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Zeb A, Qureshi WS, Ghafoor A, Malik A, Imran M, Mirza A, Tiwana MI, Alanazi E. Towards sweetness classification of orange cultivars using short-wave NIR spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:325. [PMID: 36609678 PMCID: PMC9822895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The global orange industry constantly faces new technical challenges to meet consumer demands for quality fruits. Instead of traditional subjective fruit quality assessment methods, the interest in the horticulture industry has increased in objective, quantitative, and non-destructive assessment methods. Oranges have a thick peel which makes their non-destructive quality assessment challenging. This paper evaluates the potential of short-wave NIR spectroscopy and direct sweetness classification approach for Pakistani cultivars of orange, i.e., Red-Blood, Mosambi, and Succari. The correlation between quality indices, i.e., Brix, titratable acidity (TA), Brix: TA and BrimA (Brix minus acids), sensory assessment of the fruit, and short-wave NIR spectra, is analysed. Mix cultivar oranges are classified as sweet, mixed, and acidic based on short-wave NIR spectra. Short-wave NIR spectral data were obtained using the industry standard F-750 fruit quality meter (310-1100 nm). Reference Brix and TA measurements were taken using standard destructive testing methods. Reference taste labels i.e., sweet, mix, and acidic, were acquired through sensory evaluation of samples. For indirect fruit classification, partial least squares regression models were developed for Brix, TA, Brix: TA, and BrimA estimation with a correlation coefficient of 0.57, 0.73, 0.66, and 0.55, respectively, on independent test data. The ensemble classifier achieved 81.03% accuracy for three classes (sweet, mixed, and acidic) classification on independent test data for direct fruit classification. A good correlation between NIR spectra and sensory assessment is observed as compared to quality indices. A direct classification approach is more suitable for a machine-learning-based orange sweetness classification using NIR spectroscopy than the estimation of quality indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Zeb
- grid.412117.00000 0001 2234 2376Department of Electrical Engineering, Military College of Signals, National University of Sciences and Technology, Rawalpindi, 46000 Pakistan ,grid.412117.00000 0001 2234 2376Robot Design and Development Lab. National Centre of Robotics and Automation, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Rawalpindi, 46000 Pakistan
| | - Waqar Shahid Qureshi
- Robot Design and Development Lab. National Centre of Robotics and Automation, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan. .,School of Computer Science, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, D07 H6K8, Ireland.
| | - Abdul Ghafoor
- grid.412117.00000 0001 2234 2376Department of Electrical Engineering, Military College of Signals, National University of Sciences and Technology, Rawalpindi, 46000 Pakistan
| | - Amanullah Malik
- grid.413016.10000 0004 0607 1563Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- grid.412117.00000 0001 2234 2376Department of Electrical Engineering, Military College of Signals, National University of Sciences and Technology, Rawalpindi, 46000 Pakistan
| | - Alina Mirza
- grid.412117.00000 0001 2234 2376Department of Electrical Engineering, Military College of Signals, National University of Sciences and Technology, Rawalpindi, 46000 Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Islam Tiwana
- grid.412117.00000 0001 2234 2376Robot Design and Development Lab. National Centre of Robotics and Automation, College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Rawalpindi, 46000 Pakistan
| | - Eisa Alanazi
- grid.412832.e0000 0000 9137 6644Department of Computer Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
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Ahmed MH, Jamshid A, Amjad U, Azhar A, Hassan MZU, Tiwana MI, Qureshi WS, Alanazi E. 3D Printable Thermoplastic Polyurethane Energy Efficient Passive Foot. 3D Print Addit Manuf 2022; 9:557-565. [PMID: 36660747 PMCID: PMC9831569 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2021.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Passive energy storing prosthetics are redesigned to improve the stored and recovered energy during different phases of the gait cycle. Furthermore, the demand of the low-cost passive prosthesis that are capable of energy storing is increasing day by day especially in underdeveloping countries. This article proposes a new passive foot design that is more energy efficient if 3D printed using thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) material. The model is built in SOLIDWORKS®, and then the finite element analysis is conducted on ANSYS®. Two models of the foot are designed with and without Steps on the toe and heel, where the difference of Steps showed difference in the energy stored in the foot during stimulation. TPU being a flexible material with high strength and durability is chosen as the material for the 3D printed foot. The analysis performed on the foot is for an 80 kg person at different angles during the gait cycle for the K2 human activity level. The results obtained indicate high energy storage ability of TPU that is 0.044 J/Kg, comparative to other materials Hytrel, Delrin, and Carbon Fiber DA that are commonly used in passive foots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hassaan Ahmed
- Robot Design and Development Lab (RDDL), National Centre of Robotics and Automation (NCRA), NUST College of E&ME, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and NUST College of E&ME, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Asharib Jamshid
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, NUST College of E&ME, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Usman Amjad
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, NUST College of E&ME, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Aashir Azhar
- Robot Design and Development Lab (RDDL), National Centre of Robotics and Automation (NCRA), NUST College of E&ME, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
- Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Mohsin Islam Tiwana
- Robot Design and Development Lab (RDDL), National Centre of Robotics and Automation (NCRA), NUST College of E&ME, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, NUST College of E&ME, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Waqar Shahid Qureshi
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, NUST College of E&ME, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
- Department of Computer Science, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eisa Alanazi
- Department of Computer Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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