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Escalante V, Nayak RR, Noecker C, Babdor J, Spitzer M, Deutschbauer AM, Turnbaugh PJ. Simvastatin induces human gut bacterial cell surface genes. Mol Microbiol 2023:10.1111/mmi.15151. [PMID: 37712143 PMCID: PMC10940213 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Drugs intended to target mammalian cells can have broad off-target effects on the human gut microbiota with potential downstream consequences for drug efficacy and side effect profiles. Yet, despite a rich literature on antibiotic resistance, we still know very little about the mechanisms through which commensal bacteria evade non-antibiotic drugs. Here, we focus on statins, one of the most prescribed drug types in the world and an essential tool in the prevention and treatment of high circulating cholesterol levels. Prior work in humans, mice, and cell culture support an off-target effect of statins on human gut bacteria; however, the genetic determinants of statin sensitivity remain unknown. We confirmed that simvastatin inhibits the growth of diverse human gut bacterial strains grown in communities and in pure cultures. Drug sensitivity varied between phyla and was dose-dependent. We selected two representative simvastatin-sensitive species for more in-depth analysis: Eggerthella lenta (phylum: Actinobacteriota) and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (phylum: Bacteroidota). Transcriptomics revealed that both bacterial species upregulate genes in response to simvastatin that alter the cell membrane, including fatty acid biogenesis (E. lenta) and drug efflux systems (B. thetaiotaomicron). Transposon mutagenesis identified a key efflux system in B. thetaiotaomicron that enables growth in the presence of statins. Taken together, these results emphasize the importance of the bacterial cell membrane in countering the off-target effects of host-targeted drugs. Continued mechanistic dissection of the various mechanisms through which the human gut microbiota evades drugs will be essential to understand and predict the effects of drug administration in human cohorts and the potential downstream consequences for health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Escalante
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Renuka R. Nayak
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs, San Francisco, CA 94121
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Cecilia Noecker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Joel Babdor
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew Spitzer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Adam M. Deutschbauer
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Peter J. Turnbaugh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
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Noecker C, Sanchez J, Bisanz JE, Escalante V, Alexander M, Trepka K, Heinken A, Liu Y, Dodd D, Thiele I, DeFelice BC, Turnbaugh PJ. Systems biology elucidates the distinctive metabolic niche filled by the human gut microbe Eggerthella lenta. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002125. [PMID: 37205710 PMCID: PMC10234575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Human gut bacteria perform diverse metabolic functions with consequences for host health. The prevalent and disease-linked Actinobacterium Eggerthella lenta performs several unusual chemical transformations, but it does not metabolize sugars and its core growth strategy remains unclear. To obtain a comprehensive view of the metabolic network of E. lenta, we generated several complementary resources: defined culture media, metabolomics profiles of strain isolates, and a curated genome-scale metabolic reconstruction. Stable isotope-resolved metabolomics revealed that E. lenta uses acetate as a key carbon source while catabolizing arginine to generate ATP, traits which could be recapitulated in silico by our updated metabolic model. We compared these in vitro findings with metabolite shifts observed in E. lenta-colonized gnotobiotic mice, identifying shared signatures across environments and highlighting catabolism of the host signaling metabolite agmatine as an alternative energy pathway. Together, our results elucidate a distinctive metabolic niche filled by E. lenta in the gut ecosystem. Our culture media formulations, atlas of metabolomics data, and genome-scale metabolic reconstructions form a freely available collection of resources to support further study of the biology of this prevalent gut bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Noecker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Juan Sanchez
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub–San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jordan E. Bisanz
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Veronica Escalante
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Margaret Alexander
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kai Trepka
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Almut Heinken
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Dylan Dodd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ines Thiele
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Brian C. DeFelice
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub–San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Turnbaugh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub–San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Liu H, Shiver AL, Price MN, Carlson HK, Trotter VV, Chen Y, Escalante V, Ray J, Hern KE, Petzold CJ, Turnbaugh PJ, Huang KC, Arkin AP, Deutschbauer AM. Functional genetics of human gut commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron reveals metabolic requirements for growth across environments. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108789. [PMID: 33657378 PMCID: PMC8121099 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Harnessing the microbiota for beneficial outcomes is limited by our poor understanding of the constituent bacteria, as the functions of most of their genes are unknown. Here, we measure the growth of a barcoded transposon mutant library of the gut commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron on 48 carbon sources, in the presence of 56 stress-inducing compounds, and during mono-colonization of gnotobiotic mice. We identify 516 genes with a specific phenotype under only one or a few conditions, enabling informed predictions of gene function. For example, we identify a glycoside hydrolase important for growth on type I rhamnogalacturonan, a DUF4861 protein for glycosaminoglycan utilization, a 3-keto-glucoside hydrolase for disaccharide utilization, and a tripartite multidrug resistance system specifically for bile salt tolerance. Furthermore, we show that B. thetaiotaomicron uses alternative enzymes for synthesizing nitrogen-containing metabolic precursors based on ammonium availability and that these enzymes are used differentially in vivo in a diet-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualan Liu
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Anthony L Shiver
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Morgan N Price
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hans K Carlson
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Valentine V Trotter
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Veronica Escalante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jayashree Ray
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kelsey E Hern
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Christopher J Petzold
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Peter J Turnbaugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kerwyn Casey Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Adam P Arkin
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Adam M Deutschbauer
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Walenga J, Jeske W, Schwartz J, Escalante V, Menapace B, Coglianese E, Kumar E, Heroux A, Bakhos M. Cellular Microparticles as Predictive Markers for Adverse Events in Patients With Implanted Ventricular Assist Devices. J Heart Lung Transplant 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2015.01.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Walenga J, Escalante V, Duebner B, Pemsl G, Boyes E, Bailey J, Casillian A, Pedone E, Jeske W, Heroux A, Coglianese E, Schwartz J, Bakhos M. Prediction of Hemostatic Dysfunction in Patients Implanted with the HeartMate II LVAD. J Heart Lung Transplant 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2014.01.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Walenga JM, Jeske WP, Escalante V, Hoppensteadt D, Fareed J, Bakhos M. Thromboelastographic evaluation of blood coagulation in the presence of branded and generic enoxaparins. INT ANGIOL 2012; 31:517-525. [PMID: 23222929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM Enoxaparin is the most widely used low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) in the USA and has been approved for clinical use in multiple indications. Enoxaparin is a complex biological product with multiple known activities relevant to its antithrombotic effects, and variations in different forms of enoxaparin may have important clinical implications. This study aimed to compare the physiological anticoagulant activity of branded and a generic enoxaparin, using thromboelastography (TEG) to evaluate their effect on the dynamic formation of the blood clot as quantitated by interactions between coagulation factors and inhibitors, fibrinogen, platelets and the fibrinolytic system. METHODS Whole native (no preservative) blood was obtained from 7 healthy volunteers. Samples were immediately mixed with various concentrations of branded or generic enoxaparin and TEG was performed to assess anticoagulant activity. Five different batches of each enoxaparin (branded and generic) were tested. RESULTS Generic enoxaparin showed more variation in anticoagulation response with a less predictable concentration-dependent and linear response compared with branded enoxaparin. There was also an apparent batch-to-batch variation for generic enoxaparin. The results demonstrated a lower overall anticoagulant effect (P=0.05; no overlap of 95% confidence intervals) with a wider inter-individual variation for generic enoxaparin in comparison with branded enoxaparin. Some individuals responded with a higher than expected anticoagulant response to the given concentration of the generic enoxaparin. CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggest that other pre-clinical and clinical studies should be done to validate the clinical interchangeability between branded and generic enoxaparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Walenga
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Maywood, IL, USA.
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Yáñez L, Batres L, Carrizales L, Santoyo M, Escalante V, Díaz-Barriga F. Toxicological assessment of azarcon, a lead salt used as a folk remedy in Mexico. I. Oral toxicity in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1994; 41:91-97. [PMID: 8170166 DOI: 10.1016/0378-8741(94)90063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Azarcon, a lead tetroxide salt, is used among Mexican and Mexican-American populations for the treatment of digestive illness. Chemical analysis of the azarcon sample used in this study showed it to be 96% lead, 1% calcium, 1% other minor metals, and 2% unidentified material. Taking into account the fact that Pb absorption was estimated at 2% following a single oral administration of 100 mg/kg (Aungst et al., 1981), it is possible to propose a chemical interaction between the components of azarcon, and as a result, the toxicity of Pb tetroxide would be different when given as azarcon than when given as a pure compound. The present work studied this possibility, with the following results. When the treatments of equal doses of pure Pb tetroxide and azarcon were compared (158 mg/kg/day p.o. for 96 h), five of nine tissues studied had similar Pb concentrations. However, with the pure compound the Pb levels were higher in bone and intestines; while with azarcon the Pb levels were higher in heart and brain. The pure Pb tetroxide treatment affects lipid peroxidation only in liver, but a low induction of peroxidation was found also in kidney and heart in rats which received the azarcon treatment. Liver and kidney damage were evident in rats treated with a high dose of azarcon (1.1 g/kg/day p.o. for 96 h), while the effects with the pure compound were similar in type but lower in magnitude. Pb tetroxide as a pure compound inhibits ALA-D by 26% while an inhibition of 42% was found with azarcon.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- L Yáñez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí Mexico
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