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Packa V, Howell T, Bostan V, Furdui VI. Phosphorus-based metabolic pathway tracers in surface waters. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:29498-29508. [PMID: 33559082 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12697-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Trophic status in surface waters has been mostly monitored by measuring soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and total phosphorus (TP). Additional to these common parameters, a two-dimensional ion chromatography mass spectrometry (2D-IC-MS) method was used to simultaneously measure soluble phosphate (Pi), pyrophosphate (PPi), and eleven phosphate-containing metabolites (P-metabolites) in Lake Ontario and its tributaries. From the additional P species, PPi, adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), glucose 6-phosphate (G-P), D-fructose 6-phosphate (F-P), D-fructose 1,6-biphosphate (F-2P), D-ribulose 5-phosphate (R-P), D-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (R-2P), and D-(-)-3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA) were detected and quantified in the lake and river samples. The additional multivariate statistical analysis identified similarities between samples collected at different locations. The presence of R-P, R-2P, and F-2P in Lake Ontario tributaries seems to be mainly related to the Calvin cycle, while the lack of all these three P-metabolites and higher PGA levels than G-P in Toronto Harbour samples seems to be the result of depleted Calvin cycle, pentose phosphate, and glycolysis metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlastimil Packa
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, ON, M9P 3V6, Canada
- Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Todd Howell
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, ON, M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Vadim Bostan
- Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Vasile I Furdui
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, ON, M9P 3V6, Canada.
- Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 2K3, Canada.
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Packa V, Maedler S, Howell T, Bostan V, Diep N, Tooley R, Furdui VI. Unbiased Measurement of Phosphate and Phosphorus Speciation in Surface Waters. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:820-828. [PMID: 30550712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Trace-level phosphate analysis and phosphorus speciation in surface water remained challenging due to adsorption and phosphate uptake by microorganisms. In this study a two-dimensional ion chromatography separation coupled to electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (2D-IC-ESI-MS) allowed isotope dilution quantitation of phosphate with simultaneous analysis of 11 phosphate-containing metabolites and two inorganic condensed phosphates. Samples were collected from Lake St. Clair, Lake Ontario, and Georgian Bay (ON, Canada). Comparative experiments showed lower phosphate results for samples not immediately spiked and for external calibration quantitation. Field spiking with 18O-labeled phosphate combined with isotope dilution quantitation allows measurement of the phosphate levels existent at the collection time instead of the phosphate concentrations remaining in the samples at the analysis time. This is a significant advantage against the traditional colorimetric and ion chromatographic (IC) analysis methods, which are unable to compensate for the adsorption loss occurring in standards and samples, especially when phosphate is present at levels below 20 μg L-1 as P (61 μg L-1 as PO43-). Two phosphate-containing metabolites, adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) and d-glucose 6-phosphate (Glucose-P), were detected in a subset of samples collected from Lake St. Clair, with no statistically significant correlation between them and the simultaneously measured phosphate. Directly bioavailable P (phosphate), indirectly bioavailable P (phosphatase-hydrolyzed P) and nonbioavailable P (nonhydrolizable P) fractions were quantified by measuring phosphate, phosphate after phosphatase addition and total phosphorus. The proposed 2D-IC-ESI-MS method developed for a QExactive MS instrument with field spiking of the internal standard provides accurate phosphate results and eliminates quantitation errors caused by phosphate adsorption. This setup allows simultaneous collection of targeted and nontargeted analysis data and thus the detection of trace polar organic phosphorus metabolites as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlastimil Packa
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment , Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road , Toronto , Ontario M9P 3V6 , Canada
- Ryerson University , 350 Victoria Street , Toronto , Ontario M5B 2K3 , Canada
| | - Stefanie Maedler
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment , Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road , Toronto , Ontario M9P 3V6 , Canada
| | - Todd Howell
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment , Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road , Toronto , Ontario M9P 3V6 , Canada
| | - Vadim Bostan
- Ryerson University , 350 Victoria Street , Toronto , Ontario M5B 2K3 , Canada
| | - Ngan Diep
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment , Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road , Toronto , Ontario M9P 3V6 , Canada
| | - Robert Tooley
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment , Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road , Toronto , Ontario M9P 3V6 , Canada
| | - Vasile I Furdui
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment , Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road , Toronto , Ontario M9P 3V6 , Canada
- Ryerson University , 350 Victoria Street , Toronto , Ontario M5B 2K3 , Canada
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Maradona A, Marshall G, Mehrvar M, Pushchak R, Laursen AE, McCarthy LH, Bostan V, Gilbride KA. Utilization of multiple organisms in a proposed early-warning biomonitoring system for real-time detection of contaminants: preliminary results and modeling. J Hazard Mater 2012; 219-220:95-102. [PMID: 22516521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
During past decades, biomonitors were deployed in lakes and rivers to rapidly detect hazardous chemicals by measuring the endpoints of a single aquatic species at defined short intervals. Most biomonitors, however, are only capable of indicating a departure from baseline water conditions without identifying the cause. In order to provide a more comprehensive assessment, a biomonitoring system which features a library of stereotyped responses of multiple aquatic species in various water conditions is proposed. A preliminary library was constructed by characterizing the behavioural and physiological responses of Daphnia magna, Hyalella azteca, Lumbriculus variegatus, and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata to various concentrations of atrazine and tributyltin. By employing multivariate statistical tools such as principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis, this library (which contained responses after 6h of exposure to contaminants) was used as a template to classify and to model other sets of earlier measurements at 2 and 4h, resulting in an accuracy of 73 and 97%, respectively. These findings demonstrated the potential capability of the proposed early-warning biomonitoring system to provide real-time water quality assessment and early-warning contaminant detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryo Maradona
- Environmental Applied Science and Management Graduate Program, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Netto I, Bostan V, McCarthy L, Laursen A, Gilbride K, Mehrvar M, Pushchak R. Automated image analysis of Euglena gracilis Klebs (Euglenophyta) for measuring sublethal effects of three model contaminants. Water Sci Technol 2012; 66:1708-1715. [PMID: 22907455 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2012.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The short-term impacts of atrazine (herbicide), tributyltin (organometal) and copper on the behaviour of Euglena gracilis Klebs (Euglenophyta) were assessed. First, the ECOTOX automated image analysis system was used, which measured swimming velocity, cell shape, percentage of cells swimming upwards, and randomness of swimming. Next, visual observation by microscopy was used to measure percentage of cell motility and cell shape. Behavioural changes can be used as an indicator of stress in less than 24 h, potentially making them suitable for inclusion in early-warning systems for water quality. Findings indicate that E. gracilis is a very sensitive organism to copper, showing inhibition of motility with visual observation at 0.8 μmol/L within 1 h. The image analysis system was in general less sensitive than visual observation for detecting behavioural changes after incubation in copper. In contrast, after exposure to organic contaminants atrazine and tributyltin, the ECOTOX system detected small changes in the number of cells swimming upwards (antigravitactic behaviour) at higher concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Netto
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
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Clark ST, Gilbride KA, Mehrvar M, Laursen AE, Bostan V, Pushchak R, McCarthy LH. Evaluation of low-copy genetic targets for waterborne bacterial pathogen detection via qPCR. Water Res 2011; 45:3378-3388. [PMID: 21514618 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in water quality research have highlighted difficulties in accurately predicting the incidence of pathogens within freshwater based on the viability, culturability and metabolic activity of indicator organisms. QPCR-driven assays are candidates to replace standard culture-based methods, however, protocols suitable for routine use have yet to be sufficiently validated. The objective of this study was to evaluate five oligonucleotide primers sets (ETIR, SINV, exoT, VS1 and ipaH2) for their potential applicability in qPCR assays to detect contamination from five waterborne bacterial pathogens (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Shigella flexneri). An enrichment-free qPCR protocol was also tested using S. Typhimurium-seeded source water, combining membrane filtration and mechanical, chemical and enzymatic lysis techniques to recover the bacterial cells. All five primer sets were found to have high specificity and sensitivity for the tested organisms. Four of the primers were able to detect pathogen loads as low as 10 cells/mL while 200 cells/mL of C. jejuni were detectable in pure culture. Although sensitivity decreased in an artificially contaminated environmental matrix, it was still possible to detect as few as 10 S. Typhimurium cells without enrichment. The primers and protocols evaluated in this study have demonstrated potential for further validation for possible application alongside traditional indicator techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn T Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
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Bykova O, Laursen A, Bostan V, Bautista J, McCarthy L. Do zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) alter lake water chemistry in a way that favours Microcystis growth? Sci Total Environ 2006; 371:362-72. [PMID: 17011023 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Revised: 08/09/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examined possible relationships between the presence of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and Microcystis spp. abundance. Experiments were conducted in 12 microcosms designed to mimic shallow lake ecosystems. Fresh, aerated water with phytoplankton (pseudokirchneriella spp. and Microcystis spp.) was pumped into each microcosm daily to ensure zebra mussels were exposed to oxygen and food. Microcosms containing zebra mussels experienced significantly higher fluxes of nitrate (p=0.019) and lower fluxes of ortho-phosphate (p=0.047) into sediments. In a second experiment, water column nutrient concentrations were compared in microcosms with and without live zebra mussels. Consistent with results of the previous experiment, microcosms with zebra mussels had significantly less nitrate (p=0.023) and organic nitrogen (p=0.003) in the water column, while ammonium (p=0.074), phosphate (p=0.491), and dissolved organic carbon (p=0.820) in the water column were not different between microcosms with or without zebra mussels. Microcosms with zebra mussels also experienced a reduction in green algae (pseudokirchneriella) (p<0.001) and an increase in abundance of Microcystis (p<0.001) relative to microcosms without zebra mussels. In an experiment without zebra mussels, nutrient ratios (N/P) were manipulated to determine potential links between N/P and relative abundance of each phytoplankton. Manipulation of N/P was intended to mimic differences observed in microcosms with and without zebra mussels in the previous experiment. Low N/P (mimicking microcosms with zebra mussels) was related to an increase in Microcystis (p<0.001) and Microcystis/Pseudokirchneriella biovolume (p<0.001). It is this shift in N/P, and possibly some level of selective feeding, that is believed to have driven changes in the relative abundance of Microcystis. In lakes invaded by zebra mussels, alterations in the processing of nitrogen and phosphorus could contribute to the re-emergence of Microcystis blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bykova
- Environmental Science and Management Program, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Bostan V, McCarthy LH, Liss SN. Assessing the impact of land-applied biosolids from a thermomechanical (TMP) pulp mill to a suite of terrestrial and aquatic bioassay organisms under laboratory conditions. Waste Manag 2005; 25:89-100. [PMID: 15681182 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2004.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The potential impact on a variety of bioassay organisms when pulp-mill biosolids from a thermomechanical pulp mill (western Canada) were applied to a reference soil has been investigated in a laboratory setup. The current research assessed acute, chronic, and reproductive impacts using a battery of terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Terrestrial organisms were exposed to soil amended with different concentrations of biosolids, while aquatic organisms were used to assess the impact of biosolids' runoff into receiving waters. The former bioassays showed that an application rate of 20 tonneshectare(-1) (tha(-1)) "bone-dry" biosolids applied to reference soil produced no observable adverse impact on the terrestrial organisms. In the latter assays, undiluted (100%) and 50% diluted biosolids' runoff into receiving water had a detrimental impact on the aquatic organisms. However, concentrations not exceeding 25% (environmentally relevant concentrations) had neither an acute nor chronic impact compared to reference populations. The organisms' abilities to reproduce were also unaltered. While this study only examined the biosolids from one mill, there is the potential that land-application of characteristically well-defined pulp mill biosolids may constitute an acceptable way of disposing of pulp and paper mill biosolid residues. However, the biosolids coming from different mills, with differing processes, must be dealt with on a case-by-case situation. Each series of biosolids must be rigorously tested for toxicological impact in the laboratory under tightly controlled conditions. Subsequently, field experimentation must be conducted before definitive conclusions can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Bostan
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5B 2K3
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Bostan
- Institute F.‐A. Forel, The University of Geneva, 10 Route de Suisse, CH‐1290 Versoix, Switzerland and
- National Institute of Marine Geology and Geo‐ecology (GeoEcoMar), 23–25 D. Onciul Str. RO‐70318 Bucharest, Romania
| | - J. Dominik
- Institute F.‐A. Forel, The University of Geneva, 10 Route de Suisse, CH‐1290 Versoix, Switzerland and
| | - M. Bostina
- National Institute of Marine Geology and Geo‐ecology (GeoEcoMar), 23–25 D. Onciul Str. RO‐70318 Bucharest, Romania
| | - M. Pardos
- Institute F.‐A. Forel, The University of Geneva, 10 Route de Suisse, CH‐1290 Versoix, Switzerland and
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