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Wolff N, Hrkac V, Ditto JJ, Duppel V, Mishra YK, Johnson DC, Adelung R, Kienle L. Crystallography at the nanoscale: planar defects in ZnO nanospikes. J Appl Crystallogr 2019; 52:1009-1015. [PMID: 31636519 PMCID: PMC6782080 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576719009415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The examination of anisotropic nanostructures, such as wires, platelets or spikes, inside a transmission electron microscope is normally performed only in plan view. However, intrinsic defects such as growth twin interfaces could occasionally be concealed from direct observation for geometric reasons, leading to superposition. This article presents the shadow-focused ion-beam technique to prepare multiple electron-beam-transparent cross-section specimens of ZnO nanospikes, via a procedure which could be readily extended to other anisotropic structures. In contrast with plan-view data of the same nanospikes, here the viewing direction allows the examination of defects without superposition. By this method, the coexistence of two twin configurations inside the wurtzite-type structure is observed, namely and , which were not identified during the plan-view observations owing to superposition of the domains. The defect arrangement could be the result of coalescence twinning of crystalline nuclei formed on the partially molten Zn substrate during the flame-transport synthesis. Three-dimensional defect models of the twin interface structures have been derived and are correlated with the plan-view investigations by simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Wolff
- Synthesis and Real Structure and Institute for Material Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstrasse 2, Kiel 24143, Germany
| | - Viktor Hrkac
- Synthesis and Real Structure and Institute for Material Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstrasse 2, Kiel 24143, Germany
| | - Jeffrey J Ditto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Viola Duppel
- Nanochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Yogendra K Mishra
- Functional Nanomaterials and Institute for Material Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstrasse 2, Kiel 24143, Germany
| | - David C Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Functional Nanomaterials and Institute for Material Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstrasse 2, Kiel 24143, Germany
| | - Lorenz Kienle
- Synthesis and Real Structure and Institute for Material Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstrasse 2, Kiel 24143, Germany
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Hrkac V, Wolff N, Duppel V, Paulowicz I, Adelung R, Mishra YK, Kienle L. Atomic structure and crystallography of joints in SnO 2 nanowire networks. Appl Microsc 2019; 49:1. [PMID: 33580303 PMCID: PMC7818362 DOI: 10.1007/s42649-019-0003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Joints of three-dimensional (3D) rutile-type (r) tin dioxide (SnO2) nanowire networks, produced by the flame transport synthesis (FTS), are formed by coherent twin boundaries at (101)r serving for the interpenetration of the nanowires. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods, i.e. high resolution and (precession) electron diffraction (PED), were utilized to collect information of the atomic interface structure along the edge-on zone axes [010]r, [111]r and superposition directions [001]r, [101]r. A model of the twin boundary is generated by a supercell approach, serving as base for simulations of all given real and reciprocal space data as for the elaboration of three-dimensional, i.e. relrod and higher order Laue zones (HOLZ), contributions to the intensity distribution of PED patterns. Confirmed by the comparison of simulated and experimental findings, details of the structural distortion at the twin boundary can be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Hrkac
- Synthesis and Real Structure, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Niklas Wolff
- Synthesis and Real Structure, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Viola Duppel
- Nanochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Rainer Adelung
- Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, University of Kiel, Kaiser Str. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Yogendra Kumar Mishra
- Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, University of Kiel, Kaiser Str. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lorenz Kienle
- Synthesis and Real Structure, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
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Kaps S, Bhowmick S, Gröttrup J, Hrkac V, Stauffer D, Guo H, Warren OL, Adam J, Kienle L, Minor AM, Adelung R, Mishra YK. Piezoresistive Response of Quasi-One-Dimensional ZnO Nanowires Using an in Situ Electromechanical Device. ACS Omega 2017; 2:2985-2993. [PMID: 31457633 PMCID: PMC6640942 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Quasi-one-dimensional structures from metal oxides have shown remarkable potentials with regard to their applicability in advanced technologies ranging from ultraresponsive nanoelectronic devices to advanced healthcare tools. Particularly due to the piezoresistive effects, zinc oxide (ZnO)-based nanowires showed outstanding performance in a large number of applications, including energy harvesting, flexible electronics, smart sensors, etc. In the present work, we demonstrate the versatile crystal engineering of ZnO nano- and microwires (up to centimeter length scales) by a simple flame transport process. To investigate the piezoresistive properties, particular ZnO nanowires were integrated on an electrical push-to-pull device, which enables the application of tensile strain and measurement of in situ electrical properties. The results from ZnO nanowires revealed a periodic variation in stress with respect to the applied periodic potential, which has been discussed in terms of defect relaxations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Kaps
- Institute
for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sanjit Bhowmick
- Bruker
Nano Surfaces, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55344, United States
| | - Jorit Gröttrup
- Institute
for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Viktor Hrkac
- Institute
for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Douglas Stauffer
- Bruker
Nano Surfaces, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55344, United States
| | - Hua Guo
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- National
Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Oden L. Warren
- Bruker
Nano Surfaces, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55344, United States
| | - Jost Adam
- Mads
Clausen Institute, NanoSYD, University of
Southern Denmark, Alsion
2, DK-6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Lorenz Kienle
- Institute
for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andrew M. Minor
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- National
Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Institute
for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Yogendra Kumar Mishra
- Institute
for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
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Andzane J, Kunakova G, Charpentier S, Hrkac V, Kienle L, Baitimirova M, Bauch T, Lombardi F, Erts D. Catalyst-free vapour-solid technique for deposition of Bi2Te3 and Bi2Se3 nanowires/nanobelts with topological insulator properties. Nanoscale 2015; 7:15935-15944. [PMID: 26365282 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr04574f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a simple two-stage vapour-solid synthesis method for the growth of bismuth chalcogenide (Bi2Te3, Bi2Se3) topological insulator nanowires/nanobelts by using Bi2Se3 or Bi2Te3 powders as source materials. During the first stage of the synthesis process nanoplateteles, serving as "catalysts" for further nanowire/nanobelt growth, are formed. At a second stage of the synthesis, the introduction of a N2 flow at 35 Torr pressure in the chamber induces the formation of free standing nanowires/nanobelts. The synthesised nanostructures demonstrate a layered single-crystalline structure and Bi : Se and Bi : Te ratios 40 : 60 at% for both Bi2Se3 and Bi2Te3 nanowires/nanobelts. The presence of Shubnikov de Haas oscillations in the longitudinal magneto-resistance of the nanowires/nanobelts and their specific angular dependence confirms the existence of 2D topological surface states in the synthesised nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andzane
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, LV-1586, Riga, Latvia.
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Mishra YK, Modi G, Cretu V, Postica V, Lupan O, Reimer T, Paulowicz I, Hrkac V, Benecke W, Kienle L, Adelung R. Direct Growth of Freestanding ZnO Tetrapod Networks for Multifunctional Applications in Photocatalysis, UV Photodetection, and Gas Sensing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:14303-16. [PMID: 26050666 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b02816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Growth of freestanding nano- and microstructures with complex morphologies is a highly desired aspect for real applications of nanoscale materials in various technologies. Zinc oxide tetrapods (ZnO-T), which exhibit three-dimensional (3D) shapes, are of major importance from a technological applications point of view, and thus efficient techniques for growth of different varieties of tetrapod-based networks are demanded. Here, we demonstrate the versatile and single-step synthesis of ZnO-T with different arm morphologies by a simple flame transport synthesis (FTS) approach, forming a network. Morphological evolutions and structural intactness of these tetrapods have been investigated in detail by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and micro-Raman measurements. For a deeper understanding of the crystallinity, detailed high-resolution transmission electron microscopic studies on a typical ZnO tetrapod structure are presented. The involved growth mechanism for ZnO tetrapods with various arm morphologies is discussed with respect to variations in experimental conditions. These ZnO-T have been utilized for photocatalytic degradation and nanosensing applications. The photocatalytic activities of these ZnO-T with different arm morphologies forming networks have been investigated through the photocatalytic decolorization of a methylene blue (MB) solution under UV light illumination at ambient temperature. The results show that these ZnO-T exhibit strong photocatalytic activities against MB and its complete degradation can be achieved in very short time. In another application, a prototype of nanoelectronic sensing device has been built from these ZnO-T interconnected networks and accordingly utilized for UV detection and H2 gas sensing. The fabricated device structures showed excellent sensing behaviors for promising practical applications. The involved sensing mechanisms with respect to UV photons and H2 gas are discussed in detail. We consider that such multifunctional nanodevices based on ZnO tetrapod interconnected networks will be of interest for various advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaurav Modi
- ‡Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Vasilii Cretu
- §Department of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare Boulevard, MD-2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Vasile Postica
- §Department of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare Boulevard, MD-2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Oleg Lupan
- §Department of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare Boulevard, MD-2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | | | | | | | - Wolfgang Benecke
- ⊥Fraunhofer Institute for Silicon Technologies, Fraunhoferstrasse 1, 25524 Itzehoe, Germany
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Deng M, Hrkac V, Schürmann U, Erkartal B, Wolff N, Gerwien K, Hesseler B, Beiroth F, Bensch W, Duppel V, Kienle L. Nanocomposite CdSe/Cr2Se3: Synthesis, Characterization, and in situ Transformation Study. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201400490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hrkac V, Kienle L, Kaps S, Lotnyk A, Mishra YK, Schürmann U, Duppel V, Lotsch BV, Adelung R. Superposition twinning supported by texture in ZnO nanospikes. J Appl Crystallogr 2013. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889812051333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphology and real structure of wurtzite-type ZnO nanospikes grown by the recently introduced flame transport synthesis have been examined by means of advanced transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The rapid synthesis produces nanospikes showing a well defined texture which restricts TEM experiments to a preferred viewing direction of [2 {\overline 1}{\overline 1}3]. Forced by the specific morphology, all of the observed nanospikes show a complicated superposition of twinned domains as an intrinsic real structural feature. The high-resolution contrasts are characterized by lamellar fringes parallel to the (1 {\overline 1} 0 {\overline 1}) planes, and the quasi-kinematic diffraction patterns contain satellite peaks based on multiple scattering. All these phenomena can be interpreted by comparison of experimental and simulated data relying on a supercell approach.
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Lage E, Kirchhof C, Hrkac V, Kienle L, Jahns R, Knöchel R, Quandt E, Meyners D. Exchange biasing of magnetoelectric composites. Nat Mater 2012; 11:523-9. [PMID: 22522594 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Magnetoelectric composite materials are promising candidates for highly sensitive magnetic-field sensors. However, the composites showing the highest reported magnetoelectric coefficients require the presence of external d.c. magnetic bias fields, which is detrimental to their use as sensitive high-resolution magnetic-field sensors. Here, we report magnetoelectric composite materials that instead rely on intrinsic magnetic fields arising from exchange bias in the device. Thin-film magnetoelectric two-two composites were fabricated by magnetron sputtering on silicon-cantilever substrates. The composites consist of piezoelectric AlN and multilayers with the sequence Ta/Cu/Mn(70)Ir(30)/Fe(50)Co(50) or Ta/Cu/Mn(70)Ir(30)/Fe(70.2)Co(7.8)Si(12)B(10) serving as the magnetostrictive component. The thickness of the ferromagnetic layers and angle dependency of the exchange bias field are used to adjust the shift of the magnetostriction curve in such a way that the maximum piezomagnetic coefficient occurs at zero magnetic bias field. These self-biased composites show high sensitivity to a.c. magnetic fields with a maximum magnetoelectric coefficient of 96 V cm(-1) Oe(-1) at mechanical resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enno Lage
- Kiel University, Institute for Materials Science, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
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Gojdka B, Hrkac V, Strunskus T, Zaporojtchenko V, Kienle L, Faupel F. Study of cobalt clusters with very narrow size distribution deposited by high-rate cluster source. Nanotechnology 2011; 22:465704. [PMID: 22025057 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/46/465704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Co nanoparticles with an average diameter of 4.8 nm and a very narrow size distribution were prepared in a self-built gas aggregation cluster source without a size-selective filtering system. Ferromagnetic nanoparticle films with a thickness of several hundreds of nanometres were prepared at deposition rates up to 600 nm min(-1). Cluster properties and deposition characteristics were investigated for different deposition parameters. The as-deposited films exhibit high porosity compared to conventionally DC-sputtered films.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gojdka
- Institute for Materials Science-Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
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Hrkac V, Mishra Y, Chakravadhanula VSK, Jebril S, Avasthi D, Adelung R, Kienle L. Au-ZnO Nanocomposites for Functional Devices. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201009064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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