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Chadha VK, Praseeja P, Srivastava R, Shivashankar BA, Hemanth Kumar NK, Padmesha R, Suganthi P, Umadevi G, Narayana L, Magesh V, Nagendra N, Puttaswamy G, Jaiswal R, Somashekar N. Pre-treatment delay and out of pocket expenses by notified new tuberculosis patients in an Indian mega city. Indian J Tuberc 2022; 69:446-452. [PMID: 36460374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Study was carried out to find out delay from onset of symptoms and out of pocket expenditure (OOPE) until initiation of anti-TB treatment (ATT) by new Tuberculosis (TB) patients registered in public health facilities in Bengaluru. METHODS Notified patients (N = 228) selected purposively were interviewed at initiation of ATT regarding number and type of facilities visited and delay in initiating ATT. OOPE was elicited separately for in- and out-patient visits, towards consultation, purchase of medicines, diagnostic tests, transportation, hospitalization and food. Dissaving or money borrowed was ascertained. RESULTS Two-thirds of participants were 15-44 years of age and 56% were males, mean annual household income was $4357. About 75% first visited a private health facility; 68% and 87% respectively were diagnosed and started on ATT in public sector after visiting an average of three facilities and after a mean delay of 68 days; the median delay was 44 days. Of mean OOPE of $402, 54% was direct medical expenditure, 5% non-medical direct and 41% indirect. OOPE was higher for Extra-pulmonary TB compared to PTB and when number of health facilities visited before initiating treatment was >3 compared to those who visited ≤3 and when the time interval between onset of symptoms and treatment initiation (total delay) was >28 days compared to when this interval was ≤28 days. About 20% suffered catastrophic expenditure; 34% borrowed money and 37% sold assets. CONCLUSION Concerted efforts are needed to reduce delay and OOPE in pre-treatment period and social protection to account for indirect expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Chadha
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bengaluru, India.
| | - P Praseeja
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bengaluru, India; Data Processing Center, National Statistical Office, Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation, Bengaluru, India
| | - R Srivastava
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bengaluru, India
| | - B A Shivashankar
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bengaluru, India
| | - N K Hemanth Kumar
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bengaluru, India
| | - R Padmesha
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bengaluru, India
| | - P Suganthi
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bengaluru, India
| | - G Umadevi
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bengaluru, India
| | - Lakshmi Narayana
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bengaluru, India
| | - V Magesh
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bengaluru, India
| | - N Nagendra
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bengaluru, India
| | - G Puttaswamy
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bengaluru, India
| | - R Jaiswal
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bengaluru, India; National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority, Ministry of Chemical and Fertilizers, New Delhi, India
| | - N Somashekar
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bengaluru, India
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Chadha VK, Praseeja P, Gupta J, Ahmed J, Sharada MA, Srivastava R, Gowda U, Magesh V, Singh S, Suganthi P, Lakshminarayana K, Kumar P. A descriptive study of tuberculosis case finding in private health care facilities in a South Indian district. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2015; 18:1455-8. [PMID: 25517811 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.14.0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
SETTING A South Indian district providing anti-tuberculosis services through the Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP) and private health care facilities. OBJECTIVE To ascertain the profile of tuberculosis (TB) patients diagnosed and/or treated in private health care facilities. METHODS Data on TB cases diagnosed and/or treated in all clinical departments of the medical college, 83 nursing homes and RNTCP health care facilities were collected prospectively. RESULTS About 83% of new TB cases recorded in the private medical college, 47% in nursing homes and 24.5% in RNTCP TB registers were extra-pulmonary. The proportion of retreatment cases was respectively 5.5%, 9.6% and 19.8%. The proportion of males and those in the economically productive age group were similar in the three data sources. About 94% of cases diagnosed in the medical college and 55% in nursing homes were registered for treatment under the RNTCP. About 11% of the smear-positive patients diagnosed in RNTCP were initial defaulters. CONCLUSION The proportion of extra-pulmonary cases was higher in the medical college and nursing homes and that of retreatment cases was lower than in the RNTCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Chadha
- Epidemiology & Research Division, National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - P Praseeja
- Epidemiology & Research Division, National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - J Gupta
- Epidemiology & Research Division, National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - J Ahmed
- Epidemiology & Research Division, National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - M A Sharada
- Epidemiology & Research Division, National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - R Srivastava
- Epidemiology & Research Division, National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - U Gowda
- Epidemiology & Research Division, National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - V Magesh
- Epidemiology & Research Division, National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - S Singh
- Epidemiology & Research Division, National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - P Suganthi
- Epidemiology & Research Division, National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - K Lakshminarayana
- Epidemiology & Research Division, National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - P Kumar
- Office of the Director, National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, India
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Chadha VK, Praseeja P, Hemanthkumar NK, Shivshankara BA, Sharada MA, Nagendra N, Padmesh R, Puttaswamy G, Magesh V, Thomas B, Kumar P. Implementation efficiency of a diagnostic algorithm in sputum smear-negative presumptive tuberculosis patients. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2015; 18:1237-42. [PMID: 25216839 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.14.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For the diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) recommends a course of broad-spectrum antibiotics after negative smear on initial sputum examination, followed by repeat sputum examination and chest X-ray (CXR). OBJECTIVES 1) To ascertain the proportion of presumptive PTB patients smear-negative on initial sputum examination who completed the diagnostic algorithm, and 2) to investigate barriers to the completion of the algorithm. METHODS In Karnataka State, India, 256 study participants were interviewed in 2012 to ascertain the number of days antibiotics had been prescribed and consumed, the number of re-visits to health centre(s), whether repeat sputum examinations had been performed, whether or not CXR had been performed and when, and whether PTB had been diagnosed. In-depth interviews were conducted with 19 medical officers. RESULTS The diagnostic algorithm was completed in 13 (5.1%) of 256 participants; three were diagnosed with PTB without completing the algorithm. Most medical officers were unaware of the algorithm, had trained 5-10 years previously, prescribed antibiotics for <10 days and advised CXR without repeat sputum examination, irrespective of the number of days of antibiotic treatment. Other main reasons for non-completion of algorithm were patients not returning to the health centres and a proportion switching to the private sector. CONCLUSION Refresher training courses, raising patient awareness and active follow-up of patients to complete the algorithm are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Chadha
- Epidemiology and Research Division, National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - P Praseeja
- Epidemiology and Research Division, National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - N K Hemanthkumar
- Epidemiology and Research Division, National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - B A Shivshankara
- Epidemiology and Research Division, National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - M A Sharada
- Epidemiology and Research Division, National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - N Nagendra
- Epidemiology and Research Division, National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - R Padmesh
- Epidemiology and Research Division, National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - G Puttaswamy
- Epidemiology and Research Division, National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - V Magesh
- Epidemiology and Research Division, National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - B Thomas
- Department of Social and Behavioural Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - P Kumar
- Office of the Director, National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, India
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Paul-Satyaseela M, Solanki SS, Sathishkumar D, Bharani T, Magesh V, Rajagopal S. In vitro antibacterial activities of a novel oxazolidinone, OCID0050. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 64:797-800. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Raman N, Jeyamurugan R, Rajkapoor B, Magesh V. Metal‐based antitumor, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity: pharmacological evaluation of Knoevenagel condensate β‐diketone Schiff base thiosemicarbazone Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes. Appl Organomet Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.1512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Suganthi P, Chadha VK, Ahmed J, Umadevi G, Kumar P, Srivastava R, Magesh V, Gupta J, Sharda MA. Health seeking and knowledge about tuberculosis among persons with pulmonary symptoms and tuberculosis cases in Bangalore slums. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2008; 12:1268-1273. [PMID: 18926036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING Bangalore city slums, India. OBJECTIVES To ascertain 1) health-seeking behaviour patterns in persons with pulmonary symptoms; 2) pathways followed by pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) cases until diagnosis and treatment; and 3) their knowledge about TB-symptoms, cause, mode of transmission, diagnosis and treatment. METHODS In selected slums, persons with pulmonary symptoms identified during house visits and residents with PTB were interviewed using pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaires. Visits to relevant health centres were made to obtain information regarding their treatment. RESULTS About 50% of the 124 persons with pulmonary symptoms interviewed had taken action for relief; of these, three quarters had first approached private health facilities. About 19% had undergone sputum microscopy and 27% chest X-ray. Of 47 PTB cases interviewed, 72% first approached private health facilities; about 50% visited two health facilities before diagnosis and 87% visited two or more facilities before initiating treatment; 42 initiated treatment at government health facilities and five who initiated treatment at private health facilities were later referred to government health facilities. The majority of persons with pulmonary symptoms and PTB cases had poor knowledge about TB, and most of those with pulmonary symptoms were not aware of the availability of free anti-tuberculosis services at government health facilities. CONCLUSION Educational interventions targeted at slum dwellers and their health providers are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Suganthi
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, India
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Chadha VK, Kumar P, Satyanarayana AVV, Chauhan LS, Gupta J, Singh S, Magesh V, Ahmed J, Srivastava R, Suganthi P, Devi GU. Annual risk of tuberculous infection in Andhra Pradesh, India. Indian J Tuberc 2007; 54:177-183. [PMID: 18072530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is paucity of information on epidemiological situation of Tuberculosis (TB) in Andhra Pradesh. The DOTS strategy under the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) was introduced in the year 2000 to cover the entire State by 2005. OBJECTIVES To estimate the prevalence of tuberculous infection among children 5-9 years of age and to compute the average Annual Risk of Tuberculosis Infection (ARTI) from the estimated prevalence. METHODS A cluster-sample house-based tuberculin survey was carried out in a representative sample of children between 5-9 years of age. The clusters were selected by a two-stage sampling procedure. At first stage, five districts were selected by probability proportional to population size (PPS) method. Depending upon child population ratio, 32 clusters allocated to each district were further sub-divided into rural and urban clusters selected by simple random sampling. A total of 3636 children, irrespective of their BCG scar status, were tuberculin tested using one TU PPD RT23 with Tween 80 and the maximum transverse diameter of induration was measured about 72 hours later. RESULTS The prevalence of infection estimated by mirror-image technique using observed mode of reactions attributable to infection with tubercle bacilli at 20mm was 9.6% (95% CI: 8.0-11.2). The ARTI was computed at 1.4% (95% CI: 1.1-1.6). CONCLUSION Survey findings indicate a fairly high rate of transmission of tubercle bacilli.
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Senthilnathan P, Padmavathi R, Magesh V, Sakthisekaran D. Modulation of TCA cycle enzymes and electron transport chain systems in experimental lung cancer. Life Sci 2006; 78:1010-4. [PMID: 16143346 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The modulatory effect of Withania somnifera along with paclitaxel on tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle key enzymes and electron transport chain complexes were investigated against lung cancer induced by benzo(a)pyrene in Swiss albino mice. Decreased activities of TCA cycle key enzymes such as isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (alpha-KGDH) in lung cancer bearing animals were observed. Upon W. somnifera along with paclitaxel administration the above biochemical changes were inclined towards normal control animal values. Activities of mitochondrial enzymes and electron transport complexes were analyzed in the experimental groups to determine the efficiency of energy production. This study further confirms the chemotherapeutic effect of W. somnifera along with paclitaxel which is found to be more effective in the treatment of lung cancer. Thus these results are consistent with our hypothesis that the combination chemotherapy of W. somnifera along with paclitaxel as a promising chemotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Senthilnathan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, India.
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Selvendiran K, Padmavathi R, Magesh V, Sakthisekaran D. Preliminary study on inhibition of genotoxicity by piperine in mice. Fitoterapia 2005; 76:296-300. [PMID: 15890459 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2005.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2003] [Revised: 09/01/2004] [Accepted: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A significant suppression (33.9-66.5%) in the micronuclei formation induced by benzo(a)pyrene and cyclophosphamide was reduced following oral administration of piperine at doses of 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Selvendiran
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600 113, India.
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Chadha VK, Kumar P, Gupta J, Jagannatha PS, Magesh V, Jameel A, Sanjay S, Srivastava RK, Prasad N, Vaidyanathan PS. The annual risk of tuberculous infection in the eastern zone of India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2004; 8:537-44. [PMID: 15137528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING Rural and urban areas of eight selected districts in the eastern zone of India. OBJECTIVES To estimate the annual risk of tuberculous infection (ARTI). STUDY DESIGN A community-based, cross-sectional tuberculin survey was conducted among children aged 1-9 years residing in a sample of rural and urban areas. Stratified two-stage cluster sampling was adopted for selection of rural and urban clusters. A total of 40964 children in 515 clusters underwent tuberculin testing and reading with 1TU PPD RT23 with Tween 80; the maximum transverse diameter of induration was measured about 72 h after the test. RESULTS A bacille Calmette-Gúerin (BCG) scar was observed in 51.5% of the test-read children. The frequency distribution of tuberculin reaction size among 19332 children without BCG scar was found to be bimodal, with the mode of reactions attributable to infection with tubercle bacilli at 20 mm. The prevalence of infection was estimated as 6.9%. The ARTI computed from the estimated prevalence was 1.3%. Children residing in the urban areas were found to be at a significantly higher risk of infection than those residing in rural areas. CONCLUSION The high rate of ARTI in the eastern zone of India suggests a need for committed, sustained action in provision of quality tuberculosis control services.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Chadha
- National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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Selvendiran K, Senthilnathan P, Magesh V, Sakthisekaran D. Modulatory effect of Piperine on mitochondrial antioxidant system in Benzo(a)pyrene-induced experimental lung carcinogenesis. Phytomedicine 2004; 11:85-89. [PMID: 14971727 DOI: 10.1078/0944-7113-00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chemoprevention has emerged as a very effective preventive measure against carcinogenesis. Many bioactive compounds present in edible as well in herbal plants have revealed their cancer chemopreventive potential. In the present study, our goal was to investigate the impact of piperine, a principle ingredient of pepper, on alterations of mitochondrial antioxidant system and lipid peroxidation in Benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) induced experimental lung carcinogenesis. Oral supplementation of piperine (50 mg/kg body weight) effectively suppressed lung carcinogenesis in B(a)p induced mice as revealed by the decrease in the extent of mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and concomitant increase in the activities of enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) and non enzymatic antioxidant (reduced glutathione, vitamin E and vitamin C) levels when compared to lung carcinogenesis bearing animals. Our data suggests that piperine may extent its chemopreventive effect by modulating lipid peroxidation and augmenting antioxidant defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Selvendiran
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India
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