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Guidini Lopes I, Wiklicky V, Ermolaev E, Lalander C. Dynamics of black soldier fly larvae composting - Impact of substrate properties and rearing conditions on process efficiency. Waste Manag 2023; 172:25-32. [PMID: 37708809 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Inadequate organic waste management have detrimental impact on the environment and on public health. Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae composting is a biological treatment for biodegradable waste that align with circular economy principles. The bioconversion efficiency of bio-waste into larval biomass is influenced by various factors, such as substrate type and the process parameters employed in the larval rearing process. In this study, the influence of these parameters on survival, material reduction (Mat.Red), waste-to-biomass conversion efficiency (BCE) and larval yield per rearing unit was investigated through two sets of experiments. In Experiment 1, the impact of larval density in five distinct rearing substrates was evaluated, while the effect of larval feed dose and substrate depth was assessed in Experiment 2, using a model substrate (dog food). In Experiment 1 it was found that higher larval density lead to an increase in BCE and larval yield, up to a threshold (around 6.25 larvae cm-2). Surpassing this threshold led to the production of smaller larvae, while the yield remained relatively consistent. In Experiment 2 it was found that supplying the substrate in a shallow layer (1-1.5 cm depth) and providing a low feed dose (0.1 g volatile solids (VS) larva-1) led to higher BCE and Mat.Red, albeit with a reduced overall yield per unit. Increasing feed load and substrate depth reduced the conversion efficiency, Mat.Red and larval survival. This study enhances the understanding of the effect of various process parameters used in the BSF larvae treatment, and how they interrelate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivã Guidini Lopes
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 23422 Lomma, Sweden
| | - Viktoria Wiklicky
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Evgheni Ermolaev
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lalander
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7032, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Tahamtani FM, Ivarsson E, Wiklicky V, Lalander C, Wall H, Rodenburg TB, Tuyttens FAM, Hernandez CE. Feeding live Black Soldier Fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) to laying hens: effects on feed consumption, hen health, hen behavior, and egg quality. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101400. [PMID: 34438328 PMCID: PMC8390523 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of insects in animal feed has the potential to reduce the demand for soybean production and reduce the deforestation and loss of natural resources. In particular, the black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) larvae have received attention due to their ability to convert organic waste into high-value biomass. Several studies have investigated the effects of providing BSF larvae to both broilers and laying hens. However, knowledge gaps regarding hens’ voluntary intake of live larvae and the effects of larvae consumption on egg production still remain. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the effects of the consumption of 4 different amounts of live BSF larvae on laying hen feed consumption, hen health and fearfulness, and egg production and quality. To this end, 40 Bovans White laying hens were housed individually and provided with 0, 10, 20% or ad libitum daily portions of live larvae from 18 to 30 wk of age. The larvae consumption and concentrate consumption, hen weight, egg production, and egg quality were monitored. Overall, differences were found between the hens given ad libitum access to larvae compared to the other treatments. Ad libitum hens, consumed 163 ± 41 g larvae/hen/day, consumed less concentrate (P = 0.03) and gained more weight (P = 0.0002) than all other treatments. They also had an overall higher consumption of protein, fat and energy (P < 0.03). There was no effect of larvae consumption on egg production, egg weight, shell thickness, shell breaking strength, or Haugh unit (P > 0.05). There was also no effect on hen behavior toward a novel object or in an open field test. This study is the first to provide different amounts of live BSF larvae, including an ad libitum portion to laying hens. The 20% diet could promote sustainability in the egg industry and be economically advantageous if BSF larvae can be bought in bulk for less than 40% of the cost of the concentrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M Tahamtani
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Emma Ivarsson
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Viktoria Wiklicky
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lalander
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Wall
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T Bas Rodenburg
- Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank A M Tuyttens
- Animal Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium; Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Ethology and Animal Welfare Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Carlos E Hernandez
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Lalander C, Ermolaev E, Wiklicky V, Vinnerås B. Corrigendum to "Process efficiency and ventilation requirement in black soldier fly larvae composting of substrates with high water content" [Sci. Total Environ. 729 (2020) 138968]. Sci Total Environ 2021; 759:144422. [PMID: 33358179 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Lalander
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - E Ermolaev
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - V Wiklicky
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B Vinnerås
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Lalander C, Ermolaev E, Wiklicky V, Vinnerås B. Process efficiency and ventilation requirement in black soldier fly larvae composting of substrates with high water content. Sci Total Environ 2020; 729:138968. [PMID: 32498170 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to transition from a linear to a circular economy in the organic waste management sector, more of the elements in waste need to be recycled. Use of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.; Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae (BSFL) for organic waste treatment has potential to harvest more complex molecules than conventional methods. Many organic waste substrates have high water content (>80%), but the impact on BSFL treatment efficiency of substrate water contents >80% is not known. This study evaluated the impact of high water content food waste on BSFL composting efficiency in terms of waste-to-biomass conversion ratio, material reduction, larval survival and the ventilation required for enabling dry separation of larvae from residue. In total, six water contents ranging from 76% to 97.5% were evaluated in two experimental trials. It was found that increasing water content reduced biomass conversion ratio and survival rate of the larvae, from 33.4% of volatile solids (VS) and 97.2% survival in 76% water to 17.5% of VS and 19.3% survival in 97.5% water. Furthermore, we found that the ventilation requirement for achieving dry separation of larvae from residue could be modelled by estimating the amount of water that would need to be removed, taking into account the water bound in the larvae, and knowing the specifics of the ventilation set-up of the modelled system. The findings could have implications on the waste management sector interested in implementing BSFL treatment, as the findings demonstrate that it is possible to treat wet substrates (such as fruit and vegetable wastes) without any pre-treatment other than grinding and attain an adequately dry residue for enabling dry separation of the larvae from the residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Lalander
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Evgheni Ermolaev
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Viktoria Wiklicky
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Björn Vinnerås
- Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Van Hoesel W, Tiefenbacher A, König N, Dorn VM, Hagenguth JF, Prah U, Widhalm T, Wiklicky V, Koller R, Bonkowski M, Lagerlöf J, Ratzenböck A, Zaller JG. Single and Combined Effects of Pesticide Seed Dressings and Herbicides on Earthworms, Soil Microorganisms, and Litter Decomposition. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:215. [PMID: 28270821 PMCID: PMC5318401 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Seed dressing, i.e., the treatment of crop seeds with insecticides and/or fungicides, aiming to protect seeds from pests and diseases, is widely used in conventional agriculture. During the growing season, those crop fields often receive additional broadband herbicide applications. However, despite this broad utilization, very little is known on potential side effects or interactions between these different pesticide classes on soil organisms. In a greenhouse pot experiment, we studied single and interactive effects of seed dressing of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. Capo) with neonicotinoid insecticides and/or strobilurin and triazolinthione fungicides and an additional one-time application of a glyphosate-based herbicide on the activity of earthworms, soil microorganisms, litter decomposition, and crop growth. To further address food-web interactions, earthworms were introduced to half of the experimental units as an additional experimental factor. Seed dressings significantly reduced the surface activity of earthworms with no difference whether insecticides or fungicides were used. Moreover, seed dressing effects on earthworm activity were intensified by herbicides (significant herbicide × seed dressing interaction). Neither seed dressings nor herbicide application affected litter decomposition, soil basal respiration, microbial biomass, or specific respiration. Seed dressing did also not affect wheat growth. We conclude that interactive effects on soil biota and processes of different pesticide classes should receive more attention in ecotoxicological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Van Hoesel
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Zoology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Tiefenbacher
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Zoology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Nina König
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Zoology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Verena M. Dorn
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Zoology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Julia F. Hagenguth
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Zoology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Urša Prah
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Zoology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Theresia Widhalm
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Zoology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Viktoria Wiklicky
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Zoology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Robert Koller
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Institute of Zoology, University of CologneCologne, Germany
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum JülichJülich, Germany
| | - Michael Bonkowski
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Institute of Zoology, University of CologneCologne, Germany
| | - Jan Lagerlöf
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Johann G. Zaller
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Zoology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences ViennaVienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Johann G. Zaller
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