1
|
Namasivayam V, Vanangamudi M, Kramer VG, Kurup S, Zhan P, Liu X, Kongsted J, Byrareddy SN. The Journey of HIV-1 Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) from Lab to Clinic. J Med Chem 2018; 62:4851-4883. [PMID: 30516990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is now pandemic. Targeting HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT) has been considered as one of the most successful targets for the development of anti-HIV treatment. Among the HIV-1 RT inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) have gained a definitive place due to their unique antiviral potency, high specificity, and low toxicity in antiretroviral combination therapies used to treat HIV. Until now, >50 structurally diverse classes of compounds have been reported as NNRTIs. Among them, six NNRTIs were approved for HIV-1 treatment, namely, nevirapine (NVP), delavirdine (DLV), efavirenz (EFV), etravirine (ETR), rilpivirine (RPV), and doravirine (DOR). In this perspective, we focus on the six NNRTIs and lessons learned from their journey through development to clinical studies. It demonstrates the obligatory need of understanding the physicochemical and biological principles (lead optimization), resistance mutations, synthesis, and clinical requirements for drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry II , University of Bonn , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Murugesan Vanangamudi
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Sree Vidyanikethan College of Pharmacy , Tirupathi , Andhra Pradesh 517102 , India
| | | | - Sonali Kurup
- College of Pharmacy , Roosevelt University , Schaumburg , Illinois 60173 , United States
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , Jinan 250012 , P.R. China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , Jinan 250012 , P.R. China
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Southern Denmark , DK-5230 , Odense M , Denmark
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha 68198-5880 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Han YS, Xiao WL, Xu H, Kramer VG, Quan Y, Mesplède T, Oliveira M, Colby-Germinario SP, Sun HD, Wainberg MA. Identification of a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan as a HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Antivir Chem Chemother 2016; 24:28-38. [PMID: 26149264 DOI: 10.1177/2040206614566580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to resistance to all classes of anti-HIV drugs and drug toxicity, there is a need for the discovery and development of new anti-HIV drugs. METHODS HIV-1 inhibitors were identified and biologically characterized for mechanism of action. RESULTS We identified a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan, termed HDS2 that possessed anti-HIV activity against a wide variety of viral strains with EC50 values in the 1-3 µM range. HDS2 was shown to act as an NNRTI by qPCR and in vitro enzyme assays. CONCLUSIONS This compound provides a new scaffold for further optimization of activity through structure-guided design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Shan Han
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wei-Lie Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resource in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Hongtao Xu
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Victor G Kramer
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yudong Quan
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thibault Mesplède
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maureen Oliveira
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Susan P Colby-Germinario
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Han-Dong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resource in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Mark A Wainberg
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
ABSTRACT HIV resistance against currently approved entry inhibitors, the chemokine receptor-5 (CCR5) antagonist maraviroc and the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide (T-20), manifests in a complex manner that is distinct from the resistance patterns against other classes of antiretroviral drugs. Several attachment and fusion inhibitors are currently under various stages of development. Whereas CCR5 co-receptor antagonists have been widely studied until now, because patients who lack CCR5 are healthy and protected to some extent from HIV-infection, CXCR4-antagonist development has been slower, due to limited antiviral activity and potential toxicity given that CXCR4 may have essential cellular functions. Novel fusion inhibitor development is focusing on orally available small-molecule inhibitors that might replace T-20, which needs to be administered by subcutaneous injection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor G Kramer
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mark A Wainberg
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kramer VG, Hassounah S, Colby-Germinario SP, Oliveira M, Lefebvre E, Mesplède T, Wainberg MA. The dual CCR5 and CCR2 inhibitor cenicriviroc does not redistribute HIV into extracellular space: implications for plasma viral load and intracellular DNA decline. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 70:750-6. [PMID: 25433008 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cenicriviroc is a potent antagonist of the chemokine coreceptors 5 and 2 (CCR5/CCR2) and blocks HIV-1 entry. The CCR5 inhibitor maraviroc has been shown in tissue culture to be able to repel cell-free virions from the cell surface into extracellular space. We hypothesized that cenicriviroc might exhibit a similar effect, and tested this using clinical samples from the Phase IIb study 652-2-202, by measuring rates of intracellular DNA decline. We also monitored viral RNA levels in culture fluids. METHODS We infected PM-1 cells with CCR5-tropic HIV-1 BaL in the presence or absence of inhibitory concentrations of cenicriviroc (20 nM) or maraviroc (50 nM) or controls. Viral load levels and p24 were measured by ELISA, quantitative PCR and quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR at 4 h post-infection. Frozen PBMC DNA samples from 30 patients with virological success in the Phase IIb study were studied, as were early and late reverse transcript levels. Docking studies compared binding between cenicriviroc/CCR5 and maraviroc/CCR5. RESULTS Unlike maraviroc, cenicriviroc did not cause an increase in the amount of virus present in culture fluids at 4 h compared with baseline. The use of cenicriviroc did, however, result in lower levels of intracellular viral DNA after 4 h. Structural modelling indicates that cenicriviroc binds more deeply than maraviroc to the hydrophobic pocket of CCR5, providing an explanation for the absence of viral rebound with cenicriviroc. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to maraviroc, cenicriviroc does not repel virus back into extracellular space. Differences in results may be due to superior binding of cenicriviroc to CCR5 compared with maraviroc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor G Kramer
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Said Hassounah
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Maureen Oliveira
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Lefebvre
- Tobira Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thibault Mesplède
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mark A Wainberg
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Quan Y, Xu H, Kramer VG, Han Y, Sloan RD, Wainberg MA. Identification of an env-defective HIV-1 mutant capable of spontaneous reversion to a wild-type phenotype in certain T-cell lines. Virol J 2014; 11:177. [PMID: 25287969 PMCID: PMC4283149 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Attempts to eradicate HIV from cellular reservoirs are vital but depend on a clear understanding of how viral variants are transmitted and survive in the different cell types that constitute such reservoirs. Mutations in the env gene of HIV may be able to exert a differential influence on viral transmission ability in regard to cell-free and cell-associated viral forms. Methods The ability of HIV containing an env G367R mutation in cell-free and cell-associated viruses to cause infection and to revert to wild-type was measured using several T cell lines. To determine factors that might potentially influence the reversion of G367R, we studied each of entry inhibitors, inhibitors of cellular endocytosis, and modulators of cell growth and activation. Results We demonstrate that an HIV-1 variant containing a G367R substitution within the CD4 binding site of gp120 was non-infectious as free virus in culture but was infectious when infected cells were co-cultured with certain T cell lines or when cells were transfected by a relevant proviral plasmid. Differences in viral infectivity by cell-associated G367R viruses were determined by the type of target cell employed, regardless which type of donor cell was used. Reversion was slowed or inhibited by entry inhibitors and by inhibitors of cellular endocytosis. Interleukin 2 was able to block G367R reversion in only one of the T cell lines studied but not in the other, while phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) inhibited G367R reversion in all the T cell lines. Conclusions Env-defective HIV may have a different phenotype as cell-free versus cell-associated virus. The persistence of defective forms can potentially lead to the emergence of virulent forms. The heterogeneity of cell types that constitute the HIV reservoir can contribute to viral variability, even among similar types of cells. This is the first demonstration of a mutation in the HIV envelope, i.e. G367R, that can compromise infection by cell-free virus but less severely by cell-associated virus and that does so in a cell type-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark A Wainberg
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote Sainte Catherine, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The success of vaccine regimens against viral pathogens hinges on the elicitation of protective responses. Hypervariable pathogens such as HIV avoid neutralization by masking protective epitopes with more immunogenic decoys. The identification of protective, conserved epitopes is crucial for future vaccine candidate design. The strategies employed for identification of HIV protective epitopes will also aid towards rational vaccine design for other viral pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor G Kramer
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
McCallum M, Oliveira M, Ibanescu RI, Kramer VG, Moisi D, Asahchop EL, Brenner BG, Harrigan PR, Xu H, Wainberg MA. Basis for early and preferential selection of the E138K mutation in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:4681-8. [PMID: 23856772 PMCID: PMC3811420 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01029-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
E138K, a G→A mutation in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), is preferentially selected by etravirine (ETR) and rilpivirine over other substitutions at position E138 that offer greater drug resistance. We hypothesized that there was a mutational bias for the E138K substitution and designed an allele-specific PCR to monitor the emergence of E138A/G/K/Q/R/V during ETR selection experiments. We also performed competition experiments using mutated viruses and quantified the prevalence of E138 minority species in drug-naive patients. E138K, as well as E138G, consistently emerged first during ETR selection experiments, followed by E138A and E138Q; E138R was never selected. Surprisingly, E138K was identified as a tiny minority in 23% of drug-naive subtype B patients, a result confirmed by ultradeep sequencing (UDS). This result could reflect a low fitness cost of E138K; however, E138K was one of the least fit substitutions at codon E138, even after taking into account the deoxynucleoside triphosphate pools of the cells used in competition experiments. Further UDS analysis revealed other minority species in a pattern consistent with the mutational bias of HIV RT. There was no evidence of APOBEC3-hypermutation in these selection experiments or in patients. Our results confirm the mutational bias of HIV-1 in patients and highlight the importance of G→A mutations in HIV-1 drug resistance evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew McCallum
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maureen Oliveira
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ruxandra-Ilinca Ibanescu
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Victor G. Kramer
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniela Moisi
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eugene L. Asahchop
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bluma G. Brenner
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - P. Richard Harrigan
- BC Center for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hongtao Xu
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark A. Wainberg
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Byrareddy SN, Ayash-Rashkovsky M, Kramer VG, Lee SJ, Correll M, Novembre FJ, Villinger F, Johnson WE, von Gegerfelt A, Felber BK, Ruprecht RM. Live attenuated Rev-independent Nef¯SIV enhances acquisition of heterologous SIVsmE660 in acutely vaccinated rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75556. [PMID: 24098702 PMCID: PMC3787041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhesus macaques (RMs) inoculated with live-attenuated Rev-Independent Nef¯ simian immunodeficiency virus (Rev-Ind Nef¯SIV) as adults or neonates controlled viremia to undetectable levels and showed no signs of immunodeficiency over 6-8 years of follow-up. We tested the capacity of this live-attenuated virus to protect RMs against pathogenic, heterologous SIVsmE660 challenges. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Three groups of four RM were inoculated with Rev-Ind Nef¯SIV and compared. Group 1 was inoculated 8 years prior and again 15 months before low dose intrarectal challenges with SIVsmE660. Group 2 animals were inoculated with Rev-Ind Nef¯SIV at 15 months and Group 3 at 2 weeks prior to the SIVsmE660 challenges, respectively. Group 4 served as unvaccinated controls. All RMs underwent repeated weekly low-dose intrarectal challenges with SIVsmE660. Surprisingly, all RMs with acute live-attenuated virus infection (Group 3) became superinfected with the challenge virus, in contrast to the two other vaccine groups (Groups 1 and 2) (P=0.006 for each) and controls (Group 4) (P=0.022). Gene expression analysis showed significant upregulation of innate immune response-related chemokines and their receptors, most notably CCR5 in Group 3 animals during acute infection with Rev-Ind Nef¯SIV. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that although Rev-Ind Nef¯SIV remained apathogenic, acute replication of the vaccine strain was not protective but associated with increased acquisition of heterologous mucosal SIVsmE660 challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mila Ayash-Rashkovsky
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Victor G. Kramer
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sandra J. Lee
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mick Correll
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Cancer Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Francis J. Novembre
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Francois Villinger
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Welkin E. Johnson
- Biology Department, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Agneta von Gegerfelt
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barbara K. Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ruth M. Ruprecht
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Siddappa NB, Watkins JD, Wassermann KJ, Song R, Wang W, Kramer VG, Lakhashe S, Santosuosso M, Poznansky MC, Novembre FJ, Villinger F, Else JG, Montefiori DC, Rasmussen RA, Ruprecht RM. R5 clade C SHIV strains with tier 1 or 2 neutralization sensitivity: tools to dissect env evolution and to develop AIDS vaccines in primate models. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11689. [PMID: 20657739 PMCID: PMC2908149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 clade C (HIV-C) predominates worldwide, and anti-HIV-C vaccines are urgently needed. Neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses are considered important but have proved difficult to elicit. Although some current immunogens elicit antibodies that neutralize highly neutralization-sensitive (tier 1) HIV strains, most circulating HIVs exhibiting a less sensitive (tier 2) phenotype are not neutralized. Thus, both tier 1 and 2 viruses are needed for vaccine discovery in nonhuman primate models. Methodology/Principal Findings We constructed a tier 1 simian-human immunodeficiency virus, SHIV-1157ipEL, by inserting an “early,” recently transmitted HIV-C env into the SHIV-1157ipd3N4 backbone [1] encoding a “late” form of the same env, which had evolved in a SHIV-infected rhesus monkey (RM) with AIDS. SHIV-1157ipEL was rapidly passaged to yield SHIV-1157ipEL-p, which remained exclusively R5-tropic and had a tier 1 phenotype, in contrast to “late” SHIV-1157ipd3N4 (tier 2). After 5 weekly low-dose intrarectal exposures, SHIV-1157ipEL-p systemically infected 16 out of 17 RM with high peak viral RNA loads and depleted gut CD4+ T cells. SHIV-1157ipEL-p and SHIV-1157ipd3N4 env genes diverge mostly in V1/V2. Molecular modeling revealed a possible mechanism for the increased neutralization resistance of SHIV-1157ipd3N4 Env: V2 loops hindering access to the CD4 binding site, shown experimentally with nAb b12. Similar mutations have been linked to decreased neutralization sensitivity in HIV-C strains isolated from humans over time, indicating parallel HIV-C Env evolution in humans and RM. Conclusions/Significance SHIV-1157ipEL-p, the first tier 1 R5 clade C SHIV, and SHIV-1157ipd3N4, its tier 2 counterpart, represent biologically relevant tools for anti-HIV-C vaccine development in primates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagadenahalli B. Siddappa
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jennifer D. Watkins
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Ruijiang Song
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wendy Wang
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Victor G. Kramer
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Samir Lakhashe
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Santosuosso
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Partners AIDS Research Center and Infectious Diseases Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital (East), Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark C. Poznansky
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Partners AIDS Research Center and Infectious Diseases Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital (East), Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Francis J. Novembre
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - François Villinger
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James G. Else
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Rasmussen
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ruth M. Ruprecht
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chenine AL, Siddappa NB, Kramer VG, Sciaranghella G, Rasmussen RA, Lee SJ, Santosuosso M, Poznansky MC, Velu V, Amara RR, Souder C, Anderson DC, Villinger F, Else JG, Novembre FJ, Strobert E, O'Neil SP, Secor WE, Ruprecht RM. Relative transmissibility of an R5 clade C simian-human immunodeficiency virus across different mucosae in macaques parallels the relative risks of sexual HIV-1 transmission in humans via different routes. J Infect Dis 2010; 201:1155-63. [PMID: 20214475 DOI: 10.1086/651274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, approximately 90% of all human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmissions occur mucosally; almost all involve R5 strains. Risks of sexual HIV acquisition are highest for rectal, then vaginal, and finally oral exposures. METHODS Mucosal lacerations may affect the rank order of susceptibility to HIV but cannot be assessed in humans. We measured relative virus transmissibility across intact mucosae in macaques using a single stock of SHIV-1157ipd3N4, a simian-human immunodeficiency virus encoding a primary R5 HIV clade C env (SHIV-C). RESULTS The penetrability of rhesus macaque mucosae differed significantly, with rectal challenge requiring the least virus, followed by vaginal and then oral routes (P = .031, oral vs vaginal; P < .001 rectal vs vaginal). These findings imply that intrinsic mucosal properties are responsible for the differential mucosal permeability. The latter paralleled the rank order reported for humans, with relative risk estimates within the range of epidemiological human studies. To test whether inflammation facilitates virus transmission--as predicted from human studies--we established a macaque model of localized buccal inflammation. Systemic infection occurred across inflamed but not normal buccal mucosa. CONCLUSION Our primate data recapitulate virus transmission risks observed in humans, thus establishing R5 SHIV-1157ipd3N4 in macaques as a robust model system to study cofactors involved in human mucosal HIV transmission and its prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnès L Chenine
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-6084, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sloan RD, Kuhl BD, Kramer VG, Donahue DA, Bar-Magen T, Tressler R, Wainberg MA. HIV entry blocked by maraviroc can cause an overestimation of viral load. J Int AIDS Soc 2010. [PMCID: PMC3112861 DOI: 10.1186/1758-2652-13-s4-o46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
12
|
Mirshahidi S, Kramer VG, Whitney JB, Essono S, Lee S, Dranoff G, Anderson KS, Ruprecht RM. Overlapping synthetic peptides encoding TPD52 as breast cancer vaccine in mice: prolonged survival. Vaccine 2009; 27:1825-33. [PMID: 19201387 PMCID: PMC4477950 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-based vaccines, one of several anti-tumor immunization strategies currently under investigation, can elicit both MHC Class I-restricted (CD8(+)) and Class II-restricted (CD4(+)) responses. However, the need to identify specific T-cell epitopes in the context of MHC alleles has hampered the application of this approach. We have tested overlapping synthetic peptides (OSP) representing a tumor antigen as a novel approach that bypasses the need for epitope mapping, since OSP contain all possible epitopes for both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells. Here we report that vaccination of inbred and outbred mice with OSP representing tumor protein D52 (TPD52-OSP), a potential tumor antigen target for immunotherapy against breast, prostate, and ovarian cancer, was safe and induced specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-cell responses, as demonstrated by development of specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) activity, proliferative responses, interferon (IFN)-gamma production and CD107a/b expression in all mice tested. In addition, TPD52-OSP-vaccinated BALB/c mice were challenged with TS/A breast carcinoma cells expressing endogenous TPD52; significant survival benefits were noted in vaccine recipients compared to unvaccinated controls (p<0.001). Our proof-of-concept data demonstrate the safety and efficacy of peptide library-based cancer vaccines that obviates the need to identify epitopes or MHC backgrounds of the vaccinees. We show that an OSP vaccination approach can assist in the disruption of self-tolerance and conclude that our approach may hold promise for immunoprevention of early-stage cancers in a general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saied Mirshahidi
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA, 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Victor G. Kramer
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - James B. Whitney
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA, 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Sosthène Essono
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA, 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Sandra Lee
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA, 02115
- Harvard School of Public Health, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA, 02115
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Karen S. Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA, 02115
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Ruth M. Ruprecht
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA, 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney St, Boston, MA, 02115
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Humbert M, Rasmussen RA, Song R, Ong H, Sharma P, Chenine AL, Kramer VG, Siddappa NB, Xu W, Else JG, Novembre FJ, Strobert E, O'Neil SP, Ruprecht RM. SHIV-1157i and passaged progeny viruses encoding R5 HIV-1 clade C env cause AIDS in rhesus monkeys. Retrovirology 2008; 5:94. [PMID: 18928523 PMCID: PMC2576354 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-5-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection of nonhuman primates with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) or chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) strains is widely used to study lentiviral pathogenesis, antiviral immunity and the efficacy of AIDS vaccine candidates. SHIV challenges allow assessment of anti-HIV-1 envelope responses in primates. As such, SHIVs should mimic natural HIV-1 infection in humans and, to address the pandemic, encode HIV-1 Env components representing major viral subtypes worldwide. Results We have developed a panel of clade C R5-tropic SHIVs based upon env of a Zambian pediatric isolate of HIV-1 clade C, the world's most prevalent HIV-1 subtype. The parental infectious proviral clone, SHIV-1157i, was rapidly passaged through five rhesus monkeys. After AIDS developed in the first animal at week 123 post-inoculation, infected blood was infused into a sixth monkey. Virus reisolated at this late stage was still exclusively R5 tropic and mucosally transmissible. Here we describe the long-term follow-up of this initial cohort of six monkeys. Two have remained non-progressors, whereas the other four gradually progressed to AIDS within 123–270 weeks post-exposure. Two progressors succumbed to opportunistic infections, including a case of SV40 encephalitis. Conclusion These data document the disease progression induced by the first mucosally transmissible, pathogenic R5 non-clade B SHIV and suggest that SHIV-1157i-derived viruses, including the late-stage, highly replication-competent SHIV-1157ipd3N4 previously described (Song et al., 2006), display biological characteristics that mirror those of HIV-1 clade C and support their expanded use for AIDS vaccine studies in nonhuman primates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Humbert
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The HIV-1/AIDS epidemic continues to escalate, and a protective vaccine remains elusive. The first vaccine candidate, gp120, did not induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against primary HIV-1 isolates and was ineffective in phase III clinical trials. Attention then focused on generating cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL)-based vaccines. Interest in anti-HIV-1 nAbs was renewed when passive immunization with human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nmAbs) completely protected macaques after intravenous and mucosal challenges with simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) encoding HIV-1 env. These nmAbs targeted conserved, functionally important epitopes on gp120 and gp41. Protection in primate/SHIV models was observed when nmAbs were used singly (nmAbs 2G12, b12) and in various combination regimens (nmAbs b12, F105, 2G12, 2F5, 4E10). Passive immunization, a well-established tool to determine the correlates of protective immunity, thus identified protective epitopes. The three-dimensional structures of some of the latter were recently elucidated, generating important information to design nAb-response-base immunogens. However, several of the protective nmAbs were found to exhibit autoreactivity, raising the possibility that B-cell responses against the cognate epitopes may be difficult to induce by active immunization. It will be important to explore whether broad neutralization can be dissociated from autoreactivity. Future experiments will reveal whether other conserved HIV-1 Env epitopes exist, antibodies against which will be broadly neutralizing in vitro, protective as passive immunization in SHIV-challenged macaques, but lacking autoreactivity. Since all protective epitopes identified to date are located on HIV-1 clade B Env, future studies should include analysis of nmAbs against non-clade B strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor G Kramer
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115,USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mirshahidi S, Whitney JB, Kramer VG, Anderson KS, Ruprecht RM. Using Overlapping Synthetic Peptides from Tumor-Associated Protein Antigens for Breast Cancer Vaccine Development. (41.11). The Journal of Immunology 2007. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.41.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
An effective vaccine will need to elicit both CD4+ T helper and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) responses in order to maintain effective CTL functions. Peptide vaccines tailored to certain genetic backgrounds are capable of eliciting MHC Class I-restricted (CD8+) and Class II-restricted (CD4+) responses. However, the need to identify specific T-cell epitopes in the context of MHC alleles hampers this approach. We have developed a novel strategy that bypasses the need for epitope mapping for an outbred population: vaccination with overlapping synthetic peptides (OSP), to generate strong antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in individual vaccine recipients with different MHC backgrounds. OSP contain all possible epitopes for the CD4+ as well as CD8+ T cells of a genetically diverse population. BALB/c mice were immunized with OSP derived from a tumor protein, which is overexpressed in 60% in breast cancer specimens. The vaccinated animals developed an in vitro activity of tumor specific- CTL, proliferative response, IFN-g production and CD107 expression. Immunized mice also were challenged with TS/A tumor cells (a murine mammary adenocarcinoma cell) to induce micrometastasis. Vaccination with OSP significantly increased the animal life span. The OSP vaccine strategy provides a novel opportunity to induce cellular immune responses against developing tumors in a genetically diverse population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saied Mirshahidi
- 1Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical school, 44 Binney St., Boston, MA, 02115,
| | - James B. Whitney
- 1Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical school, 44 Binney St., Boston, MA, 02115,
| | - Victor G. Kramer
- 1Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical school, 44 Binney St., Boston, MA, 02115,
| | - Karen S. Anderson
- 2Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Ruth M. Ruprecht
- 1Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical school, 44 Binney St., Boston, MA, 02115,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lung disease in cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by a neutrophilic inflammatory response. This can lead to the production of oxidants, and to oxidative stress in the lungs. Glutathione (GSH) represents the primary intracellular antioxidant, and provides an important defense in the epithelial lining fluid. Evidence suggests that lymphocyte GSH reflects lung GSH concentrations, and so could potentially serve as a peripheral marker of lung inflammation. METHODS We assessed peripheral blood lymphocyte GSH concentrations in 20 children (13 boys) with CF who were in stable condition at the time of evaluation. Values were compared with nutritional status and lung function parameters. RESULTS Patients were 11.7+/-3.03 years old (mean +/- SD). Their percentage of ideal body weight was 101.8+/-17.92%; FEV1, 79.5+/-19.22% predicted; FEV1/FVC, 75.0+/-10.08%; and residual volume (RV)/total lung capacity (TLC), 31.3+/-10.47%. For the group, the GSH concentration was 1.31+/-0.52 micromol/10(6) lymphocytes, which was not different from laboratory control values. GSH values were correlated with nutritional status (percentage of ideal body weight: r = 0.49, p < 0.03) and the degree of gas trapping (RV/TLC: r = 0.50, p < 0.03), and were correlated inversely with airflow limitation (FEV1, percent predicted: r = -0.45, p < 0.05; FEV1/FVC: r = -0.48, p < 0.04), but not with age, height, or weight (p > 0.1). CONCLUSIONS We interpret the inverse correlation between lymphocyte GSH concentration and lung function as a reflection of upregulation of GSH production by lung epithelial tissue in response to oxidative stress. We interpret the correlation between lymphocyte GSH concentration and nutritional status as a reflection of the role of cysteine in hepatic glutamine metabolism. Peripheral blood lymphocyte GSH concentration may potentially serve as a convenient marker of lung inflammation. Furthermore, the increased demand for GSH production in the face of ongoing inflammation suggests a potential role for supplementation with cysteine donors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C Lands
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Medical Centre--Montreal Children's Hospital, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|