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Zhuang W, Mun SY, Park M, Jeong J, Kim HR, Na S, Lee SJ, Park H, Park WS. Inhibition of voltage-dependent K + channels in rabbit coronary arterial smooth muscle cells by the atypical antipsychotic agent sertindole. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:391-399. [PMID: 37786982 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of membrane potential and the contractility of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) by voltage-dependent K+ (Kv) potassium channels are well-established. In this study, native VSMCs from rabbit coronary arteries were used to investigate the inhibitory effect of sertindole, an atypical antipsychotic agent, on Kv channels. Sertindole induced dose-dependent inhibition of Kv channels, with an IC50 of 3.13 ± 0.72 μM. Although sertindole did not cause a change in the steady-state activation curve, it did lead to a negative shift in the steady-state inactivation curve. The application of 1- or 2-Hz train pulses failed to alter the sertindole-induced inhibition of Kv channels, suggesting use-independent effects of the drug. The inhibitory response to sertindole was significantly diminished by pretreatment with a Kv1.5 inhibitor but not by Kv2.1 and Kv7 subtype inhibitors. These findings demonstrate the sertindole dose-dependent and use-independent inhibition of vascular Kv channels (mainly the Kv1.5 subtype) through a mechanism that involves altering steady-state inactivation curves. Therefore, the use of sertindole as an antipsychotic drug may have adverse effects on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Zhuang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Seo-Yeong Mun
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Minju Park
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Junsu Jeong
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hye Ryung Kim
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sunghun Na
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Se Jin Lee
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hongzoo Park
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Urology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
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2
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Xia M, Anderson TL, Prantzalos ER, Hawkinson TR, Clarke HA, Keohane SB, Sun RC, Turner JR, Ortinski PI. Voltage-gated potassium channels control extended access cocaine seeking: a role for nucleus accumbens astrocytes. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:551-560. [PMID: 37660129 PMCID: PMC10789875 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01718-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Dopaminergic signaling in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAc) regulates neuronal activity relevant to reward-related learning, including cocaine-associated behaviors. Although astrocytes respond to dopamine and cocaine with structural changes, the impact of dopamine and cocaine on astrocyte functional plasticity has not been widely studied. Specifically, behavioral implications of voltage-gated channel activity in the canonically non-excitable astrocytes are not known. We characterized potassium channel function in NAc astrocytes following exposure to exogenous dopamine or cocaine self-administration training under short (2 h/day) and extended (6 h/day) access schedules. Electrophysiological, Ca2+ imaging, mRNA, and mass spectrometry tools were used for molecular characterization. Behavioral effects were examined after NAc-targeted microinjections of channel antagonists and astroglial toxins. Exogenous dopamine increased activity of currents mediated by voltage-gated (Kv7) channels in NAc astrocytes. This was associated with a ~5-fold increase in expression of Kcnq2 transcript level in homogenized NAc micropunches. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry revealed increased NAc dopamine levels in extended access, relative to short access, rats. Kv7 inhibition selectively increased frequency and amplitude of astrocyte intracellular Ca2+ transients in NAc of extended access rats. Inhibition of Kv7 channels in the NAc attenuated cocaine-seeking in extended access rats only, an effect that was occluded by microinjection of the astrocyte metabolic poison, fluorocitrate. These results suggest that voltage-gated K+ channel signaling in NAc astrocytes is behaviorally relevant, support Kv7-mediated regulation of astrocyte Ca2+ signals, and propose novel mechanisms of neuroglial interactions relevant to drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfan Xia
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Tanner L Anderson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Emily R Prantzalos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Tara R Hawkinson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Harrison A Clarke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shannon B Keohane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ramon C Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Advanced Spatial Biomolecule Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jill R Turner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Pavel I Ortinski
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Mun SY, Zhuang W, Park M, Jeong J, Na SH, Lee SJ, Jung WK, Choi IW, Park H, Park WS. Inhibition of voltage-dependent K + currents of rabbit coronary arterial smooth muscle cells by the atypical antipsychotic paliperidone. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:1926-1933. [PMID: 37551856 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Paliperidone, an atypical antipsychotic, is widely used to treat schizophrenia. In this study, we explored whether paliperidone inhibited the voltage-dependent K+ (Kv) channels of rabbit coronary arterial smooth muscle cells. Paliperidone reduced Kv channel activity in a concentration-dependent manner with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) of 16.58 ± 3.03 μM and a Hill coefficient of 0.60 ± 0.04. It did not significantly shift the steady-state activation or inactivation curves, suggesting that the drug did not affect the gating properties of Kv channels. In the presence of paliperidone, the application of 20 repetitive depolarizing pulses at 1 and 2 Hz gradually increased the inhibition of the Kv current. Further, the recovery time constant after Kv channel inactivation was increased by paliperidone, indicating that it inhibited the Kv channel in a use (state)-dependent manner. Its inhibitory effects were reduced by pretreatment with a Kv1.5 subtype inhibitor. However, pretreatment with a Kv2.1 or Kv7 inhibitor did not reduce its inhibitory effect. We conclude that paliperidone inhibits Kv channels (mainly Kv1.5 subtype channels) in a concentration- and use (state)-dependent manner without changing channel gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Yeong Mun
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Wenwen Zhuang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Minju Park
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Junsu Jeong
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sung Hun Na
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Se Jin Lee
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Won-Kyo Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Il-Whan Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hongzoo Park
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Urology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Won Sun Park
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
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Gubič Š, Montalbano A, Sala C, Becchetti A, Hendrickx LA, Van Theemsche KM, Pinheiro-Junior EL, Altadonna GC, Peigneur S, Ilaš J, Labro AJ, Pardo LA, Tytgat J, Tomašič T, Arcangeli A, Peterlin Mašič L. Immunosuppressive effects of new thiophene-based K V1.3 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115561. [PMID: 37454520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-gated potassium channel KV1.3 inhibitors have been shown to be effective in preventing T-cell proliferation and activation by affecting intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Here, we present the structure-activity relationship, KV1.3 inhibition, and immunosuppressive effects of new thiophene-based KV1.3 inhibitors with nanomolar potency on K+ current in T-lymphocytes and KV1.3 inhibition on Ltk- cells. The new KV1.3 inhibitor trans-18 inhibited KV1.3 -mediated current in phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-activated T-lymphocytes with an IC50 value of 26.1 nM and in mammalian Ltk- cells with an IC50 value of 230 nM. The KV1.3 inhibitor trans-18 also had nanomolar potency against KV1.3 in Xenopus laevis oocytes (IC50 = 136 nM). The novel thiophene-based KV1.3 inhibitors impaired intracellular Ca2+ signaling as well as T-cell activation, proliferation, and colony formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Špela Gubič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alberto Montalbano
- University of Florence, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, I-50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Cesare Sala
- University of Florence, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, I-50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Becchetti
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, Piazza della Scienza 2, I-20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Louise Antonia Hendrickx
- University of Leuven, Toxicology and Pharmacology, Campus Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing 2, Herestraat 49, PO Box 922, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kenny M Van Theemsche
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteisplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium; Ghent University, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ernesto Lopes Pinheiro-Junior
- University of Leuven, Toxicology and Pharmacology, Campus Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing 2, Herestraat 49, PO Box 922, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Steve Peigneur
- University of Leuven, Toxicology and Pharmacology, Campus Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing 2, Herestraat 49, PO Box 922, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Janez Ilaš
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alain J Labro
- Ghent University, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luis A Pardo
- Max-Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, AG Oncophysiology, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Tytgat
- University of Leuven, Toxicology and Pharmacology, Campus Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing 2, Herestraat 49, PO Box 922, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tihomir Tomašič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Annarosa Arcangeli
- University of Florence, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, I-50134, Florence, Italy.
| | - Lucija Peterlin Mašič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Ma D, Sun C, Manne R, Guo T, Bosc C, Barry J, Magliery T, Andrieux A, Li H, Gu C. A cytoskeleton-membrane interaction conserved in fast-spiking neurons controls movement, emotion, and memory. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:3994-4010. [PMID: 37833406 PMCID: PMC10905646 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of schizophrenia is believed to involve combined dysfunctions of many proteins including microtubule-associated protein 6 (MAP6) and Kv3.1 voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channel, but their relationship and functions in behavioral regulation are often not known. Here we report that MAP6 stabilizes Kv3.1 channels in parvalbumin-positive (PV+ ) fast-spiking GABAergic interneurons, regulating behavior. MAP6-/- and Kv3.1-/- mice display similar hyperactivity and avoidance reduction. Their proteins colocalize in PV+ interneurons and MAP6 deletion markedly reduces Kv3.1 protein level. We further show that two microtubule-binding modules of MAP6 bind the Kv3.1 tetramerization domain with high affinity, maintaining the channel level in both neuronal soma and axons. MAP6 knockdown by AAV-shRNA in the amygdala or the hippocampus reduces avoidance or causes hyperactivity and recognition memory deficit, respectively, through elevating projection neuron activity. Finally, knocking down Kv3.1 or disrupting the MAP6-Kv3.1 binding in these brain regions causes avoidance reduction and hyperactivity, consistent with the effects of MAP6 knockdown. Thus, disrupting this conserved cytoskeleton-membrane interaction in fast-spiking neurons causes different degrees of functional vulnerability in various neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Ma
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- MCDB graduate program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rahul Manne
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Tianqi Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Christophe Bosc
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Joshua Barry
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- IDDRC, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Magliery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Annie Andrieux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CEA, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Houzhi Li
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Chen Gu
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- MCDB graduate program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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De la Cruz A, Wu X, Rainer QC, Hiniesto-Iñigo I, Perez ME, Edler I, Liin SI, Larsson HP. Pharmacological Screening of Kv7.1 and Kv7.1/KCNE1 Activators as Potential Antiarrhythmic Drugs in the Zebrafish Heart. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12092. [PMID: 37569465 PMCID: PMC10418701 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Long QT syndrome (LQTS) can lead to ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. The most common congenital cause of LQTS is mutations in the channel subunits generating the cardiac potassium current IKs. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have been proposed as a powerful system to model human cardiac diseases due to the similar electrical properties of the zebrafish heart and the human heart. We used high-resolution all-optical electrophysiology on ex vivo zebrafish hearts to assess the effects of IKs analogues on the cardiac action potential. We found that chromanol 293B (an IKs inhibitor) prolonged the action potential duration (APD) in the presence of E4031 (an IKr inhibitor applied to drug-induced LQT2), and to a lesser extent, in the absence of E4031. Moreover, we showed that PUFA analogues slightly shortened the APD of the zebrafish heart. However, PUFA analogues failed to reverse the APD prolongation in drug-induced LQT2. However, a more potent IKs activator, ML-277, partially reversed the APD prolongation in drug-induced LQT2 zebrafish hearts. Our results suggest that IKs plays a limited role in ventricular repolarizations in the zebrafish heart under resting conditions, although it plays a more important role when the IKr is compromised, as if the IKs in zebrafish serves as a repolarization reserve as in human hearts. This study shows that potent IKs activators can restore the action potential duration in drug-induced LQT2 in the zebrafish heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia De la Cruz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Xiaoan Wu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Quinn C. Rainer
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Irene Hiniesto-Iñigo
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marta E. Perez
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Isak Edler
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sara I. Liin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - H. Peter Larsson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Cercós P, Peraza DA, de Benito-Bueno A, Socuéllamos PG, Aziz-Nignan A, Arrechaga-Estévez D, Beato E, Peña-Acevedo E, Albert A, González-Vera JA, Rodríguez Y, Martín-Martínez M, Valenzuela C, Gutiérrez-Rodríguez M. Pharmacological Approaches for the Modulation of the Potassium Channel K V4.x and KChIPs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031419. [PMID: 33572566 PMCID: PMC7866805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ion channels are macromolecular complexes present in the plasma membrane and intracellular organelles of cells. Dysfunction of ion channels results in a group of disorders named channelopathies, which represent an extraordinary challenge for study and treatment. In this review, we will focus on voltage-gated potassium channels (KV), specifically on the KV4-family. The activation of these channels generates outward currents operating at subthreshold membrane potentials as recorded from myocardial cells (ITO, transient outward current) and from the somata of hippocampal neurons (ISA). In the heart, KV4 dysfunctions are related to Brugada syndrome, atrial fibrillation, hypertrophy, and heart failure. In hippocampus, KV4.x channelopathies are linked to schizophrenia, epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease. KV4.x channels need to assemble with other accessory subunits (β) to fully reproduce the ITO and ISA currents. β Subunits affect channel gating and/or the traffic to the plasma membrane, and their dysfunctions may influence channel pharmacology. Among KV4 regulatory subunits, this review aims to analyze the KV4/KChIPs interaction and the effect of small molecule KChIP ligands in the A-type currents generated by the modulation of the KV4/KChIP channel complex. Knowledge gained from structural and functional studies using activators or inhibitors of the potassium current mediated by KV4/KChIPs will better help understand the underlying mechanism involving KV4-mediated-channelopathies, establishing the foundations for drug discovery, and hence their treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Cercós
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain; (P.C.); (M.M.-M.)
| | - Diego A. Peraza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (IIBM), CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.P.); (A.d.B.-B.); (P.G.S.)
- Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Cardiovascular Research (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angela de Benito-Bueno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (IIBM), CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.P.); (A.d.B.-B.); (P.G.S.)
- Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Cardiovascular Research (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula G. Socuéllamos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (IIBM), CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.P.); (A.d.B.-B.); (P.G.S.)
- Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Cardiovascular Research (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Abdoul Aziz-Nignan
- Department of Natural Sciences, Hostos Community College of CUNY, New York, NY 10451, USA; (A.A.-N.); (D.A.-E.); (E.B.); (E.P.-A.); (Y.R.)
| | - Dariel Arrechaga-Estévez
- Department of Natural Sciences, Hostos Community College of CUNY, New York, NY 10451, USA; (A.A.-N.); (D.A.-E.); (E.B.); (E.P.-A.); (Y.R.)
| | - Escarle Beato
- Department of Natural Sciences, Hostos Community College of CUNY, New York, NY 10451, USA; (A.A.-N.); (D.A.-E.); (E.B.); (E.P.-A.); (Y.R.)
| | - Emilio Peña-Acevedo
- Department of Natural Sciences, Hostos Community College of CUNY, New York, NY 10451, USA; (A.A.-N.); (D.A.-E.); (E.B.); (E.P.-A.); (Y.R.)
| | - Armando Albert
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano (IQFR-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Juan A. González-Vera
- Departamento de Físicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Yoel Rodríguez
- Department of Natural Sciences, Hostos Community College of CUNY, New York, NY 10451, USA; (A.A.-N.); (D.A.-E.); (E.B.); (E.P.-A.); (Y.R.)
| | | | - Carmen Valenzuela
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (IIBM), CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (D.A.P.); (A.d.B.-B.); (P.G.S.)
- Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Cardiovascular Research (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; (C.V.); (M.G.-R.); Tel.: +34-91-585-4493 (C.V.); +34-91-258-7493 (M.-G.R.)
| | - Marta Gutiérrez-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain; (P.C.); (M.M.-M.)
- Correspondence: ; (C.V.); (M.G.-R.); Tel.: +34-91-585-4493 (C.V.); +34-91-258-7493 (M.-G.R.)
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