Predictive value of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance: new and old parameters in the natural history of repaired Tetralogy of Fallot

BACKGROUND

Patients with repaired Tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF) often develop pulmonary regurgitation (PR) and right ventricle (RV) dysfunction, experiencing increased mortality and morbidity rates in adulthood. Pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) timing to address PR is controversial. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) is the gold standard for morpho-functional evaluation of complex cardiopathies. This study aims to identify CMR parameters predictive of adverse outcomes to help defining the best therapeutic management of rTOF patients.

METHODS

130 rTOF patients who underwent CMR (2006-2019) were enrolled in this retrospective single-center study. CMR, clinical, ECG and exercise data were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate analyses identified clinical and CMR parameters predictive of adverse outcomes both individually (e.g., death, arrhythmias, heart failure (HF), pharmacological therapy, QRS ≥ 160ms) and as composite outcome.

RESULTS

Univariate analysis confirmed RV volumes and RV ejection fraction corrected for PR as adverse outcome predictors and identified interesting correlations: pulmonary artery bifurcation geometry and abnormal interventricular septum (IVS) motion with arrhythmias (p < .001; p = .037), HF (p = .049; p = .005), composite outcome (p = .039; p = .009); right atrium (RA) dimensions with the composite outcome and the outcomes individually (p < .001). The best predictive models by multivariate analysis included sex (male), RV and RA dilation for QRS ≥ 160ms, time form repair to CMR, age at TOF repair and IVS fibrosis for pharmacological therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

Besides RV volumes, new adverse prognostic factors could guide rTOF therapeutic management: pulmonary arteries morphology, abnormal IVS motion, RV dysfunction, RA dilation. Perspective multicentric evaluation is needed to specify their effective role.

Two-year effectiveness and safety outcomes in 27,333 edoxaban-treated patients with and without a history of major bleeding from the Global ETNA-AF programme

Background

Atrial fibrillation patients with a history of major bleeding (MB) are at high risk of future bleeding events; this history was an exclusion criterion in pivotal phase 3 trials of anticoagulation for stroke prevention. Real-world edoxaban effectiveness and safety in patients with a history of MB were analysed from the global ETNA programme.

Purpose

To compare edoxaban effectiveness and safety in AF patients with or without an MB history.

Methods

The Global ETNA-AF programme (EU: NCT02944019, Japan: UMIN000017011, South Korea/Taiwan: NCT02951039) integrates data from multiple prospective, observational, noninterventional regional studies of AF patients treated with edoxaban for stroke prevention. This snapshot analysis summarises global baseline characteristics and 2-year annualised rates of all-cause death, cardiovascular death, stroke (haemorrhagic, ischaemic, any), and bleeding (including MB, major gastrointestinal bleeding [MGIB], intracranial haemorrhage [ICH], clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding, and any bleeding) in patients with or without MB history.

Results

Data from 27,333 patients (479 with MB history and 26,854 without) from Europe, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan were analysed. Patients with MB history were significantly older (P&lt;0.0001) and more likely to be ≥75 years of age (P=0.0003), to be male (P=0.024), and to have a lower body weight and creatinine clearance (P&lt;0.0001 for both) (Table). Globally, antiplatelet use was significantly higher in patients with MB history compared with patients without (P=0.005). Patients with MB history were more likely to have previously diagnosed heart failure (HF, P=0.001) and to receive 30 mg vs 60 mg edoxaban at baseline (P&lt;0.0001). Hazard ratios for effectiveness and safety outcomes are shown in the Figure. Patients with MB history had significantly higher annualised rates of all-cause death (5.7% vs 3.1%; P&lt;0.0001), ischaemic stroke (1.8% vs 0.7%; P=0.002), and any stroke (3.1% vs 0.9%; P&lt;0.0001) than patients without MB history. Patients with MB history also had significantly higher annualised rates of MB (3.6% vs 1.0%; P&lt;0.0001), MGIB (1.5% vs 0.5%; P=0.001), ICH (1.5% vs 0.3%; P&lt;0.0001), fatal bleeding (0.9% vs 0.2%; P&lt;0.0001), and fatal ICH (0.5% vs 0.1%; P=0.0002). Among patients with MB history, the annualised rate of ICH did not differ between patients with ICH history (1.42%/yr) vs without (1.65%/yr); whereas the annualised rate of MGIB was significantly higher in patients with MGIB history vs without (4.14%/yr vs 1.08%/yr; P=0.0337).

Conclusions

Patients with AF receiving edoxaban and who have a history of MB are more likely elderly, male, and have comorbidities, including HF. These patients are also more susceptible to any adverse cardiovascular event. ICH event rates were not higher in patients with prior ICH than those with non-ICH major bleedings, whereas history of MGIB was associated with a high risk of MGIB recurrence.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Private company. Main funding source(s): Daiichi Sankyo

Electron-phonon coupling and vibrational properties of size-selected linear carbon chains by resonance Raman scattering

UV resonance Raman spectroscopy of size-selected linear sp-carbon chains unveils vibrational overtones and combinations up to the fifth order. Thanks to the tunability of the synchrotron source, we excited each H-terminated polyyne (HC_nH with n = 8,10,12) to the maxima of its vibronic absorption spectrum allowing us to precisely determine the electronic and vibrational structure of the ground and excited states for the main observed vibrational mode. Selected transitions are shown to enhance specific overtone orders in the Raman spectrum in a specific way that can be explained by a simple analytical model based on Albrecht's theory of resonance Raman scattering. The determined Huang-Rhys factors indicate a strong and size-dependent electron-phonon coupling increasing with the sp-carbon chain length.

Spectral differences in resting-state EEG associated to individual Emotional Styles

The ability to manage the emotions has been associated to the Emotional Styles (ES), a set of coherent ways to deal with life's experiences. Recently, the Emotional Style Questionnaire (ESQ) has been proposed as a self-report mea-sure to assess the individual ES. The present study investigates the spectral differences in the resting-state EEG due to the individual ES, in order to support the psychometric reliability of the ESQ with associated neurophysiological measurements. In the alpha and beta band, Social Intuition showed significant and large (d > 0.8) effect sizes on the parietal and parieto-occipital regions, as well as a significant and large effect size in the gamma band on the pre-frontal region. In the beta band, Attention showed a significant and large effect size on the parieto-occipital region.

It's a Question of Methods: Computational Factors Influencing the Frontal Asymmetry in Measuring the Emotional Valence

The prefrontal asymmetry (FA) in the alpha band is a well-known physiological correlate of the emotional valence. Several methods for assessing the FA have been proposed in literature, but no studies have compared their effectiveness in a comprehensive way. In this study we first investigated whether the association between FA and valence depends on the computational methods and then, we identified the best one, namely the one giving the highest correlation with the self-reports. The investigated factors were the presence of a normalization factor, the computation in time or frequency domain and the cluster of electrodes used. All the analyses were implemented on the validated DEAP dataset. We found that the number and position of the electrodes do not influence the FA, in contrast with both the power computation method and the normalization. By using a spectrogram-based approach and by adding a normalization factor, a correlation of 0.36 between the FA and the self-reported valence was obtained.

Yellow (Lens) Better: Bioelectrical and Biometrical Measures to Assess Arousing and Focusing Effects

Colours can induce several psychological effects, conditioning perceptions, cognitive/emotional states and human performances. In this exploratory study we investigated the effect of a yellow light exposure, obtained filtering the ambient light with coloured glasses, on the human's psychological functioning. In particular we wanted to assess if people are more able to focus when exposed to a yellow light. We recorded EEG, SC, HR and gaze-related data from 16 subjects (50% split in experimental and control group) during the execution of a reactivity test (the Hazard Perception Test, HPT). Compared with the control group, the experimental group showed increases in concentration, focus, visual attention and arousal, as measured by increases of first fixation duration and Beta over-Alpha ratio (BAR) as well as by decreases of distraction, workload, and number of gaze revisits.

Prevalence and clinical predictors of inappropriate direct oral anticoagulant dosage in octagenarians with atrial fibrillation

Aims

Older age was associated to inappropriate dose prescription of direct oral anticoagulants. The aim of our study was to describe the prevalence and the clinical predictors of inappropriate DOACs dosage among octogenarians in real-world setting.

Methods and results

Data for this study were sourced from the multicenter prospectively maintained Atrial Fibrillation (AF) Research Database (NCT03760874). AF patients aged ≥ 80 who received DOACs treatment 253 patients were selected. Participants were categorized as appropriate dosage, overdosage, or underdosage. Underdosage and overdosage were respectively defined as administration of a lower or higher DOAC dose than recommended in the EHRA consensus. A total of 178 patients (71%) received appropriate DOACs dose and 75 patients (29%) inappropriate DOACs dose; among them 19 patients (25.6%) were overdosed and 56 (74.4%) were underdosed. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that underdosage was independently associated with male gender [OR=3,15 (95% IC 1.45–6.83); p&lt;0,01], coronary artery disease [OR= 3,6 (95% IC 1.41–9.1); p&lt;0,01] and body mass index [OR=1,27 (1.14–1.41); p&lt;0,01]. Overdosage was independently associated with diabetes mellitus [OR= 18 (3.36–96); p&lt;0,01]. There wasn't significant difference in thromboembolic, major bleeding events and mortality among different subgroups. Underdosage group showed a significatively lower survival compared with appropriate dose group (p&lt;0,001).

Conclusion

In our analysis, nearly one-third of octogenarians with AF received an inappropriate dose of DOAC. Several clinical factors increased the risk of DOACs' overdosage (diabetes mellitus type II) or underdosage (male gender, coronary artery disease and higher body mass index). Octogenarians with inappropriate DOACs underdosage resulted in less survival.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

Heterogeneity of right ventricular refractory period: a novel prognostic predictor in type-1 Brugada

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Risk stratification in Brugada syndrome (BrS) is needed especially for the choice of an Implantable Cardiac Defibrillator (ICD). To date the predictive value of either clinical or conventional electrophysiological indexes in type 1 electrocardiographic pattern BrS is rather low.

We aimed to evaluate the eventual prognostic significance of refractoriness heterogeneity of right ventricular outflow tract, an emergent relevant pathophysiological substrate, at electrophysiological study (EPS) in patients with BrS.

From 5 centers 348 patients were retrospectively selected (age 44 ± 15 years, males 68%). Eighty-five (24%) patients had an ICD. EPS was proposed in patients with spontaneous type-1 ECG pattern regardless of symptoms, or in patients with drug-induced type-1 ECG pattern with symptoms (n = 174). The difference in the refractory period between the right ventricular outflow tract and the apex (ΔRPRVOT-apex) at EPS was evaluated as a prognostic factor. The optimal ΔRPRVOT-apex cutpoint for prognosis prediction was calculated through a P-spline hazard ratio analysis. Thus, ΔRPRVOT-apex  was compared through different statistical analyses to other other clinical or conventional electrophysiological prognostic indexes previosly described in literature. 

During a 36-month median follow-up (range 6-228) 3 SCD and 10 appropriate ICD shocks (aborted SCD, aSCD) occurred. Fifty patients (29%) had a positive EPS (induction of sustained ventricular tachycardia, VT, or ventricular fibrillation, VF, during the procedure). At multivariable logistic analysis, only ΔRPRVOT-apex  and late potentials remained independent predictors of a positive EPS. At Cox Proportional Hazard analysis, family history of SCD, history of syncope, VT/VF inducibility and a ΔRPRVOT-apex &gt;60 ms were all univariate predictors of SCD/aSCD. At bivariate analysis, a ΔRPRVOT-apex &gt;60 ms remained an independent predictor of SCD/aSCD even when adjusted the other univariate predictors. At C-Statistic analysis, the strongest predictive model was the one using ΔRPRVOT-apex &gt;60 ms as covariate with a C-statistics (95% CI) of 0.72 (0.51-0.93). At Kaplan-Meyer curves, ΔRPRVOT-apex &gt;60 ms was confirmed a strong predictor of SCD/aSCD and another very interesting observation was possible: patients with positive EPS, but a ΔRPRVOT-apex &lt; 60 ms, had a similar risk to SCD/aSCD compared to patients with a negative EPS, while those with a positive EPS and a ΔRPRVOT-apex &gt; 60 ms were found to be at a higher risk of events.

Refractory period heterogeneity of the right ventricle defined as ΔRPRVOT-apex &gt; 60 ms at EPS is a strong and independent predictor of SCD/aSCD in patients with BrS, beyond VT/VF inducibility at EPS and common clinical predictors. Abstract Figure.

Safety of omitting defibrillation efficacy testing with subcutaneous defibrillators: a propensity matched case-control study

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: None.

Background

Defibrillation efficacy testing (DT) is recommended at implantation of subcutaneous implantable cardioverter–defibrillators (S-ICD). However, prior works found that adherence to this recommendation is declining in clinical practice.

Purpose

To compare survival from all-cause death and first ineffective shock (primary endpoint) and the composite of all-cause death, ineffective shock, inappropriate shock and device-related complication (secondary endpoint) between patients who underwent DT and those with omitted DT.

Methods

We analyzed 1652 consecutive patients who underwent S-ICD implantation in 60 Italian centers from 2013 to 2019.

Results

DT was not performed in 325 (20%) patients (no-DT patients). As compared with the DT group, these patients were older (51 ± 16 vs. 48 ± 15 years; p &lt; 0.01) and had lower ejection fraction (37 ± 16% vs. 46 ± 16%; p &lt; 0.01). The 325 no-DT patients were propensity matched with 325 patients of the DT group. During a median follow up of 19 months, 27 (4.2%) patients died for any-cause. During follow-up, 34 (5.2%) patients received appropriate shocks to treat discrete episodes of VT/VF. The first shock was effective in 30 out of 34 patients (88%), whereas a second shock was required to terminate VT/VF in 3 patients and a third shock in the last one. The primary endpoint occurred in 31 (4.8%) patients, and the risk was not significantly increased in the no-DT cohort (HR = 1.26, 95%CI:0.62-2.55, p = 0.522). Inappropriate shocks were reported in 36 (5.5%) patients and device-related complications in 25 (3.8%) patients during follow-up. Survival from the composite secondary endpoint was comparable between groups (HR = 0.86, 95%CI:0.57-1.32, p = 0.500).

Conclusions

Our data confirmed that DT is frequently omitted in current clinical practice, especially in older patients with worse systolic function. A strategy that omits DT did not appear to compromise the effectiveness of the S-ICD and no additional risk seems associated with DT omission at a mid-term follow-up. These data suggest that routine DT at S-ICD implant might not be necessary. Randomized trials are needed to confirm this finding.

Integrated quantitative PIXE analysis and EDX spectroscopy using a laser-driven particle source

Among the existing elemental characterization techniques, particle-induced x-ray emission (PIXE) and energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectroscopy are two of the most widely used in different scientific and technological fields. Here, we present the first quantitative laser-driven PIXE and laser-driven EDX experimental investigation performed at the Centro de Láseres Pulsados in Salamanca. Thanks to their potential for compactness and portability, laser-driven particle sources are very appealing for materials science applications, especially for materials analysis techniques. We demonstrate the possibility to exploit the x-ray signal produced by the co-irradiation with both electrons and protons to identify the elements in the sample. We show that, using the proton beam only, we can successfully obtain quantitative information about the sample structure through laser-driven PIXE analysis. These results pave the way toward the development of a compact and multifunctional apparatus for the elemental analysis of materials based on a laser-driven particle source.

Prognostic value of pulmonary artery diameter in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension

Background

Pulmonary artery (PA) dilation is common in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and may cause left main coronary artery (LMCA) compression. This complication have been sistematically evaluated in patients with angina but no evidence is available for patients asymptomatic for angina.

Purpose

To evaluate the prognostic value of PA diameter and the prevalence of LMCA compression in PAH patients with and without angina.

Methods

All patients with PAH and a baseline angio-CT scan were included. The last angio-CT scan performed was considered for PA diameter increase velocity calculation. Patients with angina or radiological signs of suspected LMCA compression underwent a coronary (cor)-CT scan. Patients with a not negative cor-CT underwent invasive coronary angiography. If clinically indicated invasive coronary angiography was performed without a preliminary cor-CT. To evaluate the predictivity for compression at coronary angiography the PA diameter at cor-CT or at the nearest angio-CT scan was considered.

Results

958 patients were included. PA diameter at baseline is higher in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) and is not predictive of death. The velocity of PA diameter increase is lower in patients with connective tissue disease and is a risk factor for death in both overall population and different etiological subgroups except CHD and pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. 180 patients had angina and 50 had LMCA compression. 120 patients without angina underwent cor-CT and/or coronary angiography and 15 patients had LMCA compression. The best PA diameter cut-offs predicting LMCA compression in symptomatic/asymptomatic patients were, respectively, 40/42 mm (sensitivity and specificity, respectively, 80 and 72%/87 and 77%).

Conclusion

28% of patients with angina and 13% of patients without angina had LMCA compression. We found a similar PA diameter predicting LMCA compression in patients with or without angina. PA diameter, instead, was not predictive of prognosis (maybe because most deaths were related to heart failure and also because patients with LMCA compression were treated with stenting, possibly preventing sudden cardiac death). Eventually, PA diameter velocity increase is associated with prognosis but this may only reflect a severe disease refractory to medical therapy.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding source: None

Clinical outcome with NOACs vs VKAs in patients with atrial fibrillation and severe chronic kidney disease: results of a retrospective, multicenter, real-world study

Background

Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at higher risk of both bleeding and thromboembolic events. Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are licensed to be used in these patients, although they were excluded from phase III controlled randomized trials comparing NOACs vs warfarin in AF. Thus, current evidence on NOACs use in such setting of patients is not definitive.

Purpose

Aim of our multicenter study was to perform a real-world comparison of clinical outcome with NOACs vs vitamin K antagonist anticoagulants (VKAs) also in AF patients having an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 15–29 mL/min.

Methods

We retrospectively included a total of 266 patients receiving NOACs (N=159) or VKAs (N=107). Primary outcome measure was the cumulative incidence of the net composite endpoint including ischemic stroke, systemic thromboembolism or any bleeding. Mean follow-up was 2.6 years.

Results

CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED scores at baseline were similar in the two groups (3.4±1.3 with NOACs vs 3.4±0.9 with VKAs and 3.1±1.0 vs 3.0±0.7, respectively); eGFR and hemoglobin values were also comparable (31.8±12.3 vs 32±11.9 mL/min and 10.2±2.1 vs 11.0±2.3 g/dL, respectively). NOACs were not inferior to VKAs for the primary net composite endpoint: incidence 20.7% vs 29.9%, p&lt;0.01 for non-inferiority, p=0.11 for superiority. In proportional Cox regression model, hazard ratio for the primary outcome measure with NOACs use was 0.74 (95% CI 0.45–1.21, p=0.22). In the NOAC group there was a trend towards reduction in minor bleeding complications (p=0.08).

Conclusions

Our real-world data indicate that in patients with AF and severe renal failure NOACs are not inferior to VKAs for both safety and efficacy. The use of NOACs was associated with a numerically lower incidence of minor bleeding.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding source: None

Neurocoaching: exploring the relationship between coach and coachee by means of bioelectrical signal similarities

Coaching aims to unlock the human's potential, self-awareness and responsibility, improving the professional performances and the personal satisfaction. Its effectiveness is known to depend on the degree of bonding and mutual engagement of the coaching relationship. In this exploratory study we recorded synchronised EEG and SC data from both coach and coachee during 36 individual sessions, performed following 2 different coaching methods. Our principal aim was to investigate the temporal evolution of the bonding and the mutual engagement along the different steps of a session, by means of a "similarity" metric based on the DTW distance between signals (namely, S-TVM). We found significant differences between session phases for the EEG-related S-TVMs (BAR, BATR and AWI), with maximum values (defined as "tuning") all in the same phase, but differentiated between the two experiments. The results suggest a temporal concurrency of the engagement and emotional tunings, whose specific location seems to be a function of the coaching approach.

Emotion assessment using Machine Learning and low-cost wearable devices

The advancement in bioelectrical measurement technologies and the push towards a higher impact of the Brain Computer Interfaces and Affective Computing in the daily life have made non-invasive and low-priced devices available to the large population to record physiological states. The aim of this study is the assessment of the abilities of the MUSE headband, together with the Shimmer GSR+ device, to assess the emotional state of people during stimuli exposure. Twenty-four pictures from the IAPS database were showed to 54 subjects and were evaluated in their emotional values by means of the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM). Using a Machine Learning approach, fifty-two scalar features were extracted from the signals and used to train 6 binary classifiers to predict the valence and arousal elicited by each stimulus. In all classifiers we obtained accuracies ranging from 53.6% to 69.9%, confirming that these devices are able to give information about the emotional state.

P1149Subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator when Transvenous ICD is not a viable option

Funding Acknowledgements

NO FUNDING

OnBehalf

RHYTHM DETECT Registry

Background

The class of recommendation for S-ICD implantation in patients who have inadequate vascular access is I according to AHA-ACC-HRS Guidelines and IIb according to ESC Guidelines. Data are lacking about the use of S-ICD for patients in which a transvenous ICD is not a viable option because of the inability to deploy a transvenous lead.

Purpose

To describe current practice and to measure outcomes associated with S-ICD use in patients in which a transvenous ICD is not a viable option.

Methods

942 consecutive patients underwent S-ICD implantation at 22 Italian centers from 2014 to 2019. We identified 101 (11%) patients who received S-ICD because of the reported impossibility of deploying a transvenous lead.

Results

21 patients presented with inadequate vascular access but no previous device in place. One patient had a mechanical prosthesis in tricuspid position. The remaining 79 patients received the S-ICD after removal of a prior system implanted, and venous occlusion was diagnosed after lead extraction, or partially or completely failed lead removal. In 24 of these patients a functional transvenous pacing system was left in place for persisting pacing needs. Patients were 60 ± 15 years old, 85% were male, 77% had ischemic or non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, ejection fraction was 36 ± 13%. At implantation, acute conversion test was performed in 64 patients and shock energy of ≤65J was successful in 62 (96.9%) patients. During a median follow-up of 18 months, 6 patients died for non-device related reasons and 1 patient underwent heart transplantation. One patient underwent device replacement for battery depletion and one patient underwent leadless pacemaker implantation. Minor complications (hematomas not requiring system revision) were reported in 2 patients. Appropriate therapies were delivered in 4 patients and 8 patients experienced inappropriate therapies (in 3 patients due to double counting during pacing); all resolved with device reprogramming. Conclusions: In current clinical practice, a minority of S-ICD patients receive the device because of inadequate vascular access. The profile of these patients is similar to that of the typical ICD population in the context of primary sudden death prevention, but many of them present with pacing indications. Acute and mid-term efficacy of S-ICD seemed high. Few complications occurred during follow-up. Particular attention must be paid to device programming for those patients with concomitant pacing systems, in order to prevent inappropriate therapies.

852Lead abandonment and subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (S-ICD) implantation in a cohort of patients with ICD lead malfunction

Funding Acknowledgements

NO FUNDING

OnBehalf

Rhythm Detect Registry

Background

Currently, when an implantable-cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) lead becomes nonfunctional, a class IIa recommendation exists for either lead abandonment or for removal. The benefits of removal include creation of an access for insertion of a new lead.  However, the subcutaneous ICD (S-ICD) does not require the insertion of any leads into the cardiovascular system, and may represent an additional option for patients not requiring pacing.

Purpose

 To report outcomes associated with a strategy of lead abandonment and S-ICD implantation in the setting of lead malfunction.

Methods

We analyzed all consecutive patients who underwent S-ICD implantation after abandonment of malfunctioning leads and we compared outcomes with those of patients who underwent transvenous extraction and subsequent reimplantation of a single-chamber transvenous ICD (T- ICD).

Results

43 patients were implanted with an S-ICD after abandonment of malfunctioning leads, while in 62 patients extraction and subsequent reimplantation of a T-ICD. The two groups were comparable (Age 55 ± 16 vs. 54 ± 33years, BMI 26 ± 3 vs. 24 ± 4kg/m2, LVEF 43 ± 15 vs. 48 ± 8%). S-ICD defibrillation test success rate at implantation was 96% at 65J. In the extraction group, no major complications were reported during extraction, while the procedure failed and an S-ICD was implanted in 4 patients. During a median follow-up of 21 months, the rate of major complications was not higher in the S-ICD group than in the T-ICD group (HR 1.07; 95%CI 0.29–3.94; P = 0 .912; Figure), as well as the rate of minor complications (HR 2.13; 95%CI 0.49–9.24; P = 0 .238).

Conclusions

 In case of ICD lead malfunction, extraction prevents potential long-term risks of abandoned leads, e.g. increased complications for a possible future mandatory extraction indication such as infection, and allows magnetic resonance imaging. Nonetheless in this series, the strategy of lead abandonment and S-ICD implantation appeared to be feasible and safe with no significant increase in adverse outcomes for patients not requiring pacing and may represent an option in selected clinical settings (very high risk or failed extractions, older patients, etc.). Longer follow-up studies are needed to fully understand the potential risks of lead abandonment.

Abstract Figure

Transcriptomic and computational analysis identified LPA metabolism, KLHL14 and KCNE3 as novel regulators of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex biological program between physiology and pathology. Here, amniotic epithelial cells (AEC) were used as in vitro model of transiently inducible EMT in order to evaluate the transcriptional insights underlying this process. Therefore, RNA-seq was used to identify the differentially expressed genes and enrichment analyses were carried out to assess the intracellular pathways involved. As a result, molecules exclusively expressed in AEC that experienced EMT (GSTA1-1 and GSTM3) or when this process is inhibited (KLHL14 and KCNE3) were identified. Lastly, the network theory was used to obtain a computational model able to recognize putative controller genes involved in the induction and in the prevention of EMT. The results suggested an opposite role of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) synthesis and degradation enzymes in the regulation of EMT process. In conclusion, these molecules may represent novel EMT regulators and also targets for developing new therapeutic strategies.

Looking through blue glasses: bioelectrical measures to assess the awakening after a calm situation

Colors can elicit cognitive and emotional states. In particular, blue colour is associated to "refresh" and "restart" effects and is suggested to enhance a wake-up after a calm situation. In this exploratory study, these claims are investigated using Electroencephalographic (EEG), Skin Conductance (SC) and pupil diameter data. The results confirmed the "wake-up effect" for subjects wearing the lenses, as measured by Global Field Power (GFP) in Theta Band, Skin Conductance Response (SCR) and pupil diameter data.

P737 Left ventricular hemodynamic forces: towards establishing reference values for healthy adults

Introduction

Left ventricular hemodynamic forces (LV-HDF) have been recently demonstrated to be promising markers of sub-clinical dysfunction and potential predictors of disease outcome. However, there is a lack of reference values in healthy subjects. Knowledge of physiologic ranges is mandatory towards the use of LV-HDF-based indices for disease assessment in future clinical applications.

Purpose

Aim of the current study is to define the normal reference values for LV-HDF parameters in a large cohort of healthy adults. Here we present preliminary results for the initial set of enrolled subjects.

Methods

We enrolled 82 healthy subjects [mean age 44 ± 13.2 years (range 18-88), 41 men]. All participants underwent standard transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) examination, as recommended by current guidelines, including apical two-, three- and four-chamber windows, acquired at a frame rate above 40 Hz. These were then analyzed by tri-plane tissue tracking, measuring LV volume and LV ejection fraction (EF) as reference parameters. The same tracking method was used to evaluate the global hemodynamic force by a novel mathematical calculation technique applied to the three-dimensional endocardial contour. Physical-based LV-HDF parameters were then extracted for clinical application; these included the amplitude (root mean square) of the longitudinal and transversal force components (FL and FT) and their alignment angle relative to the LV axis. Parameters were computed as average over the whole cardiac cycle as well as limited to the systolic phase. Forces were normalized with LV volume to reduce variability with LV dimension, and divided by specific weight to yield a dimensionless measure.

Results

Mean EF was 63 ± 9%. Whole cycle LV-HDF parameters were: FL = 16.0 ± 5.6%, FT = 2.3 ± 0.8%, with significant longitudinal alignment FT/FL = 0.15 ± 0.04, angle = 13.0°±3.1°. Systolic HDF parameters were: FL = 22.7 ± 8.2%, FT = 2.9 ± 1.1%, with longitudinal alignment FT/FL = 0.13 ± 0.04, angle = 11.2°±3.1°. Importantly, dimensionless physical-based LV-HDF parameters showed no significant variation with age, gender or BSA.

Conclusions

We report the physiologic range of LV-HDF parameters measured by TTE. Knowledge of age- and gender-specific reference values, for a combination of standard, mechanical and hemodynamic indices, can improve the global assessment of the LV function and may help to detect sub-clinical stages of LV dysfunction.

1682 Feasibility of the exercise stress echocardiography for the evaluation of the right heart and pulmonary circulation unit in different clinical conditions: the right heart international network

Funding Acknowledgements

no funding sources exists

OnBehalf

RIGHT Heart International NETwork (RIGHT-NET)

Purpose

Exercise stress echocardiography (ESE) is a well-validated tool in ischemic and valvular heart diseases. The aim of this study is to assess the ESE feasibility for the evaluation of the right heart pulmonary circulation unit (RH-PCU) in a large cohort of subjects, from healthy individuals and elite athletes to patients with overt or at risk of developing pulmonary hypertension. Methods: 954 subjects [mean age 54.2 ± 16.4 years, 430 women] [254 healthy volunteers, 40 elite athletes, 363 patients with cardiovascular risk factors, 25 with pulmonary arterial hypertension, 149 with connective tissue diseases, 81 with left heart and valvular diseases, 42 with lung diseases], underwent standardized semi-recumbent cycle ergometer ESE with an incremental workload of 25 watts every 2 minutes up to symptom-limited maximal tolerated workload. ESE parameters of right heart structure, function and pressures were obtained according current recommendations. Results: The success rate for the evaluation of the RV function at peak exercise was 903/940 (96%) for tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), 667/751 (89%) for tissue Doppler–derived tricuspid lateral annular systolic velocity (S’) and 425/772 (63%) for right ventricular fractional area change (RVFAC). Right ventricular–right atrial pressure gradient [RV-RA gradient = 4 x tricuspid regurgitation velocity2] was obtained in 894/954 patients (93.7 %) at rest and in 816/954 (85.5%) at peak exercise. At peak exercise, pulmonary acceleration time (AcT) was feasible among 435/545 (82.5%) patients (Table 1). Conclusions: In daily ESE monitoring of TAPSE and S’ resulted to be less challenging than of RV FAC. ESE was a feasible tool for the evaluation of RV-RA gradient and pulmonary AcT.

Table 1 Parameters Rest mean ± SD Peak mean ± SD P value Assessed n (%) Feasibility at rest n (%) Feasibility at peak n (%) RVED area (cm2) 17.4 ± 5.7 17.4 ± 5.8 0.9 672 632 (94.0) 425 (63.2) RVES area (cm2) 9.7 ± 4.3 9.6 ± 4.9 0.7 672 632 (94.0) 425 (63.2) TAPSE (mm) 22.9 ± 3.9 27.4 ± 5.5 &lt;0.001 940 922 (98.1) 903 (96.0) S’(cm/s) 13.1 ± 2.9 18.5 ± 5.0 &lt;0.001 751 746 (99.4) 667 (88.8) RVFAC (%) 45.7 ± 10 46.7 ± 11 0.121 672 632 (94.0) 425 (63.2) RV-RA gradient (mmHg) 24.3 ± 15 42.5 ± 20 &lt;0.001 954 894 (93.7) 816 (85.5) Pulmonary AcT (m/s) 129 ± 31 116 ± 35 &lt;0.001 545 527( 96.7) 435 (82.5) RVED, right ventricle end diastolic area; RVES, right ventricle end systolic area; p values indicate differences at rest and peak exercise. The term “assessed” indicates that an attempt was done in order to measure the parameter. The term “feasibility” indicates that it was possible to measure the parameter that was assessed.

Functional characterization of 3D contractile smooth muscle tissues generated using a unique microfluidic 3D bioprinting technology

Conditions such as asthma and inflammatory bowel disease are characterized by aberrant smooth muscle contraction. It has proven difficult to develop human cell-based models that mimic acute muscle contraction in 2D in vitro cultures due to the nonphysiological chemical and mechanical properties of lab plastics that do not allow for muscle cell contraction. To enhance the relevance of in vitro models for human disease, we describe how functional 3D smooth muscle tissue that exhibits physiological and pharmacologically relevant acute contraction and relaxation responses can be reproducibly fabricated using a unique microfluidic 3D bioprinting technology. Primary human airway and intestinal smooth muscle cells were printed into rings of muscle tissue at high density and viability. Printed tissues contracted to physiological concentrations of histamine (0.01-100 μM) and relaxed to salbutamol, a pharmacological compound used to relieve asthmatic exacerbations. The addition of TGFβ to airway muscle rings induced an increase in unstimulated muscle shortening and a decreased response to salbutamol, a phenomenon which also occurs in chronic lung diseases. Results indicate that the 3D bioprinted smooth muscle is a physiologically relevant in vitro model that can be utilized to study disease pathways and the effects of novel therapeutics on acute contraction and chronic tissue stenosis.

Placental Stem Cells from Domestic Animals: Translational Potential and Clinical Relevance

The field of regenerative medicine is moving toward clinical practice in veterinary science. In this context, placenta-derived stem cells isolated from domestic animals have covered a dual role, acting both as therapies for patients and as a valuable cell source for translational models. The biological properties of placenta-derived cells, comparable among mammals, make them attractive candidates for therapeutic approaches. In particular, stemness features, low immunogenicity, immunomodulatory activity, multilineage plasticity, and their successful capacity for long-term engraftment in different host tissues after autotransplantation, allo-transplantation, or xenotransplantation have been demonstrated. Their beneficial regenerative effects in domestic animals have been proven using preclinical studies as well as clinical trials starting to define the mechanisms involved. This is, in particular, for amniotic-derived cells that have been thoroughly studied to date. The regenerative role arises from a mutual tissue-specific cell differentiation and from the paracrine secretion of bioactive molecules that ultimately drive crucial repair processes in host tissues (e.g., anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, angiogenic, and neurogenic factors). The knowledge acquired so far on the mechanisms of placenta-derived stem cells in animal models represent the proof of concept of their successful use in some therapeutic treatments such as for musculoskeletal disorders. In the next future, legislation in veterinary regenerative medicine will be a key element in order to certify those placenta-derived cell-based protocols that have already demonstrated their safety and efficacy using rigorous approaches and to improve the degree of standardization of cell-based treatments among veterinary clinicians.

Aerobic exercise and Orexin A: role of sympathetic activity and redox system

Aerobic exercise is associated with the sympathetic activation evoking adaptive responses to sustain muscle engagement. Physical exercise can cause alterations in the cardiovascular activity and cellular stress may occur which could be marked by either heart rate (HR), or galvanic skin response (GSR). Moderate plasma levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are considered as health markers, absolving to important roles such as adaptive cellular responses to exercise. Orexin A, a hypothalamic peptide, causes a widespread stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, playing a role in many physiological functions.

Complex trauma, PTSD and complex PTSD in African refugees

Background: The introduction of the diagnosis of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) by ICD-11 is a turning point in the field of traumatic stress studies. It's therefore important to examine the validity of CPTSD in refugee groups exposed to complex trauma (CT) defined as a repeated, prolonged, interpersonal traumatic event. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare DSM-5 and ICD-11 post-traumatic stress disorder diagnoses and to evaluate the discriminant validity of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD constructs in a sample of treatment-seeking refugees living in Italy. Method: The study sample included 120 treatment-seeking African refugees living in Italy. All participants were survivors of at least one CT. PTSD and CPTSD diagnoses were assessed according to both DSM-5 and ICD-11 criteria. Results: Findings revealed that 79% of the participants met the DSM-5 criteria for PTSD, 38% for ICD-11 PTSD and 30% for ICD-11 CPTSD. Generally, ICD-11 CPTSD items evidenced strong sensitivity and negative predictive power, low specificity and positive predictive power. Latent class analysis results identified two distinct groups: (1) a PTSD class, (2) a CPTSD class. None of the demographic and trauma-related variables analysed was significantly associated with diagnostic group. On the other hand, the months spent in Italy were significantly associated with PCL-5 score. Conclusions: Findings extend the current evidence base to support the discriminant validity of PTSD and CPTSD amongst refugees exposed to torture and other gross violations of human rights. The results suggest also that, in the post-traumatic phase, the time spent in a 'safe place' condition contributes to improve the severity of post-traumatic symptomatology, but neither this variable nor other socio-demographic factors seem to contribute to the emergence of complex PTSD. Further investigations are needed to clarify which specific vulnerability factors influence the development of PTSD or CPTSD in refugees exposed to complex trauma.

Characterization of sustainable polyhydroxyls, produced from bio-based feedstock, and polyurethane and copolymer urethane-amide foams

This manuscript presents data related to the research article entitled "Synthesis and characterization of sustainable polyurethane foams based on polyhydroxyls with different terminal groups" (DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.06.077) [1]. We provide Supplementary data on the chemical properties, in terms of FTIR characterization, of polyhydroxyls produced starting from bio-based feedstock (biosuccinic acid and 1,4 butandiol) and thermal properties (glass transition temperature-Tg and thermal degradation behavior) of polyurethane and copolymer urethane-amide foams manufactured from the aforementioned polyhydroxyls. The FTIR characterization elucidates the chemical structure of polyhydroxyls and allows to make some hypothesis on their reaction routes with the isocyanate molecules. The thermal characterization revealed that the addition of bio-based polyhydroxyls to the sample formulations improves both the glass transition and degradation temperature of the foams. These foamed products exhibit potential performances to be applied as a substitute for conventional polyurethane foams.

Granzyme B is elevated in autoimmune blistering diseases and cleaves key anchoring proteins of the dermal-epidermal junction

In healthy skin, epidermis and dermis are anchored together at the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ), a specialized basement membrane pivotal for skin integrity and function. However, increased inflammation in the DEJ is associated with the disruption and separation of this junction and sub-epidermal blistering. Granzyme B (GzmB) is a serine protease secreted by immune cells. Dysregulated inflammation may lead to increased GzmB accumulation and proteolysis in the extracellular milieu. Although elevated GzmB is observed at the level of the DEJ in inflammatory and blistering skin conditions, the present study is the first to explore GzmB in the context of DEJ degradation in autoimmune sub-epidermal blistering. In the present study, GzmB induced separation of the DEJ in healthy human skin. Subsequently, α6/β4 integrin, collagen VII, and collagen XVII were identified as extracellular substrates for GzmB through western blot, and specific cleavage sites were identified by mass spectrometry. In human bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis, and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, GzmB was elevated at the DEJ when compared to healthy samples, while α6/β4 integrin, collagen VII, and collagen XVII were reduced or absent in the area of blistering. In summary, our results suggest that regardless of the initial causation of sub-epidermal blistering, GzmB activity is a common final pathway that could be amenable to a single targeted treatment approach.

Topical small molecule granzyme B inhibitor improves remodeling in a murine model of impaired burn wound healing

Granzyme B (GzmB) is a serine protease that has long been thought to function exclusively in lymphocyte-mediated apoptosis. In recent years, this paradigm has been revisited due to the recognition that GzmB accumulates in the extracellular milieu in many autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders, and contributes to impaired tissue remodeling due to the cleavage of extracellular matrix proteins. Knockout studies suggest that GzmB-mediated cleavage of decorin (DCN) contributes to impaired collagen fibrillogenesis and remodeling. As DCN is anti-fibrotic and contributes to reduced hypertrophic scarring, GzmB-induced DCN cleavage could play a role in wound healing following burn injury. In the present study, a novel, gel-formulated, first-in-class small-molecule inhibitor of GzmB, VTI-1002, was assessed in a murine model of impaired, diabetic burn wound healing. VTI-1002 exhibited high specificity, potency, and target selectivity. Gel-formulated VTI-1002 was able to penetrate the stratum corneum and was retained in the skin with minimal systemic absorption. Daily topical administration of VTI-1002 gel for 30 days following thermal injury showed significantly accelerated wound closure, increased DCN protein levels, and collagen organization that was translated into significantly increased wound tensile strength compared to controls. Overall, VTI-1002 gel was well-tolerated in vivo and no adverse events were observed. Topical application of VTI-1002 represents a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of cutaneous burn wounds.

Superior Vena Cava Thrombosis after Intravascular AICD Lead Extraction: A Case Report

Pacemaker lead extraction has been shown to be an effective and safe treatment in the case of infected permanent pacemaker leads. However, it can lead to potentially serious complications, usually occurring during the extraction procedure. This report describes a case of a 74-year-old male with a persistent superior vena cava thrombosis related to an infected permanent pacemaker lead transvenous extraction. Clinical and surgical management are discussed.

Detection of bovine Deltapapillomavirus DNA in peripheral blood of healthy sheep (Ovis aries)

Blood samples from 65 sheep were tested for the presence of bovine Deltapapillomavirus (δPVs) DNA. The sheep were divided into three groups. Sheep in groups 1 and 2 were from Sardinia and Campania, respectively, and were in contact with cattle and grazed on lands contaminated with bracken fern. Sheep in Group 3 lived in closed pens and had no contact with cattle. These sheep were fed hay that did not contain bracken fern. Bovine δPV E5 DNA was detected in blood from 24 of 27 (89%) sheep in Group 1. A single bovine δPV type was detected in the blood from nine (33%) sheep, including the detection of bovine δPV-1 DNA in four sheep, bovine δPV-2 in four and δPV-13 in one sheep. Two δPV types were detected in 33% of the sheep, and three bovine δPV types were detected in 22% of the sheep. Bovine δPVs were detected in 17 of 20 (85%) sheep from Group 2. The detection rate by a single δPV type was 40% with just δPV-1 DNA amplified from two, just δPV-2 DNA from four, and just δPV-13 DNA from two sheep. Two and three δPVs were detected in 30% and 15%, respectively. All sequenced amplicons showed a 100% identity with papillomaviral E5 DNA deposited in GenBank. Bovine δPV-14 DNA sequences were not detected from any sheep. No bovine δPV DNA was revealed in blood samples from sheep in Group 3. The detection of bovine δPV DNA in the blood of sheep means that sheep may be able to be infected by these PVs. This suggests that bovine δPVs could potentially be a previously unrecognized cause of disease in sheep. Furthermore, it is possible that sheep could act as a reservoir for these viruses.

Recombinant Decorin Fusion Protein Attenuates Murine Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation and Rupture

Decorin (DCN) is a small-leucine rich proteoglycan that mediates collagen fibrillogenesis, organization, and tensile strength. Adventitial DCN is reduced in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) resulting in vessel wall instability thereby predisposing the vessel to rupture. Recombinant DCN fusion protein CAR-DCN was engineered with an extended C-terminus comprised of CAR homing peptide that recognizes inflamed blood vessels and penetrates deep into the vessel wall. In the present study, the role of systemically-administered CAR-DCN in AAA progression and rupture was assessed in a murine model. Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-KO) mice were infused with angiotensin II (AngII) for 28 days to induce AAA formation. CAR-DCN or vehicle was administrated systemically until day 15. Mortality due to AAA rupture was significantly reduced in CAR-DCN-treated mice compared to controls. Although the prevalence of AAA was similar between vehicle and CAR-DCN groups, the severity of AAA in the CAR-DCN group was significantly reduced. Histological analysis revealed that CAR-DCN treatment significantly increased DCN and collagen levels within the aortic wall as compared to vehicle controls. Taken together, these results suggest that CAR-DCN treatment attenuates the formation and rupture of Ang II-induced AAA in mice by reinforcing the aortic wall.

Abstract 487: Systemic Administration of Target-Seeking, Vessel Penetrating Recombinant Decorin Fusion Protein, Car-DCN, Reduces Severity of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Mice

Objective: Decorin (DCN) is a small leucine-rich proteoglycan that mediates collagen fibrollogenesis, organization, and tensile strength. DCN is reduced in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) through a Granzyme B-dependent mechanism resulting in vessel wall instability and aneurysm formation. A recombinant decorin fusion protein CAR-DCN was engineered with an extended C-terminus comprised of CAR homing peptide that recognizes inflammatory blood vessels and penetrates deep into the vessel wall. In the present study, we sought to evaluate the role of systemically administered CAR-DCN in AAA progression and rupture rate in a murine model.

Approach and Results: To induce aneurysm, apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-KO) mice were infused with 28 days of angiotensin II (AngII). CAR-DCN or vehicle was systemically administrated until day 15. We observed a significant increase in the survival of CAR-DCN-treated mice (93%) compared to vehicle controls (60%). Although the incidence of AAA onset was similar between vehicle and CAR-DCN groups, the severity of aneurysm in the CAR-DCN group was significantly reduced. Furthermore, histological analysis revealed that CAR-DCN treatment significantly increased DCN and collagen levels in aortic walls compares to vehicle controls.

Conclusions: CAR-DCN administration attenuated the severity of Ang II-induced AAA in mice by reinforcing the vessel wall. CAR-DCN may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to attenuate AAA progression and rupture.

Amyloid precursor protein, lipofuscin accumulation and expression of autophagy markers in aged bovine brain

Background

Autophagy is a highly regulated process involving the bulk degradation of cytoplasmic macromolecules and organelles in mammalian cells via the lysosomal system. Dysregulation of autophagy is implicated in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases and integrity of the autophagosomal - lysosomal network appears to be critical in the progression of aging. Our aim was to survey the expression of autophagy markers and Amyloid precursor protein (APP) in aged bovine brains. For our study, we collected samples from the brain of old (aged 11–20 years) and young (aged 1–5 years) Podolic dairy cows. Formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded sections were stained with routine and special staining techniques. Primary antibodies for APP and autophagy markers such as Beclin-1 and LC3 were used to perform immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis.

Results

Histologically, the most consistent morphological finding was the age-related accumulation of intraneuronal lipofuscin. Furthermore, in aged bovine brains, immunofluorescence detected a strongly positive immunoreaction to APP and LC3. Beclin-1 immunoreaction was weak or absent. In young controls, the immunoreaction for Beclin-1 and LC3 was mild while the immunoreaction for APP was absent. Western blot analysis confirmed an increased APP expression and LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and a decreased expression of Beclin-1 in aged cows.

Conclusions

These data suggest that, in aged bovine, autophagy is significantly impaired if compared to young animals and they confirm that intraneuronal APP deposition increases with age.