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Duggan C, Moratto E, Savage Z, Hamilton E, Adachi H, Wu CH, Leary AY, Tumtas Y, Rothery SM, Maqbool A, Nohut S, Martin TR, Kamoun S, Bozkurt TO. Dynamic localization of a helper NLR at the plant-pathogen interface underpins pathogen recognition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2104997118. [PMID: 34417294 PMCID: PMC8403872 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104997118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants employ sensor-helper pairs of NLR immune receptors to recognize pathogen effectors and activate immune responses. Yet, the subcellular localization of NLRs pre- and postactivation during pathogen infection remains poorly understood. Here, we show that NRC4, from the "NRC" solanaceous helper NLR family, undergoes dynamic changes in subcellular localization by shuttling to and from the plant-pathogen haustorium interface established during infection by the Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Specifically, prior to activation, NRC4 accumulates at the extrahaustorial membrane (EHM), presumably to mediate response to perihaustorial effectors that are recognized by NRC4-dependent sensor NLRs. However, not all NLRs accumulate at the EHM, as the closely related helper NRC2 and the distantly related ZAR1 did not accumulate at the EHM. NRC4 required an intact N-terminal coiled-coil domain to accumulate at the EHM, whereas the functionally conserved MADA motif implicated in cell death activation and membrane insertion was dispensable for this process. Strikingly, a constitutively autoactive NRC4 mutant did not accumulate at the EHM and showed punctate distribution that mainly associated with the plasma membrane, suggesting that postactivation, NRC4 may undergo a conformation switch to form clusters that do not preferentially associate with the EHM. When NRC4 is activated by a sensor NLR during infection, however, NRC4 forms puncta mainly at the EHM and, to a lesser extent, at the plasma membrane. We conclude that following activation at the EHM, NRC4 may spread to other cellular membranes from its primary site of activation to trigger immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cian Duggan
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleonora Moratto
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Zachary Savage
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Eranthika Hamilton
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroaki Adachi
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, NR4 7UH Norwich, United Kingdom
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Chih-Hang Wu
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, NR4 7UH Norwich, United Kingdom
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Alexandre Y Leary
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Yasin Tumtas
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M Rothery
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Abbas Maqbool
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, NR4 7UH Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Seda Nohut
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Toby Ross Martin
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, NR4 7UH Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Tolga Osman Bozkurt
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom;
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Dagvadorj B, Ozketen AC, Andac A, Duggan C, Bozkurt TO, Akkaya MS. A Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici secreted protein activates plant immunity at the cell surface. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1141. [PMID: 28442716 PMCID: PMC5430700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens secrete effector proteins to suppress host immunity, mediate nutrient uptake and subsequently enable parasitism. However, on non-adapted hosts, effectors can be detected as non-self by host immune receptors and activate non-host immunity. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms of effector triggered non-host resistance remain unknown. Here, we report that a small cysteine-rich protein PstSCR1 from the wheat rust pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) activates immunity in the non-host solanaceous model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. PstSCR1 homologs were found to be conserved in Pst, and in its closest relatives, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici and Puccinia triticina. When PstSCR1 was expressed in N. benthamiana with its signal peptide, it provoked the plant immune system, whereas no stimulation was observed when it was expressed without its signal peptide. PstSCR1 expression in N. benthamiana significantly reduced infection capacity of the oomycete pathogens. Moreover, apoplast-targeted PstSCR1 triggered plant cell death in a dose dependent manner. However, in Brassinosteroid insensitive 1-Associated Kinase 1 (SERK3/BAK1) silenced N. benthamiana, cell death was remarkably decreased. Finally, purified PstSCR1 protein activated defence related gene expression in N. benthamiana. Our results show that a Pst-secreted protein, PstSCR1 can activate surface mediated immunity in non-adapted hosts and contribute to non-host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayantes Dagvadorj
- Middle East Technical University, Biotechnology Program, Department of Chemistry, Dumlupinar Blvd., Cankaya, Ankara, TR-06800, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Caglar Ozketen
- Middle East Technical University, Biotechnology Program, Department of Chemistry, Dumlupinar Blvd., Cankaya, Ankara, TR-06800, Turkey
| | - Ayse Andac
- Middle East Technical University, Biotechnology Program, Department of Chemistry, Dumlupinar Blvd., Cankaya, Ankara, TR-06800, Turkey
| | - Cian Duggan
- Imperial College London, Department of Life Sciences, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Mahinur S Akkaya
- Middle East Technical University, Biotechnology Program, Department of Chemistry, Dumlupinar Blvd., Cankaya, Ankara, TR-06800, Turkey.
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