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Xu X, Duman EA, Anney R, Brookes K, Franke B, Zhou K, Buschgens C, Chen W, Christiansen H, Eisenberg J, Gabriëls I, Manor I, Marco R, Müller UC, Mulligan A, Rommelse N, Thompson M, Uebel H, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Ebstein R, Gill M, Miranda A, Mulas F, Oades RD, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Sonuga-Barke E, Steinhausen HC, Taylor E, Faraone SV, Asherson P, Asherson P. No association between two polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter gene and combined type attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:1306-9. [PMID: 18452186 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several independent studies have reported association between serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) polymorphisms and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Five studies found evidence for association between the long-allele of a 44-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and ADHD. Another two studies corroborated this finding while a further six studies did not find such an association. For a second polymorphism within the gene, a variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) within intron 2, one study demonstrated that the 12/12 genotype was significantly less frequent in ADHD cases compared to controls, while a second study found that the 12-allele was preferentially transmitted to offspring affected with ADHD. To provide further clarification of the reported associations, we investigated the association of these two markers with ADHD in a sample of 1,020 families with 1,166 combined type ADHD cases for the International Multi-Centre ADHD Genetics project, using the Transmission Disequilibrium Test. Given the large body of work supporting the association of the promoter polymorphism and mood disorders, we further analyzed the group of subjects with ADHD plus mood disorder separately. No association was found between either of the two markers and ADHD in our large multisite study or with depression within the sample of ADHD cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Xu
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
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Christiansen H, Chen W, Oades RD, Asherson P, Taylor EA, Lasky-Su J, Zhou K, Banaschewski T, Buschgens C, Franke B, Gabriels I, Manor I, Marco R, Müller UC, Mulligan A, Psychogiou L, Rommelse NNJ, Uebel H, Buitelaar J, Ebstein RP, Eisenberg J, Gill M, Miranda A, Mulas F, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant JA, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Steinhausen HC, Thompson M, Faraone SV. Co-transmission of conduct problems with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: familial evidence for a distinct disorder. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2008; 115:163-75. [PMID: 18200434 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-007-0837-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Common disorders of childhood and adolescence are attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD). For one to two cases in three diagnosed with ADHD the disorders may be comorbid. However, whether comorbid conduct problems (CP) represents a separate disorder or a severe form of ADHD remains controversial. We investigated familial recurrence patterns of the pure or comorbid condition in families with at least two children and one definite case of DSM-IV ADHDct (combined-type) as part of the International Multicentre ADHD Genetics Study (IMAGE). Using case diagnoses (PACS, parental account) and symptom ratings (Parent/Teacher Strengths and Difficulties [SDQ], and Conners Questionnaires [CPTRS]) we studied 1009 cases (241 with ADHDonly and 768 with ADHD + CP), and their 1591 siblings. CP was defined as > or =4 on the SDQ conduct-subscale, and T > or = 65, on Conners' oppositional-score. Multinomial logistic regression was used to ascertain recurrence risks of the pure and comorbid conditions in the siblings as predicted by the status of the cases. There was a higher relative risk to develop ADHD + CP for siblings of cases with ADHD + CP (RRR = 4.9; 95%CI: 2.59-9.41); p < 0.001) than with ADHDonly. Rates of ADHDonly in siblings of cases with ADHD + CP were lower but significant (RRR = 2.9; 95%CI: 1.6-5.3, p < 0.001). Children with ADHD + CP scored higher on the Conners ADHDct symptom-scales than those with ADHDonly. Our finding that ADHD + CP can represent a familial distinct subtype possibly with a distinct genetic etiology is consistent with a high risk for cosegregation. Further, ADHD + CP can be a more severe disorder than ADHDonly with symptoms stable from childhood through adolescence. The findings provide partial support for the ICD-10 distinction between hyperkinetic disorder (F90.0) and hyperkinetic conduct disorder (F90.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Christiansen
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Nesterov VP, Peiper U, Hiller J, Krienke B, Schüttler K, Szymanski C, Bottinelli R, Cappelli V, Minelli R, Reggiani C, Schiaffino S, Carlhoff D, D'Haese J, Dabrowska R, Nowak E, Borovikov YS, Cummins P, Russell G, McLoughlin D, Cummins B, Bonet A, Harricane MC, Audemard E, Mornet D, Ropert S, Cavaillé F, Redwood CS, Bryan J, Cross RA, Kendrick-Jones J, Marston SB, Taggart M, Marston S, Makuch R, Stokarska G, Dabrowska R, Cecchi G, Colomo F, Poggesi C, Tesi C, Puceat M, Clement O, Lechene P, Pelosin JM, Ventura-Clapter R, Vassort G, Fischer W, Pfitzer G, Ankrett RJ, Rowe AJ, Bagshaw CR, Perry SV, Hebisch S, Levine B, Moir AJG, Leszyk J, Derancourt J, Patcheil V, Cavadore C, Collins JH, Swiderek K, Jaquet K, Mittmann K, Meyer HE, Heilmeyer LMJ, Travers F, Barman T, Duvert M, Grandier-Vazeille X, Verna A, Dan-Goor M, Mühlrad A, Muhlrad A, Polzar B, Kießling P, Mannherz HG, Lehmann-Klose S, Gröschel-Stewart U, Bettache N, Bertrand R, Kassab R, Roulet A, Cardinaud R, Harford JJ, Squire JM, Maeda Y, Chew MWK, Huber P, Schaub MC, Pierobon-Bormioli S, Betto R, Ceoldo S, Salviati G, Martinez I, Ofstad R, Olsen RL, Trinick J, Barlow D, Gautel M, Gibson T, Labeit S, Leonard K, Wardale J, Whiting A, Draeger A, Barth M, Herzog M, Gimona M, Small JV, Stelzer E, Amos B, Ikebe M, Bernengo JC, Rinne B, Wray JS, Poole KJV, Goody RS, Thomas D, Rowe A, Schröder RR, Hofmann W, Müller UC, Menetret JF, Wray JS, Lakey A, Tichelaar W, Ferguson C, Bullard B, Kabsch W, Pai EF, Suck D, Holmes KC, Jarosch R, van Mastrigt R, Pollack GH, Horowitz A, Anderl R, Kuhn HJ, Burton K, Jung DWG, Blangé T, Treijtel BW, Bagni MA, Garzella P, Huxley AF, Beckers-Bleukx G, Maréchal G, Bershitsky SY, Tsaturyan AK, Woodward SKA, Eccleston JF, Geeves MA, Knight P, Fortune N, Geeves M, Arner A, Arheden H, Lombardi V, Piazzesi G, Stienen GJM, Elzinga G, de Beer EL, van Buuren KJH, ten Kate YJ, Grundeman RLF, Schiereck P, Trombitas K, Versteeg PGA, Rowe AJ, Bolger P, van der Laarse WJ, Diegenbach PC, Flitney FW, Jones DA, Hatfaludy S, Shansky J, Smiley B, Vandenburgh HH, de Haan A, Lodder MAN, Berquin A, Lebacq J, Curtin NA, Woledge RC, Hellstrand P, Lönnbro P, Wadsö I, Lammertse TS, Zaremba R, Daut J, Woledge RC, Kushmerick MJ, McFarland E, Lyons GE, Sassoon D, Ontell M, Buckingham ME. Abstracts of the XVIII European Conference on Muscle and Motility. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01833326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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