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Wilson KL, Sawyer AC, Potapova A, Bailey CJ, LoScerbo D, Sweeney-Bergen EK, Hodgson EE, Pitman KJ, Seitz KM, Law LK, Warkentin L, Wilson SM, Atlas WI, Braun DC, Sloat MR, Tinker MT, Moore JW. The role of spatial structure in at-risk metapopulation recoveries. Ecol Appl 2023; 33:e2898. [PMID: 37303288 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metapopulations are often managed as a single contiguous population despite the spatial structure underlying their local and regional dynamics. Disturbances from human activities can also be spatially structured with mortality impacts concentrated to just a few local populations among the aggregate. Scale transitions between local and regional processes can generate emergent properties whereby the whole system can fail to recover as quickly as expected for an equivalent single population. Here, we draw on theory and empirical case studies to ask: what is the consequence of spatially structured ecological and disturbance processes on metapopulation recoveries? We suggest that exploring this question could help address knowledge gaps for managing metapopulations including: Why do some metapopulations recover quickly while others remain collapsed? And, what risks are unaccounted for when metapopulations are managed at aggregate scales? First, we used model simulations to examine how scale transitions among ecological and disturbance conditions interact to generate emergent metapopulation recovery outcomes. In general, we found that the spatial structure of disturbance was a strong determinant of recovery outcomes. Specifically, disturbances that unevenly impacted local populations consistently generated the slowest recoveries and highest conservation risks. Ecological conditions that dampened metapopulation recoveries included low dispersal, variable local demography, sparsely connected habitat networks, and spatially and temporally correlated stochastic processes. Second, we illustrate the unexpected challenges of managing metapopulations by examining the recoveries of three USA federally listed endangered species: Florida Everglade snail kites, California and Alaska sea otters, and Snake River Chinook salmon. Overall, our results show the pivotal role of spatial structure in metapopulation recoveries whereby the interplay between local and regional processes shapes the resilience of the whole system. With this understanding, we provide guidelines for resource managers tasked with conserving and managing metapopulations and identify opportunities for research to support the application of metapopulation theory to real-world challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L Wilson
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Central Coast Indigenous Resource Alliance, Campbell River, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alexandra C Sawyer
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anna Potapova
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Colin J Bailey
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniella LoScerbo
- Cooperative Resource Management Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, School of Resource & Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Elissa K Sweeney-Bergen
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emma E Hodgson
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kara J Pitman
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karl M Seitz
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lauren K Law
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Luke Warkentin
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Samantha M Wilson
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - William I Atlas
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Douglas C Braun
- Cooperative Resource Management Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, School of Resource & Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - M Tim Tinker
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Jonathan W Moore
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Cooperative Resource Management Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, School of Resource & Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Steel JR, Atlas WI, Ban NC, Wilson K, Wilson J, Housty WG, Moore JW. Understanding barriers, access, and management of marine mixed-stock fisheries in an era of reconciliation: Indigenous-led salmon monitoring in British Columbia. Facets (Ott) 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2020-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild salmon are central to food security, cultural identity, and livelihoods of coastal Indigenous communities. Yet ongoing inequities in governance, declining fish populations, and mixed-stock ocean fisheries may pose challenges for equitable access between Indigenous fishers and other non-Indigenous fishers. We sought to understand current perceptions among Haíłzaqv (Heiltsuk) fishers towards salmon fisheries and their management. We conducted dockside surveys with both Haíłzaqv fishers and sport fishers, and in-depth interviews with Haíłzaqv fishers, community members, and natural resource managers. From these surveys and interviews we quantified satisfaction among both food, social, and ceremonial fishers and visiting recreational fishers with the current salmon fishery and associated social-ecological drivers, and characterized perceptions among Haíłzaqv people of salmon fisheries and management. Second, we synthesized community perceptions of the revitalization of terminal, communally run salmon fisheries within Haíłzaqv territory as a tool for their future salmon management. Finally, we elicited information from Haíłzaqv fishers about the barriers people in their community currently face in accessing salmon fisheries. Our findings suggest that low salmon abundance, increased fishing competition, and high costs associated with participation in marine mixed-stock fisheries currently hinder access and equity for Haíłzaqv fishers. This community-based research can help strengthen local, Indigenous-led management of salmon into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade R. Steel
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | | | - Natalie C. Ban
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Kyle Wilson
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC V6B 5K3, Canada
| | - Jayda Wilson
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC V6B 5K3, Canada
- Heiltsuk Integrated Resource Management Department, Bella Bella, BC V0T 1Z0, Canada
| | - William G. Housty
- Heiltsuk Integrated Resource Management Department, Bella Bella, BC V0T 1Z0, Canada
| | - Jonathan W. Moore
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC V6B 5K3, Canada
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Atlas WI, Seitz KM, Jorgenson JW, Millard-Martin B, Housty WG, Ramos-Espinoza D, Burnett NJ, Reid M, Moore JW. Thermal sensitivity and flow-mediated migratory delays drive climate risk for coastal sockeye salmon. Facets (Ott) 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2020-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is subjecting aquatic species to increasing temperatures and shifting hydrologic conditions. Understanding how these changes affect individual survival can help guide conservation and management actions. Anadromous Pacific salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp.) in some large river systems are acutely impacted by the river temperatures and flows encountered during their spawning migrations. However, comparatively little is known about drivers of en route mortality for salmon in smaller coastal watersheds, and climate impacts may differ across watersheds and locally adapted salmon populations. To understand the effects of climate on the survival of coastal sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka; hísn in Haíɫzaqv), we tagged 1785 individual fish with passive integrated transponders across four migration seasons in the Koeye River—a low-elevation watershed in coastal British Columbia—and tracked them during their relatively short migration (∼13 km) from river entry to spawning grounds. Overall, 64.7% of sockeye survived to enter the spawning grounds, and survival decreased rapidly when water temperatures exceeded 15 °C. The best-fitting model included an interaction between river flow and temperature, such that temperature effects were worse when flows were low, and river entry ceased at the lowest flows. Results revealed temperature-mediated mortality and migration delays from low water that may synergistically reduce survival among sockeye salmon returning to coastal watersheds.
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Affiliation(s)
- William I. Atlas
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC V0P 1H0, Canada
- QQs Projects Society, PO Box 786, Bella Bella, BC V0P 1H0, Canada
- Wild Salmon Center, 721 NW Ninth Ave, Suite 300, Portland, OR 97209, USA (current address)
| | - Karl M. Seitz
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC V0P 1H0, Canada
- QQs Projects Society, PO Box 786, Bella Bella, BC V0P 1H0, Canada
| | | | - Ben Millard-Martin
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC V0P 1H0, Canada
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - William G. Housty
- Heiltsuk Integrated Resource Management Department, PO Box 731, Bella Bella, BC V0T 1Z0, Canada
| | - Daniel Ramos-Espinoza
- InStream Fisheries Research, Unit 215—2323 Boundary Road, Vancouver, BC V5M 4V8, Canada
| | - Nicholas J. Burnett
- InStream Fisheries Research, Unit 215—2323 Boundary Road, Vancouver, BC V5M 4V8, Canada
| | - Mike Reid
- Heiltsuk Integrated Resource Management Department, PO Box 731, Bella Bella, BC V0T 1Z0, Canada
| | - Jonathan W. Moore
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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Atlas WI, Ban NC, Moore JW, Tuohy AM, Greening S, Reid AJ, Morven N, White E, Housty WG, Housty JA, Service CN, Greba L, Harrison S, Sharpe C, Butts KIR, Shepert WM, Sweeney-Bergen E, Macintyre D, Sloat MR, Connors K. Indigenous Systems of Management for Culturally and Ecologically Resilient Pacific Salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp.) Fisheries. Bioscience 2020; 71:186-204. [PMID: 33613129 PMCID: PMC7882363 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biaa144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) are at the center of social–ecological systems that have supported Indigenous peoples around the North Pacific Rim since time immemorial. Through generations of interdependence with salmon, Indigenous Peoples developed sophisticated systems of management involving cultural and spiritual beliefs, and stewardship practices. Colonization radically altered these social–ecological systems, disrupting Indigenous management, consolidating authority within colonial governments, and moving most harvest into mixed-stock fisheries. We review Indigenous management of salmon, including selective fishing technologies, harvest practices, and governance grounded in multigenerational place-based knowledge. These systems and practices showcase pathways for sustained productivity and resilience in contemporary salmon fisheries. Contrasting Indigenous systems with contemporary management, we document vulnerabilities of colonial governance and harvest management that have contributed to declining salmon fisheries in many locations. We suggest that revitalizing traditional systems of salmon management can improve prospects for sustainable fisheries and healthy fishing communities and identify opportunities for their resurgence.
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Affiliation(s)
- William I Atlas
- Pacific Salmon Foundation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Wild Salmon Center, in Portland, Oregon
| | - Natalie C Ban
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan W Moore
- Earth2Ocean Group, Biological Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adrian M Tuohy
- Wild Fish Conservancy, Duvall, Washington, Spencer Greening is affiliated with the Faculty of Environment, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, and with the Gitga'at First Nation, both in British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Andrea J Reid
- Department of Biology and the Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and with the Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Nisga'a Nation, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Elroy White
- Central Coast Archaeology, Bella Bella, British Columbia, Canada.,Heiltsuk Nation
| | - William G Housty
- Heiltsuk Integrated Resource Management Department, Bella Bella, British Columbia, Canada.,Heiltsuk Nation
| | - Jess A Housty
- QQs Projects Society, Bella Bella, British Columbia, Canada.,Heiltsuk Nation
| | | | - Larry Greba
- Kitasoo and Xai'xais First Nations, Klemtu, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sam Harrison
- Kitasoo and Xai'xais First Nations, Klemtu, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ciara Sharpe
- Lax Kw'alaams Fisheries, Prince Rupert, British Columbia
| | | | | | | | - Donna Macintyre
- Lake Babine Nation Fisheries, Burns Lake, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Katrina Connors
- Pacific Salmon Foundation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Seitz KM, Atlas WI, Millard‐Martin B, Reid J, Heavyside J, Hunt BPV, Moore JW. Size‐spectra analysis in the estuary: assessing fish nursery function across a habitat mosaic. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karl M. Seitz
- Earth to Oceans Research Group Simon Fraser University Burnaby British ColumbiaV5A 1S6Canada
- Hakai Institute Calvert Island British ColumbiaV0P 1H0Canada
- QQs Projects Society Bella Bella British ColumbiaV0T 1Z0Canada
| | - William I. Atlas
- Earth to Oceans Research Group Simon Fraser University Burnaby British ColumbiaV5A 1S6Canada
- Hakai Institute Calvert Island British ColumbiaV0P 1H0Canada
- QQs Projects Society Bella Bella British ColumbiaV0T 1Z0Canada
| | | | - Jared Reid
- QQs Projects Society Bella Bella British ColumbiaV0T 1Z0Canada
| | - Julian Heavyside
- Department of Zoology The University of British Columbia Vancouver British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - Brian P. V. Hunt
- Hakai Institute Calvert Island British ColumbiaV0P 1H0Canada
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries The University of British Columbia Vancouver British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4Canada
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences The University of British Columbia 2207 Main Mall Vancouver British ColumbiaV6T1Z4Canada
| | - Jonathan W. Moore
- Earth to Oceans Research Group Simon Fraser University Burnaby British ColumbiaV5A 1S6Canada
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Moore JW, Beakes MP, Nesbitt HK, Yeakel JD, Patterson DA, Thompson LA, Phillis CC, Braun DC, Favaro C, Scott D, Carr-Harris C, Atlas WI. Emergent stability in a large, free-flowing watershed. Ecology 2015; 96:340-7. [DOI: 10.1890/14-0326.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Atlas WI, Palen WJ. Prey vulnerability limits top-down control and alters reciprocal feedbacks in a subsidized model food web. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85830. [PMID: 24465732 PMCID: PMC3897533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resource subsidies increase the productivity of recipient food webs and can affect ecosystem dynamics. Subsidies of prey often support elevated predator biomass which may intensify top-down control and reduce the flow of reciprocal subsidies into adjacent ecosystems. However, top-down control in subsidized food webs may be limited if primary consumers posses morphological or behavioral traits that limit vulnerability to predation. In forested streams, terrestrial prey support high predator biomass creating the potential for strong top-down control, however armored primary consumers often dominate the invertebrate assemblage. Using empirically based simulation models, we tested the response of stream food webs to variations in subsidy magnitude, prey vulnerability, and the presence of two top predators. While terrestrial prey inputs increased predator biomass (+12%), the presence of armored primary consumers inhibited top-down control, and diverted most aquatic energy (∼75%) into the riparian forest through aquatic insect emergence. Food webs without armored invertebrates experienced strong trophic cascades, resulting in higher algal (∼50%) and detrital (∼1600%) biomass, and reduced insect emergence (-90%). These results suggest prey vulnerability can mediate food web responses to subsidies, and that top-down control can be arrested even when predator-invulnerable consumers are uncommon (20%) regardless of the level of subsidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William I. Atlas
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Wendy J. Palen
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
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Atlas WI, Palen WJ, Courcelles DM, Munshaw RG, Monteith ZL. Dependence of stream predators on terrestrial prey fluxes: food web responses to subsidized predation. Ecosphere 2013. [DOI: 10.1890/es12-00366.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- William I. Atlas
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Wendy J. Palen
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Danielle M. Courcelles
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Robin G. Munshaw
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Zachary L. Monteith
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
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Anderson JH, Faulds PL, Atlas WI, Quinn TP. Reproductive success of captively bred and naturally spawned Chinook salmon colonizing newly accessible habitat. Evol Appl 2012; 6:165-79. [PMID: 23467446 PMCID: PMC3586615 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2012.00271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Captively reared animals can provide an immediate demographic boost in reintroduction programs, but may also reduce the fitness of colonizing populations. Construction of a fish passage facility at Landsburg Diversion Dam on the Cedar River, WA, USA, provided a unique opportunity to explore this trade-off. We thoroughly sampled adult Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) at the onset of colonization (2003–2009), constructed a pedigree from genotypes at 10 microsatellite loci, and calculated reproductive success (RS) as the total number of returning adult offspring. Hatchery males were consistently but not significantly less productive than naturally spawned males (range in relative RS: 0.70–0.90), but the pattern for females varied between years. The sex ratio was heavily biased toward males; therefore, inclusion of the hatchery males increased the risk of a genetic fitness cost with little demographic benefit. Measurements of natural selection indicated that larger salmon had higher RS than smaller fish. Fish that arrived early to the spawning grounds tended to be more productive than later fish, although in some years, RS was maximized at intermediate dates. Our results underscore the importance of natural and sexual selection in promoting adaptation during reintroductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Anderson
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
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Abstract
Selection during the colonization of new habitat is critical to the process of local adaptation, but has rarely been studied. We measured the form, direction, and strength of selection on body size and date of arrival to the breeding grounds over the first three cohorts (2003-2005) of a coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) population colonizing 33 km of habitat made accessible by modification of Landsburg Diversion Dam, on the Cedar River, Washington, USA. Salmon were sampled as they bypassed the dam, parentage was assigned based on genotypes from 10 microsatellite loci, and standardized selection gradients were calculated using the number of returning adult offspring as the fitness metric. Larger fish in both sexes produced more adult offspring, and the magnitude of the effect increased in subsequent years for males, suggesting that low densities attenuated traditional size-biased intrasexual competition. For both sexes, directional selection favoured early breeders in 2003, but stabilizing selection on breeding date was observed in 2004 and 2005. Adults that arrived, and presumably bred, early produced stream-rearing juvenile offspring that were larger at a common date than offspring from later parents, providing a possible mechanism linking breeding date to offspring viability. Comparison to studies employing similar methodology indicated selection during colonization was strong, particularly with respect to reproductive timing. Finally, female mean reproductive success exceeded that needed for replacement in all years so the population expanded in the first generation, demonstrating that salmon can proficiently exploit vacant habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Anderson
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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