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Simmons H, Luangphakdy V, Boehm C, Kerr T, Muschler G. Performance based clone selection and automated media change to improve the reproducability of human mesenchymal stromal cell populations. Cytotherapy 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1465324921005776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Brar R, Grant C, DeBeck K, Milloy MJ, Fairbairn N, Wood E, Kerr T, Hayashi K. Changes in drug use behaviors coinciding with the emergence of illicit fentanyl among people who use drugs in Vancouver, Canada. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2020; 46:625-631. [PMID: 32689810 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2020.1771721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: With the emergence of illicitly-manufactured fentanyl, drug overdose deaths have risen in unprecedented numbers. In this context, there is an urgent need to characterize potential changes in drug use behaviors among people who use drugs (PWUD). Objective: To examine changes in drug use behaviors following the emergence of illicit fentanyl among people who use drugs (PWUD). Methods: Data for this cross-sectional analysis was derived from three prospective cohorts of PWUD between December 2016 and May 2017 in Vancouver, Canada. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with self-reported behavior changes (binary variable "yes" or "no") following the emergence of illicit fentanyl. Results: Among 999 participants [363 (36.3%) females], 388 (38.8%) reported some behavior change. The remaining 611 (61.2%) reported no change in behavior; 240 (39.3%) of these individuals had recently been exposed to fentanyl. In multivariable analyses, factors independently associated with behavior change included recent non-fatal overdose (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 2.28), active injection drug use (AOR = 1.96), being on opioid agonist therapy (AOR = 1.80), and urine drug screen positive for fentanyl (AOR = 1.45), (all p < .05). Conclusion: The majority of PWUD in our sample did not change their drug use behavior despite a high prevalence of fentanyl exposure, indicating a need for targeted behavior change messaging and overdose prevention efforts such as naloxone and addiction treatment for this sub-population of PWUD. Further, the high fentanyl exposure observed in our sample suggests a need to address upstream structural factors shaping the overdose risk in addition to individual behavioral change.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brar
- British Columbia Centre for Substance Use , Vancouver, BC, CANADA.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC, CANADA
| | - C Grant
- British Columbia Centre for Substance Use , Vancouver, BC, CANADA
| | - K DeBeck
- British Columbia Centre for Substance Use , Vancouver, BC, CANADA.,School of Public Policy, Simon Fraser University , Vancouver, BC, CANADA
| | - M-J Milloy
- British Columbia Centre for Substance Use , Vancouver, BC, CANADA.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC, CANADA
| | - N Fairbairn
- British Columbia Centre for Substance Use , Vancouver, BC, CANADA.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC, CANADA
| | - E Wood
- British Columbia Centre for Substance Use , Vancouver, BC, CANADA.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC, CANADA
| | - T Kerr
- British Columbia Centre for Substance Use , Vancouver, BC, CANADA.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC, CANADA
| | - Kanna Hayashi
- British Columbia Centre for Substance Use , Vancouver, BC, CANADA.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University , Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Kelly M, Richmond J, Singaroyan N, Kerr T, O’Donnell A, Masterson E, Haughey C, Harney O, Walsh J, Groarke J. A pilot trial to investigate the impact of a personalised self-management lifestyle programme using mobile technology on the health and wellbeing of cancer survivors. Ann Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz275.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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4
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Garone C, Taylor RW, Nascimento A, Poulton J, Fratter C, Domínguez-González C, Evans JC, Loos M, Isohanni P, Suomalainen A, Ram D, Hughes MI, McFarland R, Barca E, Lopez Gomez C, Jayawant S, Thomas ND, Manzur AY, Kleinsteuber K, Martin MA, Kerr T, Gorman GS, Sommerville EW, Chinnery PF, Hofer M, Karch C, Ralph J, Cámara Y, Madruga-Garrido M, Domínguez-Carral J, Ortez C, Emperador S, Montoya J, Chakrapani A, Kriger JF, Schoenaker R, Levin B, Thompson JLP, Long Y, Rahman S, Donati MA, DiMauro S, Hirano M. Retrospective natural history of thymidine kinase 2 deficiency. J Med Genet 2018; 55:515-521. [PMID: 29602790 PMCID: PMC6073909 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-105012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Thymine kinase 2 (TK2) is a mitochondrial matrix protein encoded in nuclear DNA and phosphorylates the pyrimidine nucleosides: thymidine and deoxycytidine. Autosomal recessive TK2 mutations cause a spectrum of disease from infantile onset to adult onset manifesting primarily as myopathy. Objective To perform a retrospective natural history study of a large cohort of patients with TK2 deficiency. Methods The study was conducted by 42 investigators across 31 academic medical centres. Results We identified 92 patients with genetically confirmed diagnoses of TK2 deficiency: 67 from literature review and 25 unreported cases. Based on clinical and molecular genetics findings, we recognised three phenotypes with divergent survival: (1) infantile-onset myopathy (42.4%) with severe mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion, frequent neurological involvement and rapid progression to early mortality (median post-onset survival (POS) 1.00, CI 0.58 to 2.33 years); (2) childhood-onset myopathy (40.2%) with mtDNA depletion, moderate-to-severe progression of generalised weakness and median POS at least 13 years; and (3) late-onset myopathy (17.4%) with mild limb weakness at onset and slow progression to respiratory insufficiency with median POS of 23 years. Ophthalmoparesis and facial weakness are frequent in adults. Muscle biopsies show multiple mtDNA deletions often with mtDNA depletion. Conclusions In TK2 deficiency, age at onset, rate of weakness progression and POS are important variables that define three clinical subtypes. Nervous system involvement often complicates the clinical course of the infantile-onset form while extraocular muscle and facial involvement are characteristic of the late-onset form. Our observations provide essential information for planning future clinical trials in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Garone
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA.,MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrés Nascimento
- Neuromuscular Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joanna Poulton
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carl Fratter
- Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Cristina Domínguez-González
- Neuromuscular Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie C Evans
- Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Mariana Loos
- Neurology Department, Hospital de Pediatría 'Prof. Dr JP Garrahan', Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pirjo Isohanni
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Suomalainen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dipak Ram
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - M Imelda Hughes
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert McFarland
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emanuele Barca
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA.,UOC Neurology and Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Carlos Lopez Gomez
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Sandeep Jayawant
- Paediatric Neurology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Neil D Thomas
- Paediatric Neurology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Adnan Y Manzur
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Karin Kleinsteuber
- Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel A Martin
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Timothy Kerr
- Paediatric Neurology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Grainne S Gorman
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ewen W Sommerville
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Patrick F Chinnery
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Monika Hofer
- Department of Neuropathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Christoph Karch
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey Ralph
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yolanda Cámara
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcos Madruga-Garrido
- Sección de Neuropediatría, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Jana Domínguez-Carral
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERER, ISCIII, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Ortez
- Neuromuscular Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Emperador
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zaragoza-CIBERER-Instituto de investigaciones Sanitarias de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Julio Montoya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zaragoza-CIBERER-Instituto de investigaciones Sanitarias de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Anupam Chakrapani
- Metabolic Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Joshua F Kriger
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Robert Schoenaker
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Bruce Levin
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - John L P Thompson
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Yuelin Long
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Shamima Rahman
- Metabolic Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Mitochondrial Research Group, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | | | - Salvatore DiMauro
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Michio Hirano
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA
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Ti L, Dong H, Kerr T, Turje RB, Parashar S, Min JE, Montaner J, Wood E, Milloy MJ. The effect of engagement in an HIV/AIDS integrated health programme on plasma HIV-1 RNA suppression among HIV-positive people who use illicit drugs: a marginal structural modelling analysis. HIV Med 2017; 18:580-586. [PMID: 28317290 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES HIV treatment-as-prevention campaigns emphasize early diagnosis and immediate access to care and antiretroviral therapy for HIV-positive individuals in order to increase levels of plasma HIV RNA viral load (VL) suppression. However, the possible role of harm reduction-based programmes in this objective has not yet been well evaluated. The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between being a client of the Dr. Peter Centre (DPC; an HIV/AIDS-focused adult integrated health programme) and VL suppression among highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-exposed HIV-positive people who use illicit drugs (PWUD) in Vancouver, Canada. METHODS Data were derived from the AIDS Care Cohort to Evaluate Exposure to Survival Services (ACCESS) study, a study of a community-recruited cohort of HIV-positive PWUD. A marginal structural model using inverse probability of treatment weights was used to estimate the longitudinal relationship between being a DPC client and exhibiting a VL < 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL plasma. RESULTS Between 2005 and 2014, 746 HAART-exposed participants were included in the study, of whom 269 (36.1%) reported being a DPC client at some time during the study period. A marginal structural model estimated a 1.54 greater odds of achieving VL suppression (95% confidence interval 1.20-1.99) among DPC clients. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that participating in an innovative HIV/AIDS-focused adult integrated health programme that provides a broad range of clinical, harm reduction, and support services may contribute to optimizing the benefits of HAART in terms of morbidity, mortality and viral transmission among PWUD, and as a result help to fulfill the goals of the treatment-as-prevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ti
- St. Paul's Hospital, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - H Dong
- St. Paul's Hospital, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - T Kerr
- St. Paul's Hospital, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - R B Turje
- Dr. Peter AIDS Foundation, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - S Parashar
- St. Paul's Hospital, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - J E Min
- St. Paul's Hospital, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - J Montaner
- St. Paul's Hospital, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - E Wood
- St. Paul's Hospital, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - M-J Milloy
- St. Paul's Hospital, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Although people who inject drugs (IDU) often contend with various health-related harms, timely access to health care among this population remains low. We sought to identify specific individual, social and structural factors constraining healthcare access among IDU in Bangkok, Thailand. METHODS Data were derived from a community-recruited sample of IDU participating in the Mitsampan Community Research Project between July and October 2011. We assessed the prevalence and correlates of healthcare avoidance due to one's drug use using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS Among 437 participants, 112 (25.6%) reported avoiding health care because they were IDU. In multivariate analyses, factors independently associated with avoiding health care included having ever been drug tested by police [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.80], experienced verbal abuse (AOR = 3.15), been discouraged from engaging in usual family activities (AOR = 3.27), been refused medical care (AOR = 10.90), experienced any barriers to health care (AOR = 4.87) and received healthcare information and support at a drop-in centre (AOR = 1.92) (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the need to address the broader policy environment, which perpetuates the criminalization and stigmatization of IDU, and to expand peer-based interventions to facilitate access to health care for IDU in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Heath
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - T Kerr
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6Z 1Y6 Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6Z 1Y6
| | - L Ti
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6Z 1Y6 Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6Z 1Y6
| | - K Kaplan
- Treatment Action Group, New York, NH 10016-7701, USA
| | - P Suwannawong
- Thai AIDS Treatment Action Group, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - E Wood
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6Z 1Y6 Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6Z 1Y6
| | - K Hayashi
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6Z 1Y6 Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6Z 1Y6
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Krüsi A, Kerr T, Taylor C, Rhodes T, Shannon K. The intersection of policing and stigma in shaping violence and poor health among sex workers. Eur J Public Health 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckv171.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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8
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Barker B, Alfred GT, Fleming K, Nguyen P, Wood E, Kerr T, DeBeck K. Aboriginal street-involved youth experience elevated risk of incarceration. Public Health 2015; 129:1662-8. [PMID: 26390949 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Past research has identified risk factors associated with incarceration among adult Aboriginal populations; however, less is known about incarceration among street-involved Aboriginal youth. Therefore, we undertook this study to longitudinally investigate recent reports of incarceration among a prospective cohort of street-involved youth in Vancouver, Canada. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Data were collected from a cohort of street-involved, drug-using youth from September 2005 to May 2013. Multivariate generalized estimating equation analyses were employed to examine the potential relationship between Aboriginal ancestry and recent incarceration. RESULTS Among our sample of 1050 youth, 248 (24%) reported being of aboriginal ancestry, and 378 (36%) reported being incarcerated in the previous six months at some point during the study period. In multivariate analysis controlling for a range of potential confounders including drug use patterns and other risk factors, Aboriginal ancestry remained significantly associated with recent incarceration (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.44; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12-1.86). CONCLUSIONS Even after adjusting for drug use patterns and other risk factors associated with incarceration, this study found that Aboriginal street-involved youth were still significantly more likely to be incarcerated than their non-Aboriginal peers. Given the established harms associated with incarceration these findings underscore the pressing need for systematic reform including culturally appropriate interventions to prevent Aboriginal youth from becoming involved with the criminal justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Barker
- Urban Health Research Initiative, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Canada; Interdisciplinary Studies Graduate Program, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - G T Alfred
- Indigenous Governance Program, University of Victoria, Canada
| | - K Fleming
- Urban Health Research Initiative, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Canada
| | - P Nguyen
- Urban Health Research Initiative, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Canada
| | - E Wood
- Urban Health Research Initiative, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Canada; Division of AIDS, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - T Kerr
- Urban Health Research Initiative, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Canada; Division of AIDS, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - K DeBeck
- Urban Health Research Initiative, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Canada; School of Public Policy, Simon Fraser University, Canada.
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Guzman J, Kerr T, Ward L, Ma J, Oen K, Boire G, Feldman B, Scuccimarri R, Houghton K, Bruns A, Dancey P, Rosenberg A, Tucker L. SAT0507 Growth and Weight Gain in Children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Results from the Reacch-Out Cohort. Ann Rheum Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-eular.2400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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10
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Marshall BDL, DeBeck K, Simo A, Kerr T, Wood E. Gang involvement among street-involved youth in a Canadian setting: a gender-based analysis. Public Health 2014; 129:74-7. [PMID: 25542743 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B D L Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Box G-S-121-2, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| | - K DeBeck
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada; School of Public Policy, Simon Fraser University, Harbour Centre 3240, 555 W Hastings St, Vancouver, BC, V6B 4N4, Canada
| | - A Simo
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - T Kerr
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - E Wood
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
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Kalarickal P, Liu Q, Rathor R, Ishag S, Kerr T, Kangrga I. Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty as a Bridge to Liver Transplantation in Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis: A Case Series. Transplant Proc 2014; 46:3492-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2014.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Hogg RS, Nosyk B, Harrigan PR, Lima VD, Chan K, Heath K, Wood E, Kerr T, Montaner JSG. Rates of new infections in British Columbia continue to decline at a faster rate than in other Canadian regions. HIV Med 2014; 14:581-2. [PMID: 24033869 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R S Hogg
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
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13
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Nosyk B, Li L, Evans E, Huang D, Min J, Kerr T, Brecht ML, Hser YI. Characterizing longitudinal health state transitions among heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 140:69-77. [PMID: 24837584 PMCID: PMC4072125 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Characterize longitudinal patterns of drug use careers and identify determinants of drug use frequency across cohorts of primary heroin, methamphetamine (MA) and cocaine users. DESIGN Pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies. SETTINGS Illicit drug users recruited from community, criminal justice and drug treatment settings in California, USA. PARTICIPANTS We used longitudinal data on from five observational cohort studies featuring primary users of heroin (N=629), cocaine (N=694) and methamphetamine (N=474). The mean duration of follow-up was 20.9 years. MEASUREMENTS Monthly longitudinal data was arranged according to five health states (incarceration, drug treatment, abstinence, non-daily and daily use). We fitted proportional hazards (PH) frailty models to determine independent differences in successive episode durations. We then executed multi-state Markov (MSM) models to estimate probabilities of transitioning between health states, and the determinants of these transitions. FINDINGS Across primary drug use types, PH frailty models demonstrated durations of daily use diminished in successive episodes over time. MSM models revealed primary stimulant users had more erratic longitudinal patterns of drug use, transitioning more rapidly between periods of treatment, abstinence, non-daily and daily use. MA users exhibited relatively longer durations of high-frequency use. Criminal engagement had a destabilizing effect on health state durations across drug types. Longer incarceration histories were associated with delayed transitions toward cessation. CONCLUSIONS PH frailty and MSM modeling techniques provided complementary information on longitudinal patterns of drug abuse. This information can inform clinical practice and policy, and otherwise be used in health economic simulation models, designed to inform resource allocation decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nosyk
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6Z 2C7, Canada, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - L Li
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6Z 2C7, Canada
| | - E Evans
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6Z 2C7, Canada
| | - D Huang
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6Z 2C7, Canada
| | - J Min
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - T Kerr
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada, Division of AIDS, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - ML Brecht
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6Z 2C7, Canada
| | - YI Hser
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6Z 2C7, Canada
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Krüsi A, Pacey K, Bird L, Taylor C, Chettiar J, Allan S, Bennett D, Montaner JS, Kerr T, Shannon K. Criminalisation of clients: reproducing vulnerabilities for violence and poor health among street-based sex workers in Canada-a qualitative study. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e005191. [PMID: 24889853 PMCID: PMC4054637 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore how criminalisation and policing of sex buyers (clients) rather than sex workers shapes sex workers' working conditions and sexual transactions including risk of violence and HIV/sexually transmitted infections (STIs). DESIGN Qualitative and ethnographic study triangulated with sex work-related violence prevalence data and publicly available police statistics. SETTING Vancouver, Canada, provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the impact of policies that criminalise clients as the local police department adopted a sex work enforcement policy in January 2013 that prioritises sex workers' safety over arrest, while continuing to target clients. PARTICIPANTS 26 cisgender and 5 transgender women who were street-based sex workers (n=31) participated in semistructured interviews about their working conditions. All had exchanged sex for money in the previous 30 days in Vancouver. OUTCOME MEASURES Thematic analysis of interview transcripts and ethnographic field notes focused on how police enforcement of clients shaped sex workers' working conditions and sexual transactions, including risk of violence and HIV/STIs, over an 11-month period postpolicy implementation (January-November 2013). RESULTS Sex workers' narratives and ethnographic observations indicated that while police sustained a high level of visibility, they eased charging or arresting sex workers and showed increased concern for their safety. However, participants' accounts and police statistics indicated continued police enforcement of clients. This profoundly impacted the safety strategies sex workers employed. Sex workers continued to mistrust police, had to rush screening clients and were displaced to outlying areas with increased risks of violence, including being forced to engage in unprotected sex. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that criminalisation and policing strategies that target clients reproduce the harms created by the criminalisation of sex work, in particular, vulnerability to violence and HIV/STIs. The current findings support decriminalisation of sex work to ensure work conditions that support the health and safety of sex workers in Canada and globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Krüsi
- Gender and Sexual Health Initiative, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - K Pacey
- Pivot Legal Society, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - L Bird
- Sex Workers United Against Violence, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - C Taylor
- Gender and Sexual Health Initiative, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - J Chettiar
- Gender and Sexual Health Initiative, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Sex Workers United Against Violence, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - S Allan
- Gender and Sexual Health Initiative, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - D Bennett
- Pivot Legal Society, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - J S Montaner
- Gender and Sexual Health Initiative, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - T Kerr
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Urban Health Research Initiative, BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - K Shannon
- Gender and Sexual Health Initiative, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Reddon H, Milloy MJ, Simo A, Montaner J, Wood E, Kerr T. Methadone maintenance therapy decreases the rate of antiretroviral therapy discontinuation among HIV-positive illicit drug users. AIDS Behav 2014; 18:740-6. [PMID: 23918244 PMCID: PMC4059183 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-013-0584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We sought to examine whether methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) decreased rates of antiretroviral therapy (ART) discontinuation and was associated with plasma HIV RNA responses among a cohort of illicit drug users. Cumulative ART discontinuation rates were estimated using Kaplan-Meier methods and factors independently associated with ART discontinuation were identified using Cox proportional hazards regression. Engagement in MMT was negatively and independently associated with ART discontinuation [Adjusted Relative Hazard = 0.67 (95 % CI 0.54-0.83); p < 0.001]. Among participants receiving ART and MMT, 81.6 % of plasma HIV-1 RNA assessments were <500 copies/mL, while 65.81 % of HIV-1 RNA assessments among those prescribed ART without MMT were <500 copies/mL (p < 0.001). These results demonstrate that engagement in MMT conferred a protective benefit against ART discontinuation and was associated with a significant increase in plasma HIV RNA suppression among HIV-infected opioid-dependent drug users.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Reddon
- Urban Health Research Initiative, British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
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Ti L, Milloy M, Shannon K, Kerr T, Simo A, Montaner J, Wood E. P3.408 Sex Work Involvement Predicts Poor Viral Load Suppression Among People Who Inject Drugs in a Canadian Setting. Sex Transm Infect 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Ti L, Kaplan K, Hayashi K, Suwannawong P, Wood E, Kerr T. Low rates of hepatitis C testing among people who inject drugs in Thailand: implications for peer-based interventions. J Public Health (Oxf) 2013; 35:578-84. [PMID: 23335599 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fds105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular testing for hepatitis C virus (HCV) provides an opportunity for HCV prevention and treatment efforts. In Thailand, the barriers and facilitators of HCV testing among people who inject drugs (IDU) are not known. METHODS Using data derived from the Mitsampan Community Research Project between July and October 2011, we assessed the prevalence and factors associated with ever having been tested for HCV antibodies using bivariate statistics and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS Among 427 participants, 141 (33.0%) reported a history of HCV antibody testing. In multivariate analyses, factors positively associated with receiving an HCV antibody test included higher than secondary education [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.20; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.35-3.64], binge drug use (AOR = 1.81; 95% CI: 1.12-2.93), methadone treatment enrollment (AOR = 3.47; 95% CI: 1.85-6.95) and having received peer-based education on HCV (AOR = 4.22; 95% CI: 2.66-6.77). CONCLUSIONS We found one-third of Thai IDU in our sample reporting a history of HCV testing. The finding that IDU who received peer-based HCV education were more likely to access HCV testing provides evidence for the value of peer-based interventions for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ti
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6Z 1Y6
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Munot P, Saunders DE, Milewicz DM, Regalado ES, Ostergaard JR, Braun KP, Kerr T, Lichtenbelt KD, Philip S, Rittey C, Jacques TS, Cox TC, Ganesan V. A novel distinctive cerebrovascular phenotype is associated with heterozygous Arg179 ACTA2 mutations. Brain 2012; 135:2506-14. [PMID: 22831780 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the ACTA2 gene lead to diffuse and diverse vascular diseases; the Arg179His mutation is associated with an early onset severe phenotype due to global smooth muscle dysfunction. Cerebrovascular disease associated with ACTA2 mutations has been likened to moyamoya disease, but appears to have distinctive features. This study involved the analysis of neuroimaging of 13 patients with heterozygous missense mutations in ACTA2 disrupting Arg179. All patients had persistent ductus arteriosus and congenital mydriasis, and variable presentation of pulmonary hypertension, bladder and gastrointestinal problems associated with this mutation. Distinctive cerebrovascular features were dilatation of proximal internal carotid artery, occlusive disease of terminal internal carotid artery, an abnormally straight course of intracranial arteries, and absent basal 'moyamoya' collaterals. Patterns of brain injury supported both large and small vessel disease. Key differences from moyamoya disease were more widespread arteriopathy, the combination of arterial ectasia and stenosis and, importantly, absence of the typical basal 'moyamoya' collaterals. Evaluation of previously published cases suggests some of these features are also seen in the ACTA2 mutations disrupting Arg258. The observation that transition from dilated to normal/stenotic arterial calibre coincides with where the internal carotid artery changes from an elastic to muscular artery supports the hypothesis that abnormal smooth muscle cell proliferation caused by ACTA2 mutations is modulated by arterial wall components. Patients with persistent ductus arteriosus or congenital mydriasis with a label of 'moyamoya' should be re-evaluated to ensure the distinctive neuroimaging features of an ACTA2 mutation have not been overlooked. This diagnosis has prognostic and genetic implications, and mandates surveillance of other organ systems, in particular the aorta, to prevent life-threatening aortic dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinki Munot
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK
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Mann B, Milloy MJ, Kerr T, Zhang R, Montaner J, Wood E. Improved adherence to modern antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected injecting drug users. HIV Med 2012; 13:596-601. [PMID: 22551168 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2012.01021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) among injecting drug users (IDUs) is often suboptimal, yet little is known about changes in patterns of adherence since the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy in 1996. We sought to assess levels of optimal adherence to ART among IDUs in a setting of free and universal HIV care. METHODS Data were collected through a prospective cohort study of HIV-positive IDUs in Vancouver, British Columbia. We calculated the proportion of individuals achieving at least 95% adherence in the year following initiation of ART from 1996 to 2009. RESULTS Among 682 individuals who initiated ART, the median age was 37 years (interquartile range 31-44 years) and 248 participants (36.4%) were female. The proportion achieving at least 95% adherence increased over time, from 19.3% in 1996 to 65.9% in 2009 (Cochrane-Armitage test for trend: P < 0.001). In a logistic regression model examining factors associated with 95% adherence, initiation year was statistically significant (odds ratio 1.08; 95% confidence interval 1.03-1.13; P < 0.001 per year after 1996) after adjustment for a range of drug use variables and other potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS The proportion of IDUs achieving at least 95% adherence during the first year of ART has consistently increased over a 13-year period. Although improved tolerability and convenience of modern ART regimens probably explain these positive trends, by the end of the study period a substantial proportion of IDUs still had suboptimal adherence, demonstrating the need for additional adherence support strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mann
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Marshall BDL, Grafstein E, Buxton JA, Qi J, Wood E, Shoveller JA, Kerr T. Frequent methamphetamine injection predicts emergency department utilization among street-involved youth. Public Health 2011; 126:47-53. [PMID: 22133669 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Methamphetamine (MA) use has been associated with health problems that commonly present in the emergency department (ED). This study sought to determine whether frequent MA injection was a risk factor for ED utilization among street-involved youth. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Data were derived from a street-involved youth cohort known as the 'At Risk Youth Study'. Behavioural data including MA use were linked to ED records at a major inner-city hospital. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards methods were used to determine the risk factors for ED utilization. RESULTS Between September 2005 and January 2007, 427 eligible participants were enrolled, among whom the median age was 21 (interquartile range 19-23) years and 154 (36.1%) were female. Within 1 year, 163 (38.2%) visited the ED, resulting in an incidence density of 53.7 per 100 person-years. ED utilization was significantly higher among frequent (i.e. ≥daily) MA injectors (log-rank P = 0.004). In multivariate analysis, frequent MA injection was associated with an increased hazard of ED utilization (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.84, 95% confidence interval 1.04-3.25; P = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS Street-involved youth who frequently inject MA appear to be at increased risk of ED utilization. The integration of MA-specific addiction treatment services within emergency care settings for high-risk youth is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D L Marshall
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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21
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Levan AJ, Tanvir NR, Cenko SB, Perley DA, Wiersema K, Bloom JS, Fruchter AS, Postigo ADU, O’Brien PT, Butler N, van der Horst AJ, Leloudas G, Morgan AN, Misra K, Bower GC, Farihi J, Tunnicliffe RL, Modjaz M, Silverman JM, Hjorth J, Thöne C, Cucchiara A, Cerón JMC, Castro-Tirado AJ, Arnold JA, Bremer M, Brodie JP, Carroll T, Cooper MC, Curran PA, Cutri RM, Ehle J, Forbes D, Fynbo J, Gorosabel J, Graham J, Hoffman DI, Guziy S, Jakobsson P, Kamble A, Kerr T, Kasliwal MM, Kouveliotou C, Kocevski D, Law NM, Nugent PE, Ofek EO, Poznanski D, Quimby RM, Rol E, Romanowsky AJ, Sánchez-Ramírez R, Schulze S, Singh N, van Spaandonk L, Starling RLC, Strom RG, Tello JC, Vaduvescu O, Wheatley PJ, Wijers RAMJ, Winters JM, Xu D. An Extremely Luminous Panchromatic Outburst from the Nucleus of a Distant Galaxy. Science 2011; 333:199-202. [PMID: 21680811 DOI: 10.1126/science.1207143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Levan
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - N. R. Tanvir
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - S. B. Cenko
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3411, USA
| | - D. A. Perley
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3411, USA
| | - K. Wiersema
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - J. S. Bloom
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3411, USA
| | - A. S. Fruchter
- Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - A. de Ugarte Postigo
- Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P. T. O’Brien
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - N. Butler
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3411, USA
| | - A. J. van der Horst
- Universities Space Research Association, National Space Science and Technology Center, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA
| | - G. Leloudas
- Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A. N. Morgan
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3411, USA
| | - K. Misra
- Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - G. C. Bower
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3411, USA
| | - J. Farihi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | | | - M. Modjaz
- Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - J. M. Silverman
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3411, USA
| | - J. Hjorth
- Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C. Thöne
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
| | - A. Cucchiara
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3411, USA
| | - J. M. Castro Cerón
- Herschel Science Operations Centre, European Space Astronomy Centre, European Space Agency (ESA), Post Office Box 78, 28691 Villanueva de la Caada, Madrid, Spain
| | - A. J. Castro-Tirado
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
| | - J. A. Arnold
- University of California Observatories/Lick Observatory, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - M. Bremer
- Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, Domaine Universitaire, 38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
| | - J. P. Brodie
- University of California Observatories/Lick Observatory, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - T. Carroll
- Joint Astronomy center, 660 North A’ohoku Place, University Park, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - M. C. Cooper
- Center for Galaxy Evolution, University of California, Irvine, 4129 Frederick Reines Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - P. A. Curran
- Astrophysique Interactions Multi-échelles, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique/Direction des Sciences de la Matière–CNRS, Irfu/Service d’Astrophysique, Centre de Saclay, Bâtiment 709, FR-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - R. M. Cutri
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - J. Ehle
- Joint Astronomy center, 660 North A’ohoku Place, University Park, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - D. Forbes
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University, Hawthorn VIC 3122 Australia
| | - J. Fynbo
- Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J. Gorosabel
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
| | - J. Graham
- Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - D. I. Hoffman
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - S. Guziy
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
| | - P. Jakobsson
- Centre for Astrophysics and Cosmology, Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhaga 5 IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - A. Kamble
- Center for Gravitation and Cosmology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 1900 East Kenwood Boulevard, Milwaukee,WI 53211, USA
| | - T. Kerr
- Joint Astronomy center, 660 North A’ohoku Place, University Park, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - M. M. Kasliwal
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - C. Kouveliotou
- Space Science Office, VP62, NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
| | - D. Kocevski
- University of California Observatories/Lick Observatory, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - N. M. Law
- Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3H4 Ontario, Canada
| | - P. E. Nugent
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3411, USA
- Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - E. O. Ofek
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - D. Poznanski
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3411, USA
- Computational Cosmology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - R. M. Quimby
- Cahill Center for Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - E. Rol
- Astronomical Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - A. J. Romanowsky
- University of California Observatories/Lick Observatory, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - R. Sánchez-Ramírez
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
| | - S. Schulze
- Centre for Astrophysics and Cosmology, Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhaga 5 IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - N. Singh
- University of California Observatories/Lick Observatory, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Centre for Astronomy, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - L. van Spaandonk
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Centre for Astrophysics Research, Science and Technology Research Institute, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
| | - R. L. C. Starling
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - R. G. Strom
- Astronomical Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), Postbus 2, 7990 AA Dwingeloo, Netherlands
| | - J. C. Tello
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain
| | - O. Vaduvescu
- Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes, Apartado de correos 321 E-38700, Santa Cruz de la Palma, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - P. J. Wheatley
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - R. A. M. J. Wijers
- Astronomical Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J. M. Winters
- Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, Domaine Universitaire, 38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
| | - D. Xu
- Benoziyo Center for Astrophysics, Faculty of Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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Grebely J, Raffa JD, Lai C, Kerr T, Fischer B, Krajden M, Dore GJ, Tyndall MW. Impact of hepatitis C virus infection on all-cause and liver-related mortality in a large community-based cohort of inner city residents. J Viral Hepat 2011; 18:32-41. [PMID: 20196806 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2010.01279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to measure the impact of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection on mortality in a cohort of inner city residents. The Community Health and Safety Evaluation is a community-based study of inner city residents followed retrospectively and prospectively through linkages with provincial virology and mortality databases. We identified participants having received HCV antibody testing, evaluated cause-specific mortality rates and factors associated with all-cause and liver-related mortality using Cox Proportional Hazards models. Overall, 2332 participants received HCV antibody testing (recent non-injection drug use - 81%). The prevalence of HCV and HIV was 64% (1495 of 2332) and 21% (485 of 2332), respectively. Between January 2003 and December 2007, there were 180 deaths (192 per 10.000 person-years; 95% CI: 165, 222), with 21% HIV-related, 20% drug-related and 7% liver-related. Mortality was associated with age >50 [adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) 2.80 vs < 40 years (referent group); 95% CI 1.93, 4.07, P < 0.001] and HIV infection (AHR 3.81; 95% CI 2.72, 5.34, P < 0.001), but not positive HCV antibody status (AHR 1.19; 95% CI 0.83, 1.72, P = 0.35). Liver-related mortality was associated with age >50 [AHR 18.49 vs < 40 years (referent group); 95% CI 2.27, 150.41, P < 0.001] and positive HCV antibody status (AHR 7.69; 95% CI 0.99, 59.98, P = 0.052). This study demonstrates a high rate of mortality in this population, particularly those with HIV. HCV-infected inner city residents >50 years of age were at significant risk of liver-related mortality. Continued surveillance of this population infected with HCV in the 1970s and 1980s is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Grebely
- National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Lechner-Scott J, Kerr T, Spencer B, Agland S, Lydon A, Schofield PW. The Audio Recorded Cognitive Screen (ARCS) in patients with multiple sclerosis: a practical tool for multiple sclerosis clinics. Mult Scler 2010; 16:1126-33. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458510374743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Cognitive impairment is a common complication of multiple sclerosis, even in early stage disease, with significant impacts on life quality and social interaction. However, its detection is highly test-dependent. Objective: To validate a recently described screening tool, the ARCS, for detecting cognitive impairment in a multiple sclerosis population. Methods: The ARCS administers tests of executive function, memory, visual spatial construction and language via an audio device to unsupervised patients who write their responses for later scoring. Some 127 patients with a wide variety of disease course and severity were assessed by ARCS, of whom 87 also completed the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) and 45 underwent formal (‘gold standard’) neuropsychological testing. Results: Compared with PASAT, we found that the ARCS showed better sensitivity (86% versus 68%) at equivalent specificity (71%) for detection of impairment in any cognitive domain, and superiority in the detection of memory and executive impairments. Acceptance and completion rates for the ARCS were as good or better than for the PASAT. Conclusions: ARCS is sensitive, well-tolerated, easy to administer and facilitates comprehensive cognitive assessment in less than 5 min of clinician time. It has several advantages over the PASAT for detecting cognitive impairment in patients with multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Lechner-Scott
- Department of Neurology Neurosurgery and Neurophysiology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia,
| | - T. Kerr
- Neuropsychiatry Service, Hunter New England Area Health, Newcastle, Australia
| | - B. Spencer
- Department of Neurology Neurosurgery and Neurophysiology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia
| | - S. Agland
- Department of Neurology Neurosurgery and Neurophysiology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia
| | - A. Lydon
- Department of Neurology Neurosurgery and Neurophysiology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia
| | - PW Schofield
- Department of Neurology Neurosurgery and Neurophysiology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia, Neuropsychiatry Service, Hunter New England Area Health, Newcastle, Australia, Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Australia
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Shannon K, Kerr T, Strathdee SA, Shoveller J, Montaner JS, Tyndall MW. Prevalence and structural correlates of gender based violence among a prospective cohort of female sex workers. BMJ 2009; 339:b2939. [PMID: 19671935 PMCID: PMC2725271 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.b2939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the prevalence and structural correlates of gender based violence against female sex workers in an environment of criminalised prostitution. DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING Vancouver, Canada during 2006-8. PARTICIPANTS Female sex workers 14 years of age or older (inclusive of transgender women) who used illicit drugs (excluding marijuana) and engaged in street level sex work. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Self reported gender based violence. RESULTS Of 267 female sex workers invited to participate, 251 women returned to the study office and consented to participate (response rate of 94%). Analyses were based on 237 female sex workers who completed a baseline visit and at least one follow-up visit. Of these 237 female sex workers, 57% experienced gender based violence over an 18 month follow-up period. In multivariate models adjusted for individual and interpersonal risk practices, the following structural factors were independently correlated with violence against female sex workers: homelessness (adjusted odds ratio for physical violence (aOR(physicalviolence)) 2.14, 95% confidence interval 1.34 to 3.43; adjusted odds ratio for rape (aOR(rape)) 1.73, 1.09 to 3.12); inability to access drug treatment (adjusted odds ratio for client violence (aOR(clientviolence)) 2.13, 1.26 to 3.62; aOR(physicalviolence) 1.96, 1.03 to 3.43); servicing clients in cars or public spaces (aOR(clientviolence) 1.50, 1.08 to 2.57); prior assault by police (aOR(clientviolence) 3.45, 1.98 to 6.02; aOR(rape) 2.61, 1.32 to 5.16); confiscation of drug use paraphernalia by police without arrest (aOR(physicalviolence) 1.50, 1.02 to 2.41); and moving working areas away from main streets owing to policing (aOR(clientviolence) 2.13, 1.26 to 3.62). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate an alarming prevalence of gender based violence against female sex workers. The structural factors of criminalisation, homelessness, and poor availability of drug treatment independently correlated with gender based violence against street based female sex workers. Socio-legal policy reforms, improved access to housing and drug treatment, and scale up of violence prevention efforts, including police-sex worker partnerships, will be crucial to stemming violence against female sex workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Shannon
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
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Grebely J, Raffa JD, Lai C, Krajden M, Kerr T, Fischer B, Tyndall MW. Low uptake of treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in a large community-based study of inner city residents. J Viral Hepat 2009; 16:352-8. [PMID: 19226330 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2009.01080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the availability of effective therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, there are little data on the uptake of treatment. We evaluated factors associated with HCV infection and the uptake of HCV treatment in a large community-based inner city cohort in Vancouver, Canada. The Community Health and Safety Evaluation is a cohort study of inner city residents recruited from January 2003 to June 2004. HIV and HCV status and information on prescriptions for HCV treatment were determined through linkage with provincial databases. HCV prevalence was calculated and factors associated with HCV infection were identified. HCV treatment uptake and incidence of HCV infection from January 2000 to December 2004 were expressed in terms of person-years of observation. Among 2913 individuals, HCV antibody testing was performed in 2118 and the HCV seroprevalence was 64.2% (1360 of 2118). In total, 1.1% of HCV antibody-positive individuals (15 of 1360) initiated treatment for HCV infection from January 2000 to December 2004 [0.28 cases per 100 person-years (95% CI, 0.15-0.46)]. Three of 15 (20.0%) treated individuals achieved a sustained virological response. During the same period, the incidence of HCV infection was 7.26 cases (95% CI, 5.72-8.80) per 100 person-years. Overall, the rate of new HCV seroconversions in this cohort in the study period was about 25 times the rate of HCV treatment uptake. There are extremely low rates of HCV treatment initiation and very limited effectiveness, despite a high prevalence of HCV infection in this large community-based cohort of inner city residents with access to universal healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Grebely
- National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia.
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Marshall BDL, Wood E, Zhang R, Tyndall MW, Montaner JSG, Kerr T. Condom use among injection drug users accessing a supervised injecting facility. Sex Transm Infect 2008; 85:121-6. [PMID: 18812391 DOI: 10.1136/sti.2008.032524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although supervised injecting facility (SIF) use has been associated with reductions in injection-related risk behaviours, the impact of SIFs on the sexual behaviour of injection drug users (IDUs) has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, we examined the patterns and predictors of condom use among SIF users in Vancouver, Canada. METHODS We performed a longitudinal analysis of the factors associated with consistent condom use among IDUs recruited from within a SIF. RESULTS Among 1090 individuals, 650 (59.6%) reported a sexual partner in the past 6 months at baseline. Consistent condom use was reported by 108 (25.3%) and 205 (61.6%) individuals reporting regular or casual partners, respectively. After 2 years of observation, these proportions increased to 32.9% and 69.8%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, predictors of consistent condom use with regular partners included HIV positivity (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.23; 95% CI 1.51 to 3.31), injecting with a sex partner (AOR 0.50; 95% CI 0.37 to 0.68), enrollment in addiction treatment (AOR 0.68, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.89) and time since recruitment (AOR 1.29; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.55 per year). Predictors of consistent condom use with casual partners included HIV positivity (AOR 1.70; 95% CI 1.03 to 2.81), syringe borrowing (AOR 0.54; 95% CI 0.32 to 0.91) and syringe lending (AOR 0.52; 95% CI 0.32 to 0.84). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that among SIF users, consistent condom use was more frequent among casual sex partners and among HIV positive individuals. Importantly, while the prevalence of consistent condom use was low at baseline, it increased over time. Our findings suggest a possible beneficial effect of the SIF on safer sexual practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D L Marshall
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St Paul's Hospital, British Columbia, Canada
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Shannon K, Kerr T, Bright V, Gibson K, Tyndall MW. Drug sharing with clients as a risk marker for increased violence and sexual and drug-related harms among survival sex workers. AIDS Care 2008; 20:228-34. [PMID: 18293134 DOI: 10.1080/09540120701561270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have described links between violence, decreased condom use and drug sharing among intimate partners, though limited information exists about the predictors of drug sharing among female sex workers and their clients. The following analysis explored the association between sharing illicit drugs with clients and sexual and drug-related harms among survival sex workers. A total of 198 women participated in interview-administered questionnaires and confidential HIV testing. Of the total, 117 (59%) reported sharing drugs with clients/johns in the last six months and crack cocaine was the primary drug shared (n=108). In logistic regression analysis, sharing drugs with clients/johns was associated with borrowing a used crack pipe (AOR=5.63; 95%CI: 2.71-9.44; p<0.001), intensive/daily crack cocaine smoking (AOR=3.78; 95%CI:1.60-8.92; p<0.002), inconsistent condom use by a client/john (AOR=3.17; 95%CI:1.48-6.77; p<0.003) and having a recent bad date (verbal harassment, physical and/or sexual assault) (AOR=2.71; 95%CI:1.17-6.32; p=0.021). Sharing illicit drugs with clients/johns may be a crucial risk marker for increased violence and sexual and drug-related harms among survival sex workers. HIV prevention and harm reduction initiatives targeting both women and clients/johns are urgently needed, including enhanced support for community and peer-driven sex work initiatives, to address some of the structural facilitators for HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shannon
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Wood E, Kerr T, Zhang R, Guillemi S, Palepu A, Hogg RS, Montaner JSG. Poor adherence to HIV monitoring and treatment guidelines for HIV-infected injection drug users. HIV Med 2008; 9:503-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2008.00582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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DeBeck K, Small W, Wood E, Li K, Montaner J, Kerr T. Public injecting among a cohort of injecting drug users in Vancouver, Canada. J Epidemiol Community Health 2008; 63:81-6. [PMID: 18628270 DOI: 10.1136/jech.2007.069013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the implementation of policy interventions to address open drug consumption, public injecting continues to occur in many urban settings. This study sought to examine public injecting among a community-recruited cohort of injecting drug users (IDUs) in Vancouver. METHODS The prevalence and correlates of recent public injecting among participants enrolled in the Vancouver Injection Drug User Study during the period of 1 December 2003 to 30 November 2005 were examined prospectively using generalised estimating equations (GEEs). RESULTS Among the sample of 620 active IDUs, at some point during the study period, 142 (22.9%) individuals reported "usually" or "always" injecting in public in the 6 months prior to their study visit. Factors that were significant and positively associated with recent frequent public injecting in multivariate GEE analysis include homelessness (adjusted OR (AOR) 6.70); frequent crack use (AOR 1.48); and frequent heroin injection (AOR 1.56). Recent frequent public injecting was found to be negatively associated with cooking and filtering drugs prior to injecting (AOR 0.50) and older age (AOR 0.95). CONCLUSION The findings indicate that a substantial proportion of local IDUs frequently inject in public, and those who report recently injecting in public spaces appear to be a vulnerable population facing significant health hazards. The provision of secure housing may have the potential to protect the health of IDUs in this setting and significantly decrease the prevalence of public injecting. In addition, the findings support previous work suggesting that removing barriers to the use of Vancouver's existing supervised injection site may serve to further reduce public drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- K DeBeck
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify psychosocial determinants of, and self-reported reasons for, HAART discontinuation among HIV-positive injection drug users (IDUs). We examined correlates between sociodemographic characteristics, drug use and risk behaviors, outcome expectations, adherence self-efficacy, social support and HAART discontinuation among 160 HIV-positive participants in the Vancouver Injection Drug Users' Study (VIDUS). Logistic regression was used to identify the factors independently associated with discontinuation of HAART. Seventy-one (44%) study participants discontinued HAART during the study period. Factors independently associated with discontinuation of HAART included recent incarceration (OR = 4.84, p = 0.022), negative outcome expectations (OR = 1.41, p = 0.001), adherence efficacy expectations (OR = 0.70, p = 0.003) and self-regulatory efficacy (OR = 0.86, p = 0.050). The most frequently cited reasons provided for discontinuing HAART were being in jail (44%) and medication side effects (41%). The results of this study suggest that psychological constructs derived from self-efficacy theory are highly germane to the understanding of HAART discontinuation behavior and interventions that may change it. Incarceration may result in interruptions in HAART among IDUs, and programmatic changes may be needed to promote optimal retention on HAART among incarcerated HIV-infected IDUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kerr
- Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network, St. Paul's Hospital, British Columbia, Canada.
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Braitstein P, Li K, Kerr T, Montaner JSG, Hogg RS, Wood E. Differences in access to care among injection drug users infected either with HIV and hepatitis C or hepatitis C alone. AIDS Care 2007; 18:690-3. [PMID: 16971276 DOI: 10.1080/09540120500359330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Access to HCV (Hepatitis C virus) care for HIV/HCV-co-infected patients is an urgent public health concern. The objective of the present study was to describe the self-reported health status of HIV/HCV-co-infected and HCV-mono-infected injection drug users and to describe their access to HCV-related care. Beginning in May 1996, persons who had injected illicit drugs in the previous month were recruited into the Vancouver Injection Drug User Study (VIDUS). At baseline and then semi-annually, participants complete an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Blood is drawn at each semi-annual interview and tested for HIV and Hepatitis C infection. Data for this descriptive, cross-sectional study were drawn from the most recent of either the July 2003 or December 2003 nurse-administered questionnaire. Statistics used were the chi-square, Wilcoxon Rank Sum and Student's t-test. Logistic regression was used to examine factors independently associated with accessing HCV care. There were 707 individuals eligible for this analysis, including 240 HIV/HCV-co-infected and 467 HCV-mono-infected persons. Co-infected individuals were more likely to be female, younger, of Aboriginal ethnicity and less likely to use heroin daily. The HCV-mono-infected group tended to report higher rates of HCV-related symptoms, including fatigue, liver pain, nausea, night-sweats and stomach pain. However, it was the HIV/HCV-co-infected group who were more likely to report that they believed their hepatitis C was affecting them. The HIV/HCV-co-infected group were also more likely to report having received any hepatitis-related follow-up care, including blood work, liver biopsies and referrals to specialists. In logistic regression analysis, factors independently associated with ever receiving any hepatitis C related follow-up were HIV/HCV-co-infection (AOR 3.1; 95% CI: 2-4.7), being older (AOR 1.04; 95% CI: 1.02-1.06 per year older), using heroin daily (AOR 0.54; 95% CI: 0.36-0.82) and believing that hepatitis C was affecting one's health (AOR 1.4; 95% CI: 1.0-2.1). In conclusion, our data indicate more HCV healthcare utilization among those HIV/HCV-co-infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Braitstein
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.
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Berkhout S, Shannon K, Lai C, Kerr T, Tyndall M. Life at the Margins: Understanding the Social Determinants of Hiv/Aids in Women'S Health through Multidisciplinary Translational Research. J Investig Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1177/108155890605401s09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S.G. Berkhout
- Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - K. Shannon
- The Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - C. Lai
- The Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - T. Kerr
- The Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - M. Tyndall
- The Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Berkhout SG, Shannon K, Lai C, Kerr T, Tyndall M. 125 LIFE AT THE MARGINS: UNDERSTANDING THE SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HIV/AIDS IN WOMEN'S HEALTH THROUGH MULTIDISCIPLINARY TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH. J Investig Med 2006. [DOI: 10.2310/6650.2005.x0004.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wood E, Kerr T, Stoltz J, Qui Z, Zhang R, Montaner JSG, Tyndall MW. Prevalence and correlates of hepatitis C infection among users of North America's first medically supervised safer injection facility. Public Health 2005; 119:1111-5. [PMID: 16214189 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2005.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2004] [Revised: 04/13/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND North America's first medically supervised safer injection facility (SIF) for illicit drug users was opened in Vancouver, Canada on 22 September 2003. We examined the prevalence and correlates of hepatitis C (HCV) infection among a representative cohort of SIF users. METHODS Users of the Vancouver SIF were selected at random and asked to enrol in the Scientific Evaluation of Supervised Injecting (SEOSI) cohort. At baseline, venous blood samples were collected and an interviewer-administered questionnaire was performed. Participants who were HCV-positive were compared with HCV-negative subjects using bivariate and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Between 1 December 2003 and 30 July 2004, 691 participants were enrolled into the SEOSI cohort, among whom 605 (87.6%) were HCV-positive at baseline. Factors independently associated with HCV infection in logistic regression analyses included: involvement with the sex trade [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 3.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.1-6.1], history of borrowing syringes (AOR 1.8, 95%CI 1.1-2.9), and history of incarceration (AOR 2.6, 95%CI 1.5-4.4). Daily heroin use was protective against HCV infection (AOR 0.6, 95%CI 0.3-0.9). CONCLUSION The SIF has attracted injection drug users with a high burden of HCV infection and a substantial proportion of uninfected individuals. Although cross-sectional, this study provides some insight into historical risks for HCV infection among this population, and prospective follow-up of this cohort will be useful to determine if use of the SIF is associated with reduced risk behaviour and HCV incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Wood
- Division of Epidemiology and Population Health, British Columbia Center for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.
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Kerr T, McBaugh D, Gilley D. TH-C-P-618-01: CRCPD: Partnering With the AAPM To Assure Resolution to Radiation Protection Issues. Med Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1118/1.1998655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Kerr T, Wood E, Grafstein E, Ishida T, Shannon K, Lai C, Montaner J, Tyndall MW. High rates of primary care and emergency department use among injection drug users in Vancouver. J Public Health (Oxf) 2004; 27:62-6. [PMID: 15564279 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdh189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frequent use of emergency rooms by injection drug users (IDUs) has been attributed to a lack of access to primary care and barriers to health services. Using a community-based sample of IDUs, we examined rates of primary care and emergency room use among IDUs and identified correlates of frequent emergency department use. METHODS From January to November 2003, we enrolled IDUs into a prospective cohort study involving a baseline questionnaire, comprehensive retrospective and prospective health record linkages. We examined rates of primary care and emergency department utilization, and diagnoses upon arrival in the emergency room. Logistic regression was used to determine factors independently associated with frequent emergency room use. RESULTS Of the 883 IDUs included in this analysis, 687 (78 per cent) accessed a primary care clinic in the previous year, while 528 (60 per cent) participants accessed the emergency room (ER) during the years 2002 and 2003. Abscesses, cellulitis and other skin infections accounted for the greatest proportion of ER use. Factors independently associated with frequent ER use included: frequent crystal methamphetamine injection (AOR = 2.4, 95 per cent CI: 1.0-5.6); non-fatal overdose (AOR = 2.1, 95 per cent CI: 1.4-3.3); HIV-positive status (AOR = 1.5, 95 per cent CI: 1.1-2.1), having been physically assaulted (AOR = 1.5, 95 per cent CI: 1.1-2.1); and primary care utilization (AOR = 1.5, 95 per cent CI: 1.0-2.1). DISCUSSION high rates of ER use were observed among IDUs, despite high rates of primary care use among this same population. ER use was due primarily to preventable injection-related complications that are less amenable to primary care interventions, and therefore educational and prevention efforts that encourage and enable sterile injection practices should be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kerr
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Canada.
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Abstract
A thin, filamentous, non-motile, aerotolerant, anaerobic, gram-negative bacterium was isolated from the blood of a 46-year-old man who was diagnosed as having acute myeloid leukemia. The organism had a positive catalase reaction but was negative in indole and oxidase tests. A commercially available system failed to identify the bacterium, but 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed it to be most closely related (97% similarity) to a recently isolated Leptotrichia sp. The DNA base composition was 29.7% mol G+C, and the organism produced lactate as the sole end-product of glucose fermentation. These data indicate the isolate is a new species of Leptotrichia for which the name Leptotrichia trevisanii sp. nov. is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Tee
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Western Health Service, North Melbourne, Australia
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Abstract
Affective processes are critical to understanding and promoting lasting therapeutic change. Using a sample of 40 anxious adults, the researchers examined the use of music to increase affective modification and emotional restructuring in a cognitive reframing intervention. Subjects were assigned to either a typical reframing intervention or a music-assisted reframing intervention. Using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Subjective Units of Distress Scale, Depression Adjective Checklist, and a Think-Aloud measure, the groups were compared on basis of anxiety-reduction, affective modification, and imagery vividness. Results indicate that the music-assisted reframing intervention was more efficacious than the typical reframing intervention in reducing anxiety, modifying affect, and promoting imagery-vividness.
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Kerr T, Palepu A. Safe injection facilities in Canada: is it time? CMAJ 2001; 165:436-7. [PMID: 11531053 PMCID: PMC81369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T Kerr
- University of Victoria, BC
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Wood E, Tyndall MW, Spittal PM, Li K, Kerr T, Hogg RS, Montaner JS, O'Shaughnessy MV, Schechter MT. Unsafe injection practices in a cohort of injection drug users in Vancouver: could safer injecting rooms help? CMAJ 2001; 165:405-10. [PMID: 11531048 PMCID: PMC81364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In several European countries safer injecting rooms have reduced the public disorder and health-related problems of injection drug use. We explored factors associated with needle-sharing practices that could potentially be alleviated by the availability of safer injecting rooms in Canada. METHODS The Vancouver Injection Drug User Study is a prospective cohort study of injection drug users (IDUs) that began in 1996. The analyses reported here were restricted to the 776 participants who reported actively injecting drugs in the 6 months before the most recent follow-up visit, during the period January 1999 to October 2000. Needle sharing was defined as either borrowing or lending a used needle in the 6-month period before the interview. RESULTS Overall, 214 (27.6%) of the participants reported sharing needles during the 6 months before follow-up; 106 (13.7%) injected drugs in public, and 581 (74.9%) reported injecting alone at least once. Variables independently associated with needle sharing in a multivariate analysis included difficulty getting sterile needles (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8-4.1), requiring help to inject drugs (adjusted OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.4-2.8), needle reuse (adjusted OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3-2.6), frequent cocaine injection (adjusted OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.3) and frequent heroin injection (adjusted OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.04-2.1). Conversely, HIV-positive participants were less likely to share needles (adjusted OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.4-0.8), although 20.2% of the HIV-positive IDUs still reported sharing needles. INTERPRETATION Despite the availability of a large needle-exchange program and targeted law enforcement efforts in Vancouver, needle sharing remains an alarmingly common practice in our cohort. We identified a number of risk behaviours--difficulty getting sterile needles, needle sharing and reuse, injection of drugs in public and injecting alone (one of the main contributing causes of overdose)--that may be alleviated by the establishment of supervised safer injecting rooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Wood
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Department of Health Care and Epidemiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
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Garrett M, Kerr T, Caulfield B. Phase-dependent inhibition of H-reflexes during walking in humans is independent of reduction in knee angular velocity. J Neurophysiol 1999; 82:747-53. [PMID: 10444673 DOI: 10.1152/jn.1999.82.2.747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to investigate whether reduction in impulses arising from stretch of the quadriceps by restricting rapid knee flexion in early swing would affect inhibition of the H-reflex during swing. The contribution of afferent input arising from knee angular velocity to phase-dependent modulation of short-latency responses in the soleus was studied by simultaneously measuring joint velocity and soleus H-reflex responses at midstance and midswing phases of treadmill walking in 15 normal subjects. Stimulus strength was varied so that both maximal M and H waves were identified in each subject at midswing and midstance with the knee unrestricted (UK) and with knee movement restricted (RK), using a full leg bivalved cast to immobilize the knee joint. All subjects exhibited short-latency reflex responses in the soleus muscle. The H/M ratio at midswing was significantly reduced compared with midstance under both UK and RK walking conditions (P < 0.0001). When compared with UK walking, knee joint angular velocity during RK walking was significantly reduced at midswing (P < 0.001) and midstance (P < 0.005) compared with UK. There were, however, no significant differences in H/M ratios at midswing and midstance between UK and RK walking tests. Inhibition of the H-reflex in the soleus muscle during swing was not affected by significant reduction in knee angular velocity. These results indicate that the sensory input from changes in angular velocity at the knee does not lay the inhibitory foundation of phase-related reflex modulation in the ankle extensors during walking as suggested by Brooke and colleagues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Garrett
- University College Dublin School of Physiotherapy, Mater Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland
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Adderley S, Fitzgerald D, O’Neill S, Fitzgerald D, Moran N, Smith R, Fitzgerald D, Stephens G, Fitzgerald D, Moran N, O’Hara AM, Moran AP, Orren A, Hobart MJ, Fernie BA, Connaughton JJ, Walsh AM, O’Connor JJ, Murphy RP, Nallen R, Fitzgerald D, Donoghue C, Whitehead AS, D’Mello M, McGuire M, MacDermott M, Glennon JC, O’Connor WT, Wallace JMW, Gilmore WS, Strain JJ, Allen JM, Cantillon D, Bradford A, Ryan JP, Quinn T, Mullally J, Leek BF, Quinn T, Ryan JP, Leek BF, Barry S, Blake C, Kiely J, Barrett P, Baxter GD, McDonough S, Baker R, Priori T, Cusack T, Garrett M, Kerr T, Caulfield B, Garrett M, Coogan AN, O’Connor JJ, O’Neill LAJ, O’Leary DM, O’Connor JJ, Davern SM, O’Connor CM, McDonnell TJ, Page DT, O’Connor N, Masokwane P, O’Boyle K, Martin F, Rogers M, Kelleher S, Keenan AK. Royal academy of medicine in ireland section of biomedical sciences. Ir J Med Sci 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02937936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jeffers M, Crilly A, Kerr T, Richmond J, Madhok R. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas complicating Sjögren's syndrome: can Epstein Barr virus be implicated? Scand J Rheumatol 1997; 26:180-3. [PMID: 9225872 DOI: 10.3109/03009749709065678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We examined eight (6 parotid, 1 caecum, 1 lymph node) non Hodgkin's Lymphomas (NHL) complicating primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS), four parotid NHL, in patients without SS, and three salivary gland biopsies from SS patients and no NHL, for Epstein Barr virus (EBV), using immunohistochemistry for late membrane protein, in situ hybridisation (ISH) for EBER, and PCR for EBV DNA. Late membrane protein was not detected. In NHL's complicating SS, EBERs were detected in two parotid lymphomas by ISH. EBV DNA was detected in three SS parotid NHL. Cecal and lymph node SS NHL were negative for EBER and EBV DNA. EBV DNA was detected in two non SS NHLs, one expressed EBER. Despite positive EBV DNA results by PCR in three samples expression of EBER was noted in only one by ISH. This was a high grade NHL complicating SS. There was no evidence of EBV in low grade NHLs complicating SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jeffers
- University Department of Pathology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, UK
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