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Galagan JE, Nusbaum C, Roy A, Endrizzi MG, Macdonald P, FitzHugh W, Calvo S, Engels R, Smirnov S, Atnoor D, Brown A, Allen N, Naylor J, Stange-Thomann N, DeArellano K, Johnson R, Linton L, McEwan P, McKernan K, Talamas J, Tirrell A, Ye W, Zimmer A, Barber RD, Cann I, Graham DE, Grahame DA, Guss AM, Hedderich R, Ingram-Smith C, Kuettner HC, Krzycki JA, Leigh JA, Li W, Liu J, Mukhopadhyay B, Reeve JN, Smith K, Springer TA, Umayam LA, White O, White RH, de Macario EC, Ferry JG, Jarrell KF, Jing H, Macario AJ, Paulsen I, Pritchett M, Sowers KR, Swanson RV, Zinder SH, Lander E, Metcalf WW, Birren B. The genome of M. acetivorans reveals extensive metabolic and physiological diversity. Genome Res 2002; 12:532-42. [PMID: 11932238 PMCID: PMC187521 DOI: 10.1101/gr.223902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Methanogenesis, the biological production of methane, plays a pivotal role in the global carbon cycle and contributes significantly to global warming. The majority of methane in nature is derived from acetate. Here we report the complete genome sequence of an acetate-utilizing methanogen, Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A. Methanosarcineae are the most metabolically diverse methanogens, thrive in a broad range of environments, and are unique among the Archaea in forming complex multicellular structures. This diversity is reflected in the genome of M. acetivorans. At 5,751,492 base pairs it is by far the largest known archaeal genome. The 4524 open reading frames code for a strikingly wide and unanticipated variety of metabolic and cellular capabilities. The presence of novel methyltransferases indicates the likelihood of undiscovered natural energy sources for methanogenesis, whereas the presence of single-subunit carbon monoxide dehydrogenases raises the possibility of nonmethanogenic growth. Although motility has not been observed in any Methanosarcineae, a flagellin gene cluster and two complete chemotaxis gene clusters were identified. The availability of genetic methods, coupled with its physiological and metabolic diversity, makes M. acetivorans a powerful model organism for the study of archaeal biology. [Sequence, data, annotations and analyses are available at http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/.]
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Galagan
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Chad Nusbaum
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Alice Roy
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Matthew G. Endrizzi
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Pendexter Macdonald
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Will FitzHugh
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Sarah Calvo
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Reinhard Engels
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Serge Smirnov
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Deven Atnoor
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Adam Brown
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Nicole Allen
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jerome Naylor
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Nicole Stange-Thomann
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Kurt DeArellano
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Robin Johnson
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Lauren Linton
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Paul McEwan
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Kevin McKernan
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jessica Talamas
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Andrea Tirrell
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Wenjuan Ye
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Andrew Zimmer
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Robert D. Barber
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Isaac Cann
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - David E. Graham
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - David A. Grahame
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Adam M. Guss
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Reiner Hedderich
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Cheryl Ingram-Smith
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H. Craig Kuettner
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Joseph A. Krzycki
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - John A. Leigh
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Weixi Li
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Biswarup Mukhopadhyay
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - John N. Reeve
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Kerry Smith
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Timothy A. Springer
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Lowell A. Umayam
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Owen White
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Robert H. White
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Everly Conway de Macario
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - James G. Ferry
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ken F. Jarrell
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Hua Jing
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Alberto J.L. Macario
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ian Paulsen
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Matthew Pritchett
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Kevin R. Sowers
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ronald V. Swanson
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Steven H. Zinder
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Eric Lander
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - William W. Metcalf
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Bruce Birren
- Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Department of Biological Sciences, Kenosha, Wisconsin 53141, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Animal Sciences, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biochemistry, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0308, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814-4799, USA; University of Illinois, Department of Microbiology, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA; Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; Clemson University, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA; Ohio State University, Department of Microbiology, Columbus Ohio 43210, USA; University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington 98195-7242, USA; University of Kentucky, Molecular and Cellular Biology, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA; Columbia University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, New York 10032, USA; The Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20878, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, The University at Albany (SUNY), Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA; Penn State University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; Queen's University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Center of Marine Biotechnology, Columbus Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA; Syrrx, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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