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Richardot W, Yabes L, Wei HH, Dodder NG, Watanabe K, Cibor A, Schick SF, Novotny TE, Gersberg R, Hoh E. Leached Compounds from Smoked Cigarettes and Their Potential for Bioaccumulation in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1703-1710. [PMID: 37827523 PMCID: PMC10664143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette butts are one of the most prevalent forms of litter worldwide and may leach toxic compounds when deposited in aquatic environments. Previous studies demonstrated that smoked cigarette leachate is toxic toward aquatic organisms. However, the specific bioavailable chemicals from the leachate and the potential for human and wildlife exposure through the food chain were unknown. Using a nontargeted analytical approach based on GC×GC/TOF-MS, 43 compounds were confirmed to leach from smoked cigarettes when exposed to a water source. Additionally, the bioaccumulation potential of organic contaminants in an edible fish, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), was assessed through direct exposure to the leachate of smoked cigarettes at 0.5 CB/L for 28 days. There was a significant reduction in fish mass among the exposed rainbow trout vs the control group (χ2 (1) = 5.3, p = 0.021). Both nontargeted and targeted chemical analysis of representative fish tissue identified four tobacco alkaloids, nicotine, nicotyrine, myosmine, and 2,2'-bipyridine. Their average tissue concentrations were 466, 55.4, 94.1, and 70.8 ng/g, respectively. This study identifies leached compounds from smoked cigarettes and demonstrates the uptake of specific chemicals in rainbow trout, thus suggesting a potential for accumulation in food webs, resulting in human and wildlife exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- William
H. Richardot
- School
of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
- San
Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Lenard Yabes
- School
of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Hung-Hsu Wei
- School
of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Nathan G. Dodder
- School
of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
- San
Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Kayo Watanabe
- School
of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
- San
Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Adrienne Cibor
- Enthalpy
Analytical (formerly Nautilus Environmental), San Diego, California 92120, United States
| | - Suzaynn F. Schick
- School
of Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Thomas E. Novotny
- School
of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Richard Gersberg
- School
of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School
of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
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Stack ME, Hollman K, Mladenov N, Harper B, Pinongcos F, Sant KE, Rochman CM, Richardot W, Dodder NG, Hoh E. Micron-size tire tread particles leach organic compounds at higher rates than centimeter-size particles: Compound identification and profile comparison. Environ Pollut 2023; 334:122116. [PMID: 37394053 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Tire tread particles (TTP) are environmentally prevalent microplastics and generate toxic aqueous leachate. We determined the total carbon and nitrogen leachate concentrations and chemical profiles from micron (∼32 μm) and centimeter (∼1 cm) TTP leachate over 12 days. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) were used to measure the concentration of leached compounds. Nontargeted chemical analysis by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC/TOF-MS) was used to compare the chemical profiles of leachates. After leaching for 12 days, DOC was 4.0 times higher in the micron TTP leachate than in the centimeter TTP leachate, and TDN was 2.6 times higher. The total GC×GC/TOF-MS chromatographic feature peak area was 2.9 times greater in the micron TTP leachate than the centimeter TTP leachate, and similarly, the total relative abundance of 54 tentatively identified compounds was 3.3 times greater. We identified frequently measured tire-related chemicals, such as 6PPD, N-cyclohexyl-N'-phenylurea (CPU), and hexa(methoxymethyl)melamine (HMMM), but nearly 50% of detected chemicals were not previously reported in tire literature or lacked toxicity information. Overall, the results demonstrate that smaller TTP have a greater potential to leach chemicals into aquatic systems, but a significant portion of these chemicals are not well-studied and require further risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Stack
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - K Hollman
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - N Mladenov
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - B Harper
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - F Pinongcos
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - K E Sant
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - C M Rochman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - W Richardot
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - N G Dodder
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - E Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
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