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Shefner JM, Al-Chalabi A, Andrews JA, Chio A, De Carvalho M, Cockroft BM, Corcia P, Couratier P, Cudkowicz ME, Genge A, Hardiman O, Heiman-Patterson T, Henderson RD, Ingre C, Jackson CE, Johnston W, Lechtzin N, Ludolph A, Maragakis NJ, Miller TM, Mora Pardina JS, Petri S, Simmons Z, Van Den Berg LH, Zinman L, Kupfer S, Malik FI, Meng L, Simkins TJ, Wei J, Wolff AA, Rudnicki SA. COURAGE-ALS: a randomized, double-blind phase 3 study designed to improve participant experience and increase the probability of success. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37254449 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2023.2216223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To determine the target population and optimize the study design of the phase 3 clinical trial evaluating reldesemtiv in participants with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).Methods: We evaluated the phase 2 study of reldesemtiv, FORTITUDE-ALS, to inform eligibility criteria and design features that would increase trial efficiency and reduce participant burden of the phase 3 trial.Results: In FORTITUDE-ALS, the effect of reldesemtiv was particularly evident among participants in the intermediate- and fast-progressing tertiles for pre-study disease progression. These participants most often had symptom onset ≤24 months and an ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R) total score ≤44 at baseline. Compared with the overall FORTITUDE-ALS population, the subgroup meeting these criteria declined by fewer ALSFRS-R points at 12 weeks (difference of least-squares mean [SE] versus placebo 1.84 [0.49] and 0.87 [0.35] for the overall population). These inclusion criteria will be used for the phase 3 clinical trial, COURAGE-ALS, in which the primary outcome is the change in ALSFRS-R total score at week 24. We also measure durable medical equipment use and evaluate strength in muscles expected to change rapidly. To reduce participant burden, study visits are often remote, and strength evaluation is simplified to reduce time and effort.Conclusions: In COURAGE-ALS, the phase 3 clinical trial to evaluate reldesemtiv, the sensitivity of detecting a potential treatment effect may be increased by defining eligibility criteria that limit the proportion of participants who have slower disease progression. Implementing remote visits and simplifying strength measurements will reduce both site and participant burden.ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT03160898 (FORTITUDE-ALS) and NCT04944784 (COURAGE-ALS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Shefner
- Barrow Neurological Institute, University of Arizona, and Creighton University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Jinsy A Andrews
- The Neurological Institute of New York, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adriano Chio
- Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Mamede De Carvalho
- Department of Neurosciences of Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa-Norte, Faculty of Medicine, Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Merit E Cudkowicz
- Neurological Clinical Research Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Angela Genge
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Orla Hardiman
- Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Robert D Henderson
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Caroline Ingre
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlayne E Jackson
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Noah Lechtzin
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Nicholas J Maragakis
- Johns Hopkins ALS Clinical Trials Unit, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Susanne Petri
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Zachary Simmons
- Penn State Health Milton S Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Leonard H Van Den Berg
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Netherlands ALS Centre, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lorne Zinman
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada, and
| | - Stuart Kupfer
- Cytokinetics, Incorporated, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Fady I Malik
- Cytokinetics, Incorporated, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Meng
- Cytokinetics, Incorporated, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Jenny Wei
- Cytokinetics, Incorporated, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew A Wolff
- Cytokinetics, Incorporated, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Paydar A, Jenner ZB, Simkins TJ, Chang YM, Hacein-Bey L, Ozturk A, Birkeland A, Assadsangabi R, Raslan O, Shadmani G, Apperson M, Ivanovic V. Autoimmune disease of head and neck, imaging, and clinical review. Neuroradiol J 2022; 35:545-562. [PMID: 35603923 PMCID: PMC9513912 DOI: 10.1177/19714009221100983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune disease of the head and neck (H&N) could be primary or secondary to systemic diseases, medications, or malignancies. Immune-mediated diseases of the H&N are not common in daily practice of radiologists; the diagnosis is frequently delayed because of the non-specific initial presentation and lack of familiarity with some of the specific imaging and clinical features. In this review, we aim to provide a practical diagnostic approach based on the specific radiological findings for each disease. We hope that our review will help radiologists expand their understanding of the spectrum of the discussed disease entities, help them narrow the differential diagnosis, and avoid unnecessary tissue biopsy when appropriate based on the specific clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zachary B Jenner
- University of California Davis
Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Tyrell J Simkins
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis
Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Yu-Ming Chang
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical
Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Arzu Ozturk
- Department of Medicine, UC Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | - Reza Assadsangabi
- Department of Radiology, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Osama Raslan
- Department of Radiology, University of California Davis
Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Ghazal Shadmani
- School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michelle Apperson
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis
Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Vladimir Ivanovic
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of
Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Simkins TJ, Bissig D, Moreno G, Kahlon NPK, Gorin F, Duffy A. A clinical decision rule predicting outcomes of emergency department patients with altered mental status. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2021; 2:e12522. [PMID: 34528023 PMCID: PMC8432088 DOI: 10.1002/emp2.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Approximately 5% of emergency department patients present with altered mental status (AMS). AMS is diagnostically challenging because of the wide range of causes and is associated with high mortality. We sought to develop a clinical decision rule predicting admission risk among emergency department (ED) patients with AMS. METHODS Using retrospective chart review of ED encounters for AMS over a 2-month period, we recorded causes of AMS and numerous clinical variables. Encounters were split into those admitted to the hospital ("cases") and those discharged from the ED ("controls"). Using the first month's data, variables correlated with hospital admission were identified and narrowed using univariate and multivariate statistics, including recursive partitioning. These variables were then organized into a clinical decision rule and validated on the second month's data. The decision rule results were also compared to 1-year mortality. RESULTS We identified 351 encounters for AMS over a 2-month period. Significant contributors to AMS included intoxication and chronic disorder decompensation. ED data predicting hospital admission included vital sign abnormalities, select lab studies, and psychiatric/intoxicant history. The decision rule sorted patients into low, moderate, or high risk of admission (11.1%, 44.3%, and 89.1% admitted, respectively) and was predictive of 1-year mortality (low-risk group 1.8%, high-risk group 34.3%). CONCLUSIONS We catalogued common causes for AMS among patients presenting to the ED, and our data-driven decision tool triaged these patients for risk of admission with good predictive accuracy. These methods for creating clinical decision rules might be further studied and improved to optimize ED patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrell J Simkins
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California, DavisSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - David Bissig
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California, DavisSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Gabriel Moreno
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California, DavisSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
- Touro UniversityVallejoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Nimar Pal K Kahlon
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California, DavisSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Fredric Gorin
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California, DavisSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alexandra Duffy
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of California, DavisSacramentoCaliforniaUSA
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Shadmani G, Simkins TJ, Assadsangabi R, Apperson M, Hacein-Bey L, Raslan O, Ivanovic V. Autoimmune diseases of the brain, imaging and clinical review. Neuroradiol J 2021; 35:152-169. [PMID: 34490814 DOI: 10.1177/19714009211042879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an extensive spectrum of autoimmune entities that can involve the central nervous system, which has expanded with the emergence of new imaging modalities and several clinicopathologic entities. Clinical presentation is usually non-specific, and imaging has a critical role in the workup of these diseases. Immune-mediated diseases of the brain are not common in daily practice for radiologists and, except for a few of them such as multiple sclerosis, there is a vague understanding about differentiating them from each other based on the radiological findings. In this review, we aim to provide a practical diagnostic approach based on the unique radiological findings for each disease. We hope our diagnostic approach will help radiologists expand their basic understanding of the discussed disease entities and narrow the differential diagnosis in specific clinical scenarios. An understanding of unique imaging features of these disorders, along with laboratory evaluation, may enable clinicians to decrease the need for tissue biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Shadmani
- Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, University of California Davis Medical Center, USA
| | - Tyrell J Simkins
- Department of Neurology (Neuroimmunulogy), University of California Davis Medical center, USA
| | - Reza Assadsangabi
- Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, University of California Davis Medical Center, USA
| | - Michelle Apperson
- Department of Neurology (Neuroimmunulogy), University of California Davis Medical center, USA
| | - Lotfi Hacein-Bey
- Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, University of California Davis Medical Center, USA
| | - Osama Raslan
- Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, University of California Davis Medical Center, USA
| | - Vladimir Ivanovic
- Department of Radiology, Section of Neuroradiology, University of California Davis Medical Center, USA
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Simkins TJ, Duncan GJ, Bourdette D. Chronic Demyelination and Axonal Degeneration in Multiple Sclerosis: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Implications. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2021; 21:26. [PMID: 33835275 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-021-01110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Inflammatory attacks in MS lead to both demyelination and axonal damage. However, due to incomplete remyelination most MS lesions remain chronically demyelinated. In parallel, there is axonal degeneration in the CNS of MS patients, contributing to progressive disability. There are currently no approved therapies that adequately restore myelin or protect axons from degeneration. In this review, we will discuss the pathophysiology of axonal loss and chronic demyelination in MS and how understanding this pathophysiology is leading to the development of new MS therapeutics. RECENT FINDINGS Ongoing research into the function of oligodendrocytes and myelin has revealed the importance of their relationship with neuronal health. Demyelination in MS leads to a number of pathophysiologic changes contributing to axonal generation. Among these are mitochondrial dysfunction, persistent neuroinflammation, and the effects of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. With this information, we review currently approved and investigational therapies designed to restore lost or damaged myelin and protect against neuronal degeneration. The development of therapies to restore lost myelin and protect neurons is a promising avenue of investigation for the benefit of patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrell J Simkins
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181S W Sam Jackson Rd L226, Portland, OR, 97239, USA. .,Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Greg J Duncan
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181S W Sam Jackson Rd L226, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Dennis Bourdette
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181S W Sam Jackson Rd L226, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Duncan GJ, Simkins TJ, Emery B. Neuron-Oligodendrocyte Interactions in the Structure and Integrity of Axons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:653101. [PMID: 33763430 PMCID: PMC7982542 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.653101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The myelination of axons by oligodendrocytes is a highly complex cell-to-cell interaction. Oligodendrocytes and axons have a reciprocal signaling relationship in which oligodendrocytes receive cues from axons that direct their myelination, and oligodendrocytes subsequently shape axonal structure and conduction. Oligodendrocytes are necessary for the maturation of excitatory domains on the axon including nodes of Ranvier, help buffer potassium, and support neuronal energy metabolism. Disruption of the oligodendrocyte-axon unit in traumatic injuries, Alzheimer's disease and demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis results in axonal dysfunction and can culminate in neurodegeneration. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which demyelination and loss of oligodendrocytes compromise axons. We highlight the intra-axonal cascades initiated by demyelination that can result in irreversible axonal damage. Both the restoration of oligodendrocyte myelination or neuroprotective therapies targeting these intra-axonal cascades are likely to have therapeutic potential in disorders in which oligodendrocyte support of axons is disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg J Duncan
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Tyrell J Simkins
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Neurology, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Ben Emery
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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Simkins TJ, Fried D, Parikh K, Galligan JJ, Goudreau JL, Lookingland KJ, Kaplan BLF. Reduced Noradrenergic Signaling in the Spleen Capsule in the Absence of CB 1 and CB 2 Cannabinoid Receptors. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2016; 11:669-679. [PMID: 27287619 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-016-9689-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The spleen is a visceral organ that contracts during hypoxia to expel erythrocytes and immune cells into the circulation. Spleen contraction is under the control of noradrenergic sympathetic innervation. The activity of noradrenergic neurons terminating in the spleen capsule is regulated by α2-adrenergic receptors (AR). Interactions between endogenous cannabinoid signaling and noradrenergic signaling in other organ systems suggest endocannabinoids might also regulate spleen contraction. Spleens from mice congenitally lacking both CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors (Cnr1 -/- /Cnr2 -/- mice) were used to explore the role of endocannabinoids in spleen contraction. Spleen contraction in response to exogenous norepinephrine (NE) was found to be significantly lower in Cnr1 -/- /Cnr2 -/- mouse spleens, likely due to decreased expression of capsular α1AR. The majority of splenic Cnr1 mRNA expression is by cells of the spleen capsule, suggestive of post-synaptic CB1 receptor signaling. Thus, these studies demonstrate a role for CB1 and/or CB2 in noradrenergic splenic contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrell J Simkins
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - David Fried
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kevin Parikh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - James J Galligan
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - John L Goudreau
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Keith J Lookingland
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Barbara L F Kaplan
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Department of Basic Sciences, Mississippi State University, PO Box 6100, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.
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