21st Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Ray WC, Rumpf RW, Sullivan B, Callahan N, Magliery T, Machiraju R, Wong B, Krzywinski M, Bartlett CW. Understanding the sequence requirements of protein families: insights from the BioVis 2013 contests. BMC Proc 2014; 8:S1. [PMID: 25237388 PMCID: PMC4155613 DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-8-s2-s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In 2011, the BioVis symposium of the IEEE VisWeek conferences inaugurated a new variety of data analysis contest. Aimed at fostering collaborations between computational scientists and biologists, the BioVis contest provided real data from biological domains with emerging visualization needs, in the hope that novel approaches would result in powerful new tools for the community. In 2011 and 2012 the theme of these contests was expression Quantitative Trait Locus analysis, within and across tissues respectively. In 2013 the topic was updated to protein sequence and mutation visualization. Methods The contest was framed in the context of a real protein with numerous mutations that had lost function, and the question posed "what minimal set of changes would you propose to rescue function, or how could you support a biologist attempting to answer that question?". The data was grounded in actual experimental results in triosephosphate isomerase(TIM) enzymes. Seven teams composed of 36 individuals submitted entries with proposed solutions and approaches to the challenge. Their contributions ranged from careful analysis of the visualization and analytical requirements for the problem through integration of existing tools for analyzing the context and consequences of protein mutations, to completely new tools addressing the problem. Results Judges found valuable and novel contributions in each of the entries, including interesting ways to hierarchicalize the protein into domains of informational interaction, tools for simultaneously understanding both sequential and spatial order, and approaches for conveying some types of inter-residue dependencies. In this manuscript we document the problem presented to the contestants, summarize the biological contributions of their entries, and suggest opportunities that this work has highlighted for even more improved tools in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Ray
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, 575 Children's Crossroad, 43215, Columbus, OH, USA ; The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Ave, 43210, Columbus, OH, USA ; Contest Chairs
| | - R Wolfgang Rumpf
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, 575 Children's Crossroad, 43215, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brandon Sullivan
- The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Ave, 43210, Columbus, OH, USA ; Domain Experts
| | - Nicholas Callahan
- The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Ave, 43210, Columbus, OH, USA ; Domain Experts
| | - Thomas Magliery
- The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Ave, 43210, Columbus, OH, USA ; Domain Experts
| | - Raghu Machiraju
- The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Ave, 43210, Columbus, OH, USA ; Contest Chairs
| | - Bang Wong
- The Broad Institute, 7 Cambridge Center, 02142, Cambridge, MA, USA ; Contest Chairs
| | - Martin Krzywinski
- Genome Sciences Centre, 570 W, 7th Avenue, V5Z 4S6, Vancouver, BC, Canada ; Contest Chairs
| | - Christopher W Bartlett
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, 575 Children's Crossroad, 43215, Columbus, OH, USA ; The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Ave, 43210, Columbus, OH, USA ; Contest Chairs
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