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Tang X, Gambier C, López-Gálvez N, Padilla S, Rapp VH, Russell ML, Klivansky LM, Mayorga R, Perrino C, Gundel LA, Hoh E, Dodder NG, Hammond SK, Zhang H, Matt GE, Quintana PJE, Destaillats H. Remediation of Thirdhand Tobacco Smoke with Ozone: Probing Deep Reservoirs in Carpets. Environ Sci Technol 2023. [PMID: 37366549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the efficacy of ozonation as an indoor remediation strategy by evaluating how a carpet serves as a sink and long-term source of thirdhand tobacco smoke (THS) while protecting contaminants absorbed in deep reservoirs by scavenging ozone. Specimens from unused carpet that was exposed to smoke in the lab ("fresh THS") and contaminated carpets retrieved from smokers' homes ("aged THS") were treated with 1000 ppb ozone in bench-scale tests. Nicotine was partially removed from fresh THS specimens by volatilization and oxidation, but it was not significantly eliminated from aged THS samples. By contrast, most of the 24 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons detected in both samples were partially removed by ozone. One of the home-aged carpets was installed in an 18 m3 room-sized chamber, where its nicotine emission rate was 950 ng day-1 m-2. In a typical home, such daily emissions could amount to a non-negligible fraction of the nicotine released by smoking one cigarette. The operation of a commercial ozone generator for a total duration of 156 min, reaching concentrations up to 10,000 ppb, did not significantly reduce the carpet nicotine loading (26-122 mg m-2). Ozone reacted primarily with carpet fibers, rather than with THS, leading to short-term emissions of aldehydes and aerosol particles. Hence, by being absorbed deeply into carpet fibers, THS constituents can be partially shielded from ozonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Tang
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Clément Gambier
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nicolás López-Gálvez
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Samuel Padilla
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Vi H Rapp
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Marion L Russell
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Liana M Klivansky
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Raphael Mayorga
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Charles Perrino
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lara A Gundel
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - S Katharine Hammond
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Haofei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - George E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Penelope J E Quintana
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Hugo Destaillats
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Weeraratna C, Tang X, Kostko O, Rapp VH, Gundel LA, Destaillats H, Ahmed M. Fraction of Free-Base Nicotine in Simulated Vaping Aerosol Particles Determined by X-ray Spectroscopies. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:1279-1287. [PMID: 36720001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A new generation of electronic cigarettes is exacerbating the youth vaping epidemic by incorporating additives that increase the acidity of generated aerosols, which facilitate uptake of high nicotine levels. We need to better understand the chemical speciation of vaping aerosols to assess the impact of acidification. Here we used X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy to probe the acid-base equilibria of nicotine in hydrated vaping aerosols. We show that, unlike the behavior observed in bulk water, nicotine in the core of aqueous particles was partially protonated when the pH of the nebulized solution was 10.4, with a fraction of free-base nicotine (αFB) of 0.34. Nicotine was further protonated by acidification with equimolar addition of benzoic acid (αFB = 0.17 at pH 6.2). By contrast, the degree of nicotine protonation at the particle surface was significantly lower, with 0.72 < αFB < 0.80 in the same pH range. The presence of propylene glycol and glycerol completely eliminated protonation of nicotine at the surface (αFB = 1) while not affecting significantly its acid-base equilibrium in the particle core. These results provide a better understanding of the role of acidifying additives in vaping aerosols, supporting public health policy interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaya Weeraratna
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Xiaochen Tang
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Oleg Kostko
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Vi H Rapp
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Lara A Gundel
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Hugo Destaillats
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
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Tang X, Cancelada L, Rapp VH, Russell ML, Maddalena RL, Litter MI, Gundel LA, Destaillats H. Emissions from Heated Terpenoids Present in Vaporizable Cannabis Concentrates. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:6160-6170. [PMID: 33825441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vaporizable cannabis concentrates (VCCs) consumed as a liquid (vaping) or a waxy solid (dabbing) are becoming increasingly popular. However, their associated emissions and impacts have not been fully described. Mixtures containing different proportions of 12 VCC terpenoids and high MW compounds were heated at 100-500 °C inside a room-sized chamber to simulate emissions. Terpenoids, thermal degradation byproducts, and ultrafine particles (UFPs) were quantified in the chamber air. Air samples contained over 50% of emitted monoterpenes and less than 40% of released sesquiterpenes and terpene alcohols. Eleven degradation byproducts were quantified, including acrolein (1.3-3.9 μg m-3) and methacrolein (2.0 μg m-3). A large amount of UFPs were released upon heating and remained airborne for at least 3 h. The mode diameter increased from 80 nm at 100 °C to 140 nm at 500 °C, and particles smaller than 250 nm contributed to 90% of PM1.0. The presence of 0.5% of lignin, flavonoid, and triterpene additives in the heated mixtures resulted in a threefold increase in the particle formation rate and PM1.0 concentration, suggesting that these high-molecular-weight compounds enhanced aerosol inception and growth. Predicted UFP emission rates in typical consumption scenarios (6 × 1011-2 × 1013 # min-1) were higher than, or comparable with, other common indoor sources such as smoking and cooking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Tang
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lucia Cancelada
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- División Química de la Remediación Ambiental, CNEA-CONICET, Avenida Gral. Paz, B1650 San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vi H Rapp
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Marion L Russell
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Randy L Maddalena
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Marta I Litter
- Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental, UNSAM, CONICET, 3iA, Campus Miguelete, Av. 25 de Mayo y Francia, B1650 San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lara A Gundel
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hugo Destaillats
- Indoor Environment Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Uwamariya J, Mazimpaka C, May L, Nshimyiryo A, Feldman HA, Sayinzoga F, Umutesi S, Gadgil A, Rapp VH, Nahimana E, Hansen A. Safety and effectiveness of a non-electric infant warmer for hypothermia in Rwanda: A cluster-randomized stepped-wedge trial. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 34:100842. [PMID: 33997734 PMCID: PMC8102718 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal hypothermia is a common source of morbidity and mortality in low resource settings. We developed the Dream Warmer, a low cost, re-usable non-electric infant warmer to prevent and treat hypothermia. METHODS We conducted a cluster-randomized stepped-wedge trial. The primary aim was to assess the effect on overall euthermia rates of introducing the warmer compared to standard of care in rural Rwandan hospitals. The secondary aims were to assess effects of warmer introduction on mortality, as well as the safety and feasibility of the warmer. Ten district hospitals participated in the study from November 19th 2019 to July 15th 2020. Patients were eligible to use the warmer if they were 1) hypothermic (temp < 36·5 °C) or 2) or at risk of hypothermia (weight < 2·5 kg or estimated post menstrual age < 35 weeks) when Kangaroo Mother Care was not available. An encounter was defined as the data from an individual infant on a single day. Trial of a Non Electric Infant Warmer for Prevention and Treatment of Hypothermia in Rwanda [NCT03890211]. FINDINGS Over the study period, 3179 patients were enrolled across the ten neonatal wards, yielding 12,748 encounters; 464 unique infants used the warmer 892 times, 79% eligible due to hypothermia. Because of limited study nurse resources, the warmer was used in only 18% of eligible encounters. Despite this low rate of warmer use, the rate of euthermia rose from 51% (95% CI 50-52%) of encounters pre-intervention to 67% (66-68%) post-intervention; p < 0·0001. Among the encounters in which the warmer was used, only 11% (9-13%) remained hypothermic. While mortality rates pre- and post-intervention did not change, mortality rate among those who used the warmer was significantly lower than among those who did not (0·9% vs 2·8%, p = 0·01). Use of the warmer did not affect hyperthermia rates. There were no safety concerns or instances of incorrect warmer use. INTERPRETATION Introduction of the warmer increased rates of euthermia with no associated safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josee Uwamariya
- Partners In Health/Inshuti Mu Buzima (PIH/IMB), KG9 Avenue, No. 46, Nyarutarama Cell, Remera Sector, Kigali, Gasabo, Rwanda
| | - Christian Mazimpaka
- Partners In Health/Inshuti Mu Buzima (PIH/IMB), KG9 Avenue, No. 46, Nyarutarama Cell, Remera Sector, Kigali, Gasabo, Rwanda
| | - Leana May
- Children's Hospital of Colorado, 13123 E 16th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Alphonse Nshimyiryo
- Partners In Health/Inshuti Mu Buzima (PIH/IMB), KG9 Avenue, No. 46, Nyarutarama Cell, Remera Sector, Kigali, Gasabo, Rwanda
| | - Henry A. Feldman
- Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | | | | | - Ashok Gadgil
- University of California, 760 Davis Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
- Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, MS 90R2121, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Vi H. Rapp
- Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, MS 90R2121, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Evrard Nahimana
- Partners In Health/Inshuti Mu Buzima (PIH/IMB), KG9 Avenue, No. 46, Nyarutarama Cell, Remera Sector, Kigali, Gasabo, Rwanda
| | - Anne Hansen
- Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Corresponding author at: Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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Caubel JJ, Rapp VH, Chen SS, Gadgil AJ. Optimization of Secondary Air Injection in a Wood-Burning Cookstove: An Experimental Study. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:4449-4456. [PMID: 29554422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nearly 40% of the world's population regularly cooks on inefficient biomass stoves that emit harmful airborne pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM). Secondary air injection can significantly reduce PM mass emissions to mitigate the health and climate impacts associated with biomass cookstoves. However, secondary air injection can also increase the number of ultrafine particles emitted, which may be more harmful to health. This research investigates the effect of secondary air injection on the mass and size distribution of PM emitted during solid biomass combustion. An experimental wood-burning cookstove platform and parametric testing approach are presented to identify and optimize secondary air injection parameters that reduce PM and other harmful pollutants. Size-resolved measurements of PM emissions were collected and analyzed as a function of parametric stove design settings. The results show that PM emissions are highly sensitive to secondary air injection flow rate and velocity. Although increasing turbulent mixing (through increased velocity) can promote more complete combustion, increasing the total flow rate of secondary air may cause localized flame quenching that increases particle emissions. Therefore, biomass cookstoves that implement secondary air injection should be carefully optimized and validated to ensure that PM emission reductions are achieved throughout the particle size range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien J Caubel
- Environmental Technologies Area , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Vi H Rapp
- Environmental Technologies Area , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Sharon S Chen
- Environmental Technologies Area , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Ashok J Gadgil
- Environmental Technologies Area , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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Rapp VH, Caubel JJ, Wilson DL, Gadgil AJ. Reducing Ultrafine Particle Emissions Using Air Injection in Wood-Burning Cookstoves. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:8368-8374. [PMID: 27348315 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to address the health risks and climate impacts associated with pollution from cooking on biomass fires, researchers have focused on designing new cookstoves that improve cooking performance and reduce harmful emissions, specifically particulate matter (PM). One method for improving cooking performance and reducing emissions is using air injection to increase turbulence of unburned gases in the combustion zone. Although air injection reduces total PM mass emissions, the effect on PM size distribution and number concentration has not been thoroughly investigated. Using two new wood-burning cookstove designs from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, this research explores the effect of air injection on cooking performance, PM and gaseous emissions, and PM size distribution and number concentration. Both cookstoves were created using the Berkeley-Darfur Stove as the base platform to isolate the effects of air injection. The thermal performance, gaseous emissions, PM mass emissions, and particle concentrations (ranging from 5 nm to 10 μm in diameter) of the cookstoves were measured during multiple high-power cooking tests. The results indicate that air injection improves cookstove performance and reduces total PM mass but increases total ultrafine (less than 100 nm in diameter) PM concentration over the course of high-power cooking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vi H Rapp
- Environmental Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Julien J Caubel
- Environmental Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniel L Wilson
- Environmental Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ashok J Gadgil
- Environmental Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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