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Musik JE, Poole J, Day CJ, Haselhorst T, Jen FEC, Ve T, Masic V, Jennings MP, Zalucki YM. New Perspectives on Escherichia coli Signal Peptidase I Substrate Specificity: Investigating Why the TasA Cleavage Site Is Incompatible with LepB Cleavage. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0500522. [PMID: 37098897 PMCID: PMC10269814 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05005-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli signal peptidase I (LepB) has been shown to inefficiently cleave secreted proteins with aromatic amino acids at the second position after the signal peptidase cleavage site (P2'). The Bacillus subtilis exported protein TasA contains a phenylalanine at P2', which in B. subtilis is cleaved by a dedicated archaeal-organism-like signal peptidase, SipW. We have previously shown that when the TasA signal peptide is fused to maltose binding protein (MBP) up to the P2' position, the TasA-MBP fusion protein is cleaved very inefficiently by LepB. However, the precise reason why the TasA signal peptide hinders cleavage by LepB is not known. In this study, a set of 11 peptides were designed to mimic the inefficiently cleaved secreted proteins, wild-type TasA and TasA-MBP fusions, to determine whether the peptides interact with and inhibit the function of LepB. The binding affinity and inhibitory potential of the peptides against LepB were assessed by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and a LepB enzyme activity assay. Molecular modeling of the interaction between TasA signal peptide and LepB indicated that the tryptophan residue at P2 (two amino acids before the cleavage site) inhibited the active site serine-90 residue on LepB from accessing the cleavage site. Replacing the P2 tryptophan with alanine (W26A) allowed for more efficient processing of the signal peptide when the TasA-MBP fusion was expressed in E. coli. The importance of this residue to inhibit signal peptide cleavage and the potential to design LepB inhibitors based on the TasA signal peptide are discussed. IMPORTANCE Signal peptidase I is an important drug target, and understanding its substrate is critically important to develop new bacterium-specific drugs. To that end, we have a unique signal peptide that we have shown is refractory to processing by LepB, the essential signal peptidase I in E. coli, but previously has been shown to be processed by a more human-like signal peptidase found in some bacteria. In this study, we demonstrate how the signal peptide can bind but is unable to be processed by LepB, using a variety of methods. This can inform the field on how to better design drugs that can target LepB and understand the differences between bacterial and human-like signal peptidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna E. Musik
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jessica Poole
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Day
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Haselhorst
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Freda E.-C. Jen
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Ve
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Veronika Masic
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael P. Jennings
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yaramah M. Zalucki
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Manik MK, Shi Y, Li S, Zaydman MA, Damaraju N, Eastman S, Smith TG, Gu W, Masic V, Mosaiab T, Weagley JS, Hancock SJ, Vasquez E, Hartley-Tassell L, Kargios N, Maruta N, Lim BYJ, Burdett H, Landsberg MJ, Schembri MA, Prokes I, Song L, Grant M, DiAntonio A, Nanson JD, Guo M, Milbrandt J, Ve T, Kobe B. Cyclic ADP ribose isomers: Production, chemical structures, and immune signaling. Science 2022; 377:eadc8969. [PMID: 36048923 DOI: 10.1126/science.adc8969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose (cADPR) isomers are signaling molecules produced by bacterial and plant Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized form) (NAD+) hydrolysis. We show that v-cADPR (2'cADPR) and v2-cADPR (3'cADPR) isomers are cyclized by O-glycosidic bond formation between the ribose moieties in ADPR. Structures of 2'cADPR-producing TIR domains reveal conformational changes that lead to an active assembly that resembles those of Toll-like receptor adaptor TIR domains. Mutagenesis reveals a conserved tryptophan that is essential for cyclization. We show that 3'cADPR is an activator of ThsA effector proteins from the bacterial antiphage defense system termed Thoeris and a suppressor of plant immunity when produced by the effector HopAM1. Collectively, our results reveal the molecular basis of cADPR isomer production and establish 3'cADPR in bacteria as an antiviral and plant immunity-suppressing signaling molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad K Manik
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yun Shi
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Sulin Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A Zaydman
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63100, USA
| | - Neha Damaraju
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63100, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63100, USA
| | - Samuel Eastman
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Thomas G Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Weixi Gu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Veronika Masic
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Tamim Mosaiab
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - James S Weagley
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steven J Hancock
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Eduardo Vasquez
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | | | - Nestoras Kargios
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Natsumi Maruta
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bryan Y J Lim
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hayden Burdett
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Michael J Landsberg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A Schembri
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ivan Prokes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Lijiang Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Murray Grant
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Aaron DiAntonio
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63100, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63100, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Nanson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63100, USA
| | - Thomas Ve
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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3
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Shi Y, Kerry PS, Nanson JD, Bosanac T, Sasaki Y, Krauss R, Saikot FK, Adams SE, Mosaiab T, Masic V, Mao X, Rose F, Vasquez E, Furrer M, Cunnea K, Brearley A, Gu W, Luo Z, Brillault L, Landsberg MJ, DiAntonio A, Kobe B, Milbrandt J, Hughes RO, Ve T. Structural basis of SARM1 activation, substrate recognition, and inhibition by small molecules. Mol Cell 2022; 82:1643-1659.e10. [PMID: 35334231 PMCID: PMC9188649 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The NADase SARM1 (sterile alpha and TIR motif containing 1) is a key executioner of axon degeneration and a therapeutic target for several neurodegenerative conditions. We show that a potent SARM1 inhibitor undergoes base exchange with the nicotinamide moiety of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to produce the bona fide inhibitor 1AD. We report structures of SARM1 in complex with 1AD, NAD+ mimetics and the allosteric activator nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). NMN binding triggers reorientation of the armadillo repeat (ARM) domains, which disrupts ARM:TIR interactions and leads to formation of a two-stranded TIR domain assembly. The active site spans two molecules in these assemblies, explaining the requirement of TIR domain self-association for NADase activity and axon degeneration. Our results reveal the mechanisms of SARM1 activation and substrate binding, providing rational avenues for the design of new therapeutics targeting SARM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shi
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Philip S Kerry
- Evotec (UK) Ltd., 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, UK
| | - Jeffrey D Nanson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Todd Bosanac
- Disarm Therapeutics, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly & Co., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yo Sasaki
- Needleman Center for Neurometabolism and Axonal Therapeutics and Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Raul Krauss
- Disarm Therapeutics, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly & Co., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Forhad K Saikot
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sarah E Adams
- Evotec (UK) Ltd., 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, UK
| | - Tamim Mosaiab
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Veronika Masic
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Xianrong Mao
- Needleman Center for Neurometabolism and Axonal Therapeutics and Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Faith Rose
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Eduardo Vasquez
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Marieke Furrer
- Evotec SE, Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen 7, 22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katie Cunnea
- Evotec (UK) Ltd., 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, UK
| | - Andrew Brearley
- Evotec (UK) Ltd., 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, UK
| | - Weixi Gu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zhenyao Luo
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lou Brillault
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael J Landsberg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Aaron DiAntonio
- Needleman Center for Neurometabolism and Axonal Therapeutics and Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Needleman Center for Neurometabolism and Axonal Therapeutics and Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert O Hughes
- Disarm Therapeutics, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly & Co., Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Thomas Ve
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia.
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4
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Shi Y, El-Deeb IM, Masic V, Hartley-Tassell L, Maggioni A, Itzstein MV, Ve T. Discovery of Cofactor Competitive Inhibitors against the Human Methyltransferase Fibrillarin. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 15:26. [PMID: 35056083 PMCID: PMC8779173 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrillarin (FBL) is an essential and evolutionarily highly conserved S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) dependent methyltransferase. It is the catalytic component of a multiprotein complex that facilitates 2'-O-methylation of ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), a modification essential for accurate and efficient protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. It was recently established that human FBL (hFBL) is critical for Nipah, Hendra, and respiratory syncytial virus infections. In addition, overexpression of hFBL contributes towards tumorgenesis and is associated with poor survival in patients with breast cancer, suggesting that hFBL is a potential target for the development of both antiviral and anticancer drugs. An attractive strategy to target cofactor-dependent enzymes is the selective inhibition of cofactor binding, which has been successful for the development of inhibitors against several protein methyltransferases including PRMT5, DOT1L, and EZH2. In this work, we solved crystal structures of the methyltransferase domain of hFBL in apo form and in complex with the cofactor SAM. Screening of a fluorinated fragment library, via X-ray crystallography and 19F NMR spectroscopy, yielded seven hit compounds that competed with cofactor binding, two of which resulted in co-crystal structures. One of these structures revealed unexpected conformational variability in the cofactor binding site, which allows it to accommodate a compound significantly different from SAM. Our structural data provide critical information for the design of selective cofactor competitive inhibitors targeting hFBL, and preliminary elaboration of hit compounds has led to additional cofactor site binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shi
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Ibrahim M El-Deeb
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Veronika Masic
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | | | - Andrea Maggioni
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Thomas Ve
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
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5
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Figley MD, Gu W, Nanson JD, Shi Y, Sasaki Y, Cunnea K, Malde AK, Jia X, Luo Z, Saikot FK, Mosaiab T, Masic V, Holt S, Hartley-Tassell L, McGuinness HY, Manik MK, Bosanac T, Landsberg MJ, Kerry PS, Mobli M, Hughes RO, Milbrandt J, Kobe B, DiAntonio A, Ve T. SARM1 is a metabolic sensor activated by an increased NMN/NAD + ratio to trigger axon degeneration. Neuron 2021; 109:1118-1136.e11. [PMID: 33657413 PMCID: PMC8174188 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Axon degeneration is a central pathological feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. Sterile alpha and Toll/interleukin-1 receptor motif-containing 1 (SARM1) is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-cleaving enzyme whose activation triggers axon destruction. Loss of the biosynthetic enzyme NMNAT2, which converts nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) to NAD+, activates SARM1 via an unknown mechanism. Using structural, biochemical, biophysical, and cellular assays, we demonstrate that SARM1 is activated by an increase in the ratio of NMN to NAD+ and show that both metabolites compete for binding to the auto-inhibitory N-terminal armadillo repeat (ARM) domain of SARM1. We report structures of the SARM1 ARM domain bound to NMN and of the homo-octameric SARM1 complex in the absence of ligands. We show that NMN influences the structure of SARM1 and demonstrate via mutagenesis that NMN binding is required for injury-induced SARM1 activation and axon destruction. Hence, SARM1 is a metabolic sensor responding to an increased NMN/NAD+ ratio by cleaving residual NAD+, thereby inducing feedforward metabolic catastrophe and axonal demise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Figley
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Needleman Center for Neurometabolism and Axonal Therapeutics, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Weixi Gu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D Nanson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yun Shi
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Yo Sasaki
- Needleman Center for Neurometabolism and Axonal Therapeutics, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katie Cunnea
- Evotec (UK) Ltd., 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, UK; Evotec SE, Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen 7, 22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alpeshkumar K Malde
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Xinying Jia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zhenyao Luo
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Forhad K Saikot
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tamim Mosaiab
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Veronika Masic
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Stephanie Holt
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | | | - Helen Y McGuinness
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mohammad K Manik
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Todd Bosanac
- Disarm Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly & Co., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael J Landsberg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Philip S Kerry
- Evotec (UK) Ltd., 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, UK; Evotec SE, Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen 7, 22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mehdi Mobli
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robert O Hughes
- Disarm Therapeutics, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly & Co., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Needleman Center for Neurometabolism and Axonal Therapeutics, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Aaron DiAntonio
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Needleman Center for Neurometabolism and Axonal Therapeutics, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Thomas Ve
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia.
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