ATG16L1 T300A polymorphism is associated with Crohn's disease in a Northwest Greek cohort, but ECM1 T130M and G290S polymorphisms are not associated with ulcerative colitis

Background:

Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are well-described disease entities with unknown etiopathogenesis. Environmental, genetic, gut microbiota, and host immune response correlations have been implicated. The role of susceptibility gene polymorphisms, such as ATG16L1 T300A and ECM1 T130M and G290S, is well-described, although controversial findings have been reported.

Methods:

Two hundred five patients with inflammatory bowel disease (108 CD and 97 UC), and 223 healthy blood donors (control group) from the Northwest Greece region were genotyped for rs2241880 (T300A), rs3737240 (T130M) and rs13294 (G290S) single nucleotide polymorphisms. Genotyping was performed using the real-time polymerase chain reaction method.

Results:

The frequency of G allele was significantly higher in CD patients compared to the control group (P=0.029; odds ratio [OR] 1.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-2.03). Carriers of two G alleles (T300A), compared to those carrying only one, were 1.3 times more susceptible to CD (P=0.022; OR 2.45, 95%CI 1.14-5.27). In CD patients, the presence of the T300A polymorphism indicates a possible protective effect against developing a penetrating (B3) phenotype, while in UC patients, presence of the T300A polymorphism, indicates a possible protective effect against developing joint-involving extraintestinal manifestations.

Conclusion:

Our study found a significant association of the T300A polymorphism with CD susceptibility, suggesting that CD occurrence in our population has a strong genetic background, with the T300A G allele having an additive effect.

Neutrophil anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody proteins: bactericidal increasing protein, lactoferrin, cathepsin, and elastase as serological markers of inflammatory bowel and other diseases

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract comprising Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Although the pathogenesis of the disease is not clearly defined yet, environmental, genetic and other factors contribute to the onset of the disease. Apart from the clinical and histopathological findings, several serological biomarkers are also employed to detect IBD. One of the most thoroughly studied biomarker is anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA). We herein provide an overview of the current knowledge on the use of ANCA and certain ANCA proteins, such as bactericidal increasing protein, lactoferrin, cathepsin G and elastase, as serological markers for IBD and other diseases.

Adult-onset Still's disease preceding Crohn's disease

Concomitant diagnosis of Crohn's disease and juvenile or adult-onset idiopathic arthritis is rare. It is possible that both conditions share some genetic or immunological defects although sufficient data are lacking. We describe herein the first case of a patient with adult-onset Still's disease who was diagnosed on follow up with concomitant Crohn's disease. A 38-year-old man diagnosed with adult onset Still's disease from the age of 24 was admitted in our hospital because of bloody diarrhea. On admission physical examination was unremarkable and all routine laboratory tests were normal except of Hg at 11.3 gr/dl, erythrocyte sedimentation rate at 27 mm/h and C-reactive protein at 14 mg/dl. Ileocolonoscopy revealed small aphthoid ulcers in the terminal ileum and capsule endoscopy revealed the source of bleeding and small aphthoid ulcers starting from the distal jejunum up to the terminal ileum. Terminal ileum biopsies were diagnostic of Crohn's disease and patient had started on therapy with mesalamine 2 gr/day and azathioprine 2mg/kg and is currently on multidisciplinary follow up. We review all literature on co-existence of Crohn's disease with chronic idiopathic arthritis and we discuss the possible difficulties in diagnosis and therapy of those patients also in the view of the new biological agents.

Role of genetics in the diagnosis and prognosis of Crohn's disease

Considering epidemiological, genetic and immunological data, we can conclude that the inflammatory bowel diseases are heterogeneous disorders of multifactorial etiology in which hereditability and environment interact to produce the disease. It is probable that patients have a genetic predisposition for the development of the disease coupled with disturbances in immunoregulation. Several genes have been so far related to the diagnosis of Crohn's disease. Those genes are related to innate pattern recognition receptors, to epithelial barrier homeostasis and maintenance of epithelial barrier integrity, to autophagy and to lymphocyte differentiation. So far, the most strong and replicated associations with Crohn's disease have been done with NOD2, IL23R and ATG16L1 genes. Many genes have so far been implicated in prognosis of Crohn's disease and many attempts have been made to classify genetic profiles in Crohn's disease. CARD15 seems not only a susceptibility gene, but also a disease-modifier gene for Crohn's disease. Enriching our understanding on Crohn's disease genetics is important but when combining genetic data with functional data the outcome could be of major importance to clinicians.

Role of genetics in the diagnosis and prognosis of Crohn's disease

Considering the epidemiological, genetic and immunological data, we can conclude that the inflammatory bowel diseases are heterogeneous disorders of multifactorial etiology in which hereditability and environment interact to produce the disease. It is probable that patients have a genetic predisposition for the development of the disease coupled with disturbances in immunoregulation. Several genes have so far been related to the diagnosis of Crohn's disease. These genes are related to innate pattern recognition receptors, to epithelial barrier homeostasis and maintenance of epithelial barrier integrity, to autophagy and to lymphocyte differentiation. So far, the strongest and most replicated associations with Crohn's disease have been demonstrated with NOD2, IL23R and ATG16L1 genes. Many genes have so far been implicated in the prognosis of Crohn's disease and many attempts have been made for classification of genetic profiles in Crohn's disease. CARD15 seems to be not only a susceptibility gene, but also a disease-modifier gene for Crohn's disease. Enriching our understanding of Crohn's disease genetics is of value, but when combining genetic data with functional data the outcome could be of major importance to clinicians.

Inflammatory bowel disease and hepatitis B and C in Western Balkans: a referral centre study and review of the literature

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

There is limited data on IBD patients diagnosed with viral hepatitis B and C. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of chronic HBV or HCV infection in IBD patients followed by our centre and to describe and review the course of bowel and liver disease during therapy.

METHODS

Single centre retrospective study on 482 consecutive IBD patients. Laboratory investigation for HBV and HCV was performed with routine methods. Treatment protocols for HBV included IFNa and nucleot(s)ide administration and for HCV combined IFNa and ribavirin.

RESULTS

We diagnosed 15 patients (15/482, 3.1%) with HBV or HCV. Of these, 11 were HBV (11/482, 2.3%) and 4 were HCV (4/482, 0.8%). Nine of eleven HBV patients received antiviral therapy (8 lamivudine, 1 IFNa). Five lamivudine patients were switched to tenofovir and in another one adefovir dipivoxil were added. Bowel disease was in remission in ten of the eleven HBV patients. One patient was diagnosed with carcinoid tumor. Two HCV patients received IFNa that was well tolerated. One HCV patient denied therapy and one died from hepatocellular cancer. Of the seven patients on azathioprine only one achieved sustained response. Four patients on Infliximab achieved bowel disease remission but experienced biochemical or virological flare.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates that prevalence of HBV and HCV infection in a large IBD cohort from Western Balkans is compared to that of the background population. IBD patients under immunosuppressants may apparently be treated with safety if preventive antiviral treatment is administered.