[A study on the dual use of e-cigarettes and cigarettes among adolescents in Shandong Province]

Objective: To understand the current status and its associated factors of dual use of e-cigarettes and cigarettes among adolescents in Shandong Province and explore the reasons for dual use behavior. Methods: A self-administered survey was conducted among 7 999 middle school students who were selected by stratified multi-stage cluster sample method. Data were weighted and analyzed by the SPSS 25.0 complex program. Results: In Shandong Province, the prevalence rates of attempting and current dual use of e-cigarettes and cigarettes among adolescents appeared as 7.7% and 1.3%, respectively. Male, friends smoking, and secondhand smoke exposure in the past 7 days were risk factors for dual use. Compared with cigarette smokers, dual users have no differences in cognition and behavior in quitting smoking (P>0.05). The main reason for dual users to smoke e-cigarettes was curiosity. Conclusions: Dual use of e-cigarettes and cigarettes is common among adolescents in Shandong Province, and its influencing factors are similar to traditional cigarettes. Dual use is not a transitional stage for smoking cessation. Dual users are more likely to continue smoking in the future, which should be paid attention and concern.

[Analysis of the usage of post-exposure prophylaxis and related factors among men who have sex with men]

A survey was conduct to analyze the usage situation of post-exposure prophylaxis(PEP) and related factors among men who have sex with men(MSM) in 6 cities of Shandong Province. Total of 2 620 subjects, the use ratio was 2.98% (78/2 620). Compared with age≤24 years,monthly income<5 000 yuan,non-commercial sex, non-DU,non-STD,role for being insert in the anal intercourse,MSM was more likely to use PEP with age≥45 years(OR=3.87, 95%CI:1.12-13.36),monthly income≥5 000 yuan(OR=1.87, 95%CI:1.07-3.28),commercial sex (OR=3.13, 95%CI:1.56-6.28), drug users (DUs) (OR=4.63, 95%CI:2.51-8.52),STD patient (OR=2.35,95%CI:1.05-5.27),the mixed sex role group(OR=2.25,95%CI:1.10-4.62).

[Characteristics and depressive symptoms among self-reported HIV infection through heterosexual transmission men who have sex with men]

Objective: To understand the characteristics and depressive status of men who have sex with men (MSM) who self-reported HIV infection through heterosexual transmission and to provide evidence for personalized management of HIV infected people. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out in Shandong province from September to December in 2019. Male HIV patients aged ≥15 years who self-reported HIV infection through heterosexual transmission were selected to verify the route of infection by one-to-one interview in Ji'nan, Qingdao, Weifang and Linyi cities of Shangdong province. According to the 1∶1 ratio, local HIV patients with age difference ≤3 years who self-reported MSM were selected as controls. A questionnaire survey was conducted, including data on demographic characteristics, behavior status, CES-D and PSSS. The related factors of the depressive symptoms and characteristics were analyzed. Results: A total of 373 male HIV patients were interviewed, and 39.7%(148/373) were confirmed as MSM after reexamination. The interviewers were: aged (40.3±12.0) years old, 41.9% (62/148) married/cohabiting. 27.0% (40/148) had been tested before HIV diagnosis, 71.6% (106/148) had homosexual partners ≥2 and 55.4% (82/148) had depressive symptom. Multivariate analysis showed that the MSM without HIV testings before diagnosis, had homosexual partners ≥2 before diagnosis, had first homosexual behavior at the age >30 years old and with depressive symptoms were more likely to conceal the true infection route. The incidence of depression among MSM who self-reported HIV infection through heterosexual transmission was related to physical health status social support and occupational stability. Conclusions: Some male HIV persons self-reported as being heterosexually transmitted were really transmitted through homosexual behavior. There were high-risk behaviors such as multiple partners and intersex among this group, and with high incidence of depression. It is necessary to encourage the reexamination program during follow-up and target on psychological and behavioral interventions, continuously.

[Evaluation of the perioperative period and long-term outcomes of minimally invasive LTE and minimally invasive CTLE esophagectomy for stage Ⅰ-Ⅲ cervical esophageal carcinoma based on propensity score matching analysis]

Objective: To evaluate the perioperative period and long-term effects of minimally invasive gasless laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy (LTE) and minimally invasive combined thoracoscopic and laparoscopic esophagectomy (CTLE) for stageⅠ-Ⅲ cervical esophageal cancer. Methods: The clinical data of 158 consecutive patients with cervical esophageal cancer stageⅠto Ⅲ who underwent minimally invasive CTLE or LTE esophagectomy in the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital from January 2008 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 40 pairs of cases were matched (40 cases of CTLE and 40 cases of LTE surgery) after using the propensity score matching analysis which aimed to balance the influence of confounding factors between groups, including 43 males and 37 females, aged 51 to 81 (62.5±7.0) years old. The perioperative variables and long-term outcomes of the two groups were compared. Results: The operation time ((148.0±31.3) min vs (201.3±48.3) min), intraoperative blood loss ((192.6±77.9) ml vs (387.8±112.4) ml), ICU monitoring time (0 day vs 1 day), and the complication rates of postoperative pneumonia (0 vs 15%) and arrhythmia (2.5% vs 20%) were lower in the LTE group than that of in the CTLE group(all P<0.05). The number of lymph node dissections in the CTLE group was higher than that of in the LTE group (21.2±6.1 vs 12.9±4.3, P<0.001). The 3-and 5-year overall survival (OS) rate and disease-free survival (DFS) rate in the LTE group (OS: 53.53% and 34.27%, DFS: 43.62% and 24.89%, respectively) and the CTLE group (OS: 59.48% and 37.29%, DFS: 49.12% and 28.82%, respectively) had no statistical differences (all P>0.05). Conclusion: The LTE group has advantages in reducing operation time, intraoperative bleeding, ICU monitoring time, postoperative incidence of pneumonia and arrhythmia, and its long-term prognosis is comparable to that of the CTLE group.

[Expression and clinicopathological significance of Bcl - 2 and Bax genes in colorectal cancer patients complicated with schistosomiasis]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the expression and clinicopathological significance of Bcl-2 and Bax genes in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients complicated with schistosomiasis.

METHODS

The CRC patients receiving surgical treatment in the First Affiliated Hospital of Dali University from June 2016 to June 2020 were recruited as the study subjects, and 30 subjects were randomly sampled from the CRC patients complicated with schistosomiasis (CRC-S group) and 30 subjects were randomly sampled from the CRC patients without schistosomiasis (CRC group) using a random number table method. The cancer specimens were sampled from subjects in the CRC-S and CRC groups, and the peri-cancer specimens were sampled from subjects in the CRC group. The Bcl-2 and Bax expression was quantified in cancer and peri-cancer specimens using a real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay and immunohistochemistry at transcriptional and translational levels, and the cell apoptosis was detected in cancer specimens using HE staining.

RESULTS

A total of 60 subjects were enrolled, including 30 cases in the CRC group and 30 cases in the CRC-S group. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of gender distribution (χ² = 0.271, P > 0.05), mean age (t = -0.596, P > 0.05), tumor growth pattern (χ² = 0.275, P > 0.05), tumor location (χ² = 4.008, P > 0.05), tumor invasion depth (χ² = 0.608, P > 0.05), degree of tumor differentiation (χ² = 0.364, P > 0.05), or presence of vascular metastasis (χ² = 1.111, P > 0.05), while significant differences were seen between the two groups in terms of histological type, presence of lymph node metastasis and TMN staging (χ² = 5.963, 8.297 and 5.711, all P values < 0.05). qPCR assay and immunohistochemistry quantified significantly higher Bcl-2 and Bax expression in cancer specimens from the CRC and CRC-S groups than in the peri-cancer specimens from the CRC group at both translational and transcriptional levels (all P values < 0.05), and higher Bcl-2 and lower Bax expression were seen in the cancer specimens from the CSC-S group than that from the CRC group (all P values < 0.05). In addition, the cell apoptotic rate was significantly greater in the cancer specimens in the CRC group than in the CRC-S group (42.00% vs. 23.35%; χ² = 41.500, P = 0.000).

CONCLUSION

Schistosomiasis may be involved in the development and progression of CRC through affecting Bcl-2 and Bax gene expression in the apoptosis signaling pathway.

[Understanding the China Blue Paper on Obesity Prevention and Control and policy implications and recommendations for obesity prevention and control in China]

With the rapid economic development and dramatic changes in lifestyle, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in China has been increasing significantly and become a serious public health threat. This article introduced the main contents of "China Blue Paper on Obesity Prevention and Control", aiming to facilitate understanding and applications of the "China Blue Paper on Obesity Prevention and Control" by policymakers, researchers and practitioners in related fields. Built upon these, recommendations were made for obesity screening, diagnosis, treatment and management, prevention and control policies and strategies, and future research priorities in China.

[Analysis of HIV testing status and relevant factors in male sexually transmitted diseases patients in Shandong Province]

A survey was conducted to analyze the HIV testing status and related influencing factors of male sexually transmitted diseases(STD) patients attending 18 county-level hospitals in Shandong Province from July 2015 to August 2016. The HIV detection rate of 1 570 subjects was 77.58% (1 218/1 570), and the HIV-antibody positive rate was 0.99% (12/1 218). Compared with general hospitals patients, urinary and anorectal patients, non-sexual patients, and patients with negative attitudes toward HIV testing, patients were more likely to be tested for HIV from specialized hospitals (OR=3.74, 95%CI:2.53-5.54), the skin and venereal section (OR=1.92, 95%CI: 1.31-2.79), the STD group (OR=2.02, 95%CI: 1.34-3.03) and patients with positive attitude (OR=15.20, 95%CI:10.74-21.52).

[Epidemiological features of hepatitis C and its related influencing factors in Shandong province, 2007-2016]

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics, dynamic trend of development and related influencing factors of hepatitis C in Shandong, China, 2007-2016, also to provide epidemiological evidence for prevention and control of HCV. Methods: National surveillance data of hepatitis C from 2007 to 2016 in Shandong was used, with distribution and clustering map of hepatitis C drawn at the county level. Panel Poisson regression was used to explore the influencing factors of hepatitis C at the city level. Results: The incidence of hepatitis C in Shandong increased from 1.49/100 000 in 2007 to 4.72/100 000 in 2016, with the high incidence mainly clustered in the urban regions in Jinan, Zibo, Weihai et al. and surrounding vicinities. Majority of the cases were young adults, with 53.16% (14 711/27 671) of them being farmers. Results from the Multiple panel Poisson regression analysis indicated that factors as: population density (aIRR=1.07, 95%CI: 1.05-1.10), number of hospital per hundred thousand people shared (aIRR=1.16, 95%CI: 1.08-1.24), expenditure of medical fee in rural (aIRR=1.21, 95%CI: 1.08-1.37) and the proportion of the tertiary industry (aIRR=1.08, 95%CI: 1.07-1.09) were all correlated to the incidence of hepatitis C. Conclusions: The incidence of hepatitis C had been increasing rapidly in recent years, in Shandong. Prevention and control of HCV should focus on high risk population. In addition, rural, especially in areas with lower economics provision should be under more attentions, so as to find more concealed cases for early treatment.

[Analysis on the epidemic features of male HIV-infected and AIDS patients by sexual transmission in Shandong Province from 2007 to 2016]

Objective: To analyze the epidemic features of male HIV-infected and AIDS patients by sexual transmission in Shandong Province. Methods: Data on HIV-infected people and AIDS patients (HIV/AIDS) were derived from HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Response Information Management System. To analysis the epidemiological data of male HIV/AIDS by sexual transmission reported in Shandong Province from 1997 to 2016. Results: A total of 8 584 HIV/AIDS were reported by heterosexual transmission or homosexual transmission from 2007 to 2016. 2 421 cases were reported by heterosexual transmission and 6 163 cases were reported by homosexual transmission. Among cases infected by heterosexual transmission. The average age of cases infected by heterosexual transmission was (38.13±12.39) and (31.62±10.22) among cases who infected by homosexual transmission (t=24.95, P<0.001). 84 cases were reported by homosexual transmission and 138 cases by heterosexual transmission from 2007 to 2008, and 6 079 cases were reported by homosexual transmission and 2 283 cases by heterosexual transmission from 2009 to 2016. A total of 770 cases were dead after reported. Among the dead cases, 337 cases were infected by homosexual transmission and 433 cases by heterosexual transmission (χ(2)=328.21, P<0.001). 61.4% of the dead cases by heterosexual transmission were no longer than 6 months after reported and 54.3% in homosexual transmission (χ(2)=3.96, P=0.047). Conclusion: Homosexual transmission has been the main transmission of HIV/AIDS in Shandong Province. Epidemiological features and social demographic characteristics of each sexual transmission were different. As part of HIV cases developed to death in 6 months.

[Mean blood pressure among the adults in China 2010-2012: based on the results of mercury sphygmomanometer and converted electronic sphygmomanometer]

Objective: To analyze the average systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) among adults aged 18 years old and above in China between 2010 and 2012; and to compare the difference in the results measured by mercury sphygmomanometer and converted electronic sphygmomanometer. Methods: The data was collected from Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012. 120 428 adults aged 18 years old and above were selected from 150 survey counties (districts) of 31 provinces in China Mainland, by multi-stage stratified and probability proportion to size (PPS) cluster randomization sampling method. The average blood pressure value was calculated from three systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings measured by mercury sphygmomanometer. The value of Electronic Sphygmomanometer was converted by regression formula. Age-standardized results were calculated incorporating a complex sample weighting using the population data from the National Bureau of Statistics in 2009. Results: The overall adjusted mean of SBP based on the value of mercury sphygmomanometer among Chinese adults aged 18 years old and above was 122 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), 124 mmHg in men and 120 mmHg in women. The average SBP value was separately 115, 127, and 137 mmHg in groups of adults aging 18-44, 45-59 and ≥60 years old. The average SBP was 122 mmHg in urban and 122 mmHg in rural areas. Mean DBP was 78 mmHg, 79 mmHg in men and 76 mmHg in women. The average DBP was separately 75, 81, and 81 mmHg in groups of adults aging 18-44, 45-59 and ≥60 years old. The average DBP was 78 mmHg in urban and 77 mmHg in rural areas. The overall adjusted mean of SBP based on converted electronic device was 129 mmHg,130 mmHg in men and 127 mmHg in women, respectively. The mean of SBP was separately122, 134, and 143 mmHg in groups of adults aging 18-44, 45-59 and ≥60 years old. Mean SBP was both 129 mmHg in urban and in rural areas. Mean DBP was 76 mmHg, 78 mmHg in men and 75 mmHg in women, respectively. The average DBP was separately 74, 79, and 79 mmHg in groups of adults aging 18-44, 45-59 and ≥60 years old. The average DBP was both 76 mmHg in urban and rural areas. Conclusion: The average SBP and DBP was different between the mercury sphygmomanometer and converted electronic device. However, the results from both measures showed that the blood pressure was higher in men than in women, the blood pressure increased with the increase of age, and there was no difference between urban and rural areas.

[Analysis of neurobehavioral function of school-aged children with sleep disordered breathing]

Objective: To investigate the neurobehavioral function(attention, executive skills, behavior) of school-aged with varying degrees of SDB and control children with no history of SDB recruited from the community.Method: One hundred and sixty-three children aged from 7 to 12 were enrolled in the study. Children were devided into 4 groups through the data of Routine overnight polysomnography(PSG): PS(n=71) group, mild OSAHS (n=29) group, moderate/severe OSAHS(n=21) group, and controls(n=42) group. The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function(BRIEF) and the Child Behavior Checklist(CBCL) were used to assess attention, executive function and behavioral function. Result: There was significant difference of AHI, OAI, RAI, SAI and SpO ₂ nadir between the mild/MS groups and the control/PS groups(F=1174.3, 1178.0, 2348.3, 34.7, 377.7, P<0.05). Total sleep time(TST) of the MS OSAHS group was significantly less than that in the control group(F=178.8, P<0.05). Increased rates of behavioral executive dysfunction were found depending on the SDB spectrum(F=181.2, 274.2, 284.5, P<0.05). Children with all severities of SDB had signicantly higher rates of total, internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems compared to control group(F=361.7, 168.3, 564.0, P<0.05). Conclusion:Our study suggests that behavioral, attention, and executive function difficulties are present in children with PS as well as OSAHS. These results have implications for the treatment of milder forms of SDB, particularly PS, which is commonly viewed as benign.

[Relationship between meat consumption and metabolic syndrome in adults in China]

Objective: To explore the relationship between meat consumption and metabolic syndrome (MS) in Chinese adults aged ≥18 years. Methods: The data were obtained from 2010- 2012 National Nutrition and Health Survey. A total of 34 923 subjects who completed the dietary survey, the physical examination and had the testing results of blood sugar and blood lipid levels were enrolled in this study. MS was defined according to the diagnostic criteria of China Diabetes Society 2013. The prevalence ratios of MS and each form of MS and related 95%CI were calculated after post stratification weight according to the population data (2009) released by the national bureau of statistics. Results: The average meat intake among subjects was 94.8 g/d. People who had meat consumption between 100 g/d and 199 g/d had the lowest prevalence of MS, abdominal obesity and hyperglycemia. As the meat consumption increased, the prevalence of MS in men increased. Men who had meat consumption of ≥300 g/d had a higher risk of MS than those who had low level of meat consumption, with prevalence ratio equaled to 1.46 (95%CI: 1.14~1.87). Similar trend was not observed in women. Conclusion: Moderate intake of meat is associated with reduced risk of MS in Chinese adults.

[A cross-sectional study on HIV/AIDS "90-90-90" treatment target in Shandong province, 2015]

Objective: To analyze the status and its factors associated with HIV/AIDS- "90-90-90" -treatment-target in Shandong province, China. Methods: Data regarding testing, treatment on HIV/AIDS in Shandong province by December 31, 2015 was collected. Chi-square test and logistic regression model were used to analyze related factors associated with the "90-90-90" -treatment-target. Results: Of the 11 700 estimated HIV/AIDS, 61.2% were diagnosed, of whom 74.4% had received Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) . More than 80% of the HIV/AIDS on HAART reached the criteria on viral suppression. HIV/AIDS infected by homosexual contacts were less likely to seek for diagnosis (P<0.05). HIV/AIDS lived in Qingdao city (OR=1.30, 95%CI: 1.05-1.60), Yantai city (OR=1.53, 95%CI: 1.02-2.31) and Weihai city (OR=1.96, 95%CI: 1.07-3.58) were more likely to receive HAART. HIV/AIDS patients that infected through homosexual or (OR=0.12, 95%CI:0.06-0.24) or heterosexual contacts (OR=0.13, 95%CI: 0.07-0.26), through injecting drug use (OR=0.08,95%CI: 0.03-0.17) or being diagnosed at the custodial institutions (OR=0.29, 95%CI: 0.21-0.41) were less likely to receive HAART. HIV/AIDS patients who received HAART at medical institutions (OR=1.81, 95%CI: 1.05-3.47) were more likely to meet the level of Viral load (VL) suppression. However, those who were infected through homosexual (OR=0.43, 95%CI: 0.25-0.75) or heterosexual contacts (OR=0.49, 95%CI: 0.28-0.81) or diagnosed at the custodial institutions (OR=0.48, 95%CI: 0.28-0.80) were less likely to meet the criteria set for VL suppression. Conclusions: There was a gap between the status of testing/treatment and the target on HIV/AID "90-90-90" -treatment,especially on the target set for testing, in Shandong Province. Both HIV testing and comprehensive care services need to be strengthened.

[The epidemic status of metabolic syndrome among Chinese adolescents aged 10-17 years in 2010-2012]

Objective: To invesigate the epidemic status of the metabolic syndrome (MS) among mainland Chinese adolescents aged 10-17 in 2010-2012. Methods: Data were collected from Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012. Multi-stage stratified proportion to the population cluster random sampling method was conducted to determine 16 872 adolescents in 150 counties from 31 provinces in mainland China. The epidemic status of metabolic syndrome was analyzed by China criterion (defined by Chinese Pediatric Society, Chinese Medical Association) and Cook criterion, respectively. The prevalence of MS and 95%CI were calculated through weighted complex sampling processing by population data released by the National Bureau of Statistics in 2009. Results: Based on China criterion, the weighted prevalence of MS was 2.4% (95% CI: 2.1%-2.6%) among Chinese adolescents aged 10-17. Prevalence in urban was higher than in rural (2.8%, 95%CI: 2.4%-3.2% and 1.9%, 95%CI:1.6%-2.3%, respectively). Prevalence in boys and girls were 2.7% (95% CI: 2.3%-3.0%), and 2.0% (95% CI: 1.7%-2.4%), respectively. Based on Cook criterion, the weighted prevalence was 4.3% (95% CI: 4.0%-4.7%) . The highest weighted prevalence of the components of the metabolic syndrome was low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (26.8%, 95% CI: 26.0%-27.5%), followed by high fasting glucose (11.5%, 95% CI: 11.0%-12.0%), abdominal obesity (11.1%, 95%CI: 10.6%-11.7%) , hypertriglyceridemia (8.8%, 95%CI: 8.4%-9.3%) , and high blood pressure (6.4%, 95% CI: 6.0%-6.8%). Conclusion: Among the five indicators of metabolic syndrome, the prevalence of central obesity and hypertriglyceridemia were relative high in Chinese adolescents aged 10-17 years, though the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was not high.

[Study on anemia and vitamin A and vitamin D nutritional status of Chinese urban pregnant women in 2010-2012]

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of anemia and the nutritional status of vitamins A and D by analyzing hemoglobin, serum retinol, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in Chinese urban pregnant women during 2010-2012. Methods: Data were obtained from the China Nutrition and Health Survey in 2010-2012. Using multi-stage stratified sampling and population proportional stratified random sampling, 2 250 pregnant women from 34 metropolis and 41 middle-sized and small cities were included in this study. Information was collected using a questionnaire survey. The blood hemoglobin concentration was determined using the cyanmethemoglobin method, and anemia was determined using the World Health Organization guidelines combined with the elevation correction standard. The serum retinol level was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography, and vitamin A deficiency (VAD) was judged by the related standard recommended by the World Health Organization. The vitamin D level was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and vitamin D deficiency was judged by the recommendation standards from the Institute of Medicine of The National Academies. The hemoglobin, serum retinol, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were compared, along with differences in the prevalence of anemia, VAD, and the vitamin D deficiency rate (including deficiency and serious deficiency). Results: A total of 1 738 cases of hemoglobin level, 594 cases of serum retinol level, and 1 027 cases of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D were available for analysis in this study. The overall blood hemoglobin level (P(50) (P(25)-P(75))) was 122.70 (114.00-131.10) g/L; 123.70 (115.21-132.00) g/L for metropolis and 122.01 (113.30-130.40) g/L for middle-sized and small cities. The blood hemoglobin level of metropolis residents was significantly higher than that of middle-sized and small city residents (P=0.027). The overall prevalence of anemia was 17.0% (295/1 738). The overall serum retinol level (P(50) (P(25)-P(75))) was 1.61 (1.20-2.06) μmol/L; 1.50 (1.04-2.06) μmol/L for metropolis and 1.63 (1.31-2.05) μmol/L for middle-sized and small cities. The serum retinol level of metropolis residents was significantly higher than that of middle-sized and small city residents (P=0.033). The overall prevalence of VAD was 7.4% (47/639); 11.5% (33/286) for metropolis and 4.0% (14/353) for middle-sized and small cities. A significant difference was observed in the prevalence of VAD between metropolis and middle-sized and small city residents (P<0.001). The overall serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level (P(50) (P(25)-P(75))) was 15.41 (11.79-20.23) ng/ml; 14.71 (11.15-19.07) ng/ml for metropolis and 16.02 (12.65-21.36) ng/ml for middle-sized and small cities. A significant difference was observed in the vitamin D level between metropolis and middle-sized and small city residents (P<0.001). The overall prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 74.3% (763/1 027); A significant difference was observed in the prevalence of serious vitamin D deficiency between metropolis (30.64%(144/470)) and middle-sized and small city residents (26%(267/1 027))(P=0.002). There were no significant differences between blood hemoglobin level and the prevalence of anemia, VAD, and vitamin D deficiency. Conclusion: The prevalence of anemia in Chinese urban pregnant women improved from 2002 to 2012. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women was generally more serious, while a certain percentage of women had VAD. The prevalence of VAD and serious vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women from metropolis was significantly higher than that of pregnant women from medium and small-sized cities.

[The vitamin D nutritional status in Chinese urban women of child-bearing age from 2010 to 2012]

Objective: To evaluate the vitamin D nutritional status in Chinese women of child-bearing age by analyzing serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in 2010-2012. Methods: Data were obtained from the China Nutrition and Health Survey in 2010-2012. Using cluster sampling and proportional stratified random sampling, 1 514 women of child-bearing age (18-44 years old) from 34 metropolis and 41 small and medium-sized cities were included in this study. Demographic information was collected by questionnaire and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay, in accordance with the 2010 Institute of Medicine of the National Academies standards. We compared differences in vitamin D levels, specifically serious deficiency, lack of deficiency, insufficiency, and excess. Results: The overall serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of Chinese urban women of child-bearing age (P(50) (P(25)-P(75))) was 20.1 (15.1-26.3) ng/ml; minorities had a significantly higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of 22.0 (15.9-27.5) ng/ml compared with women of Han nationality (19.8 (14.9-26.2) ng/ml) (χ(2)=7.02, P=0.008). The proportions of women with serious deficiency, lack of deficiency, insufficiency, and excess vitamin D were 11.6% (n=175), 37.9% (n=574), 35.1% (n=531), and 0.3% (n=5), respectively. Only 15.1% (n=229) of women of child-bearing age had normal vitamin D nutritional status. No significant differences in vitamin D nutritional status were observed according to age, body mass index, city, nationality, educational level, marital status, or household income per capita (P>0.05). Conclusion: Most Chinese urban women of child-bearing age have poor vitamin D levels and require vitamin D supplementation.

[Study on vitamin A nutritional status of Chinese urban elderly residents in 2010-2012]

Objective: To assess the vitamin A nutritional status of the Chinese urban elderly population by analyzing serum retinol level in 2010-2012. Methods: Data were collected from the Chinese National Nutrition and Health Survey in 2010-2012. Using the multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method, serum samples from elderly residents aged ≥60 years old were obtained from 34 metropolis and 41 middle-sized and small cities. Demographic data were collected using a questionnaire survey. The serum retinol concentration was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) was determined using the World Health Organization guidelines. A total of 3 200 elderly residents were included in the study. The serum retinol levels and prevalence of VAD and marginal VAD were also compared. Results: The serum retinol concentration (P(50)(P(25)-P(75))) of Chinese urban elderly residents was 1.83 (1.37-2.39) μmoL/L. Compared with middle-sized and small cities (1.91 (1.47-2.48) μmol/L), the retinol level of senior citizens in metropolis (1.70 (1.25-2.25) μmol/L) was significantly lower (P<0.001). The serum retinol levels of elderly male (1.89 (1.37-2.47) μmoL/L) was significantly higher than that of female (1.80 (1.36-2.28) μmoL/L) (P=0.001). The serum retinol concentration was 1.87 (1.42-2.43), 1.78 (1.32-2.33), and 1.71 (1.24-2.24) μmol/L for 60-69, 70-79, and ≥80 years olds, respectively. The retinol level in elderly people ≥70 years olds was significantly lower than that of 60-69 years olds (P<0.001). The overall prevalence of VAD among Chinese urban elderly residents was 4.22% (135/3 200); 6.00% (81/1 350) for metropolis residents and 2.92% (54/1 850) for middle-sized and small city residents. The overall marginal VAD rate of Chinese urban elderly residents was 8.19% (262/3 200); 10.51% (142/1 350) for metropolis residents and 6.49% (120/1 850) for medium-sized and small city residents. The prevalence of VAD and marginal VAD for males was 3.87% (61/1 577) and 8.24% (130/1 577), respectively (P<0.05). The prevalence of VAD according to age group was 3.65% (72/1 975), 4.96% (50/1 008), and 5.99% (13/217), respectively(P=0.097). The prevalence of marginal VAD according to age group was 6.99% (138/1 975), 9.82% (99/1 008), and 11.52% (25/217), respectively(P=0.05). Conclusion: Chinese urban elderly residents showed various levels of VAD, although marginal VAD was quite common. As VAD was more common in metropolis residents and older residents, specific strategies should target these populations.

[Factors related to syphilis and other infections among female drug users in Shandong women's compulsory drug rehabilitation center in 2015]

Objective: To analyze the prevalence of HIV, syphilis and related factors among female drug users in Shandong women's compulsory drug rehabilitation center(SWCDRC). Methods: During May 2015, we used a cluster sampling method for drug users in SWCDRC, with a questionnaire and serological testing. We included respondents who volunteered to take part in this study, had clear histories of drug abuse, and had no symptoms of psychosis or current drug use; 451 women participated. The questionnaire addressed socio-demographic information and the participants' health knowledge, including AIDS knowledge, behavioral information, drug use, and STD treatment. We also drew 5 ml blood from each subject for serological tests of HIV and syphilis. Chi-square test was used to compare syphilis antibody positive rate among drug users who had different characteristics. Multi-factor unconditioned logistic regression model was used to explore related factors about syphilis infection of women drug users. Results: Subjects' mean age was(27.25±7.06)years. Of the 451 women, 33.5%(151/451)tested positive for syphilis and 2.2%(10/451)for HIV. The rate of syphilis antibody(SAb)positive whether providing commercial server, providing: 47.2%(25/53); no providing: 31.6%(125/396); χ²=5.12, P=0.024. The SAb ⁺ rate from whether having temporary sexual behavior, having: 47.4%(91/192); no having: 23.6%(60/254); χ²=27.6, P<0.001. The SAb⁺ rate of subjects who tested positive for herpes simplex virus-2(HSV-2)was 39.4%(128/325); for those who tested negative it was 18.3%(23/126); χ²=18.2, P<0.001. The SAb⁺ rate by frequency of drug use was ≥3 times a week: 36.9%(106/287);<3 times per week: 27.3%(42/154); χ²=4.20, P=0.041. Compared with subjects who were unmarried, divorced, or widowed drug users, the OR(95% CI)for SAb⁺ among subjects who cohabited with a partner was 2.19(1.36- 3.51). Compared with subjects who had not been having temporary sexual behavior, the OR(95%CI)for SAb⁺ among subjects who had been having temporary sexual behavior was 2.59(1.65-4.05). Compared with HSV-2^- subjects, the OR(95%CI)for SAb⁺ among subjects who were HSV-2⁺ was 2.69(1.57-4.59). Conclusion: HIV and syphilis infection rate among female drug users in SWCDRC were significantly higher than in the general population. Subjects who had provided commercial server in the previous 12 months, had temporary sexual behavior in the previous 12 months, were HSV-2⁺, used drugs ≥3 times per week or cohabitated with a partner had higher syphilis prevalence.

[Efficacy for artery chemoembolization combined with radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate efficacy and safety of artery chemoembolization combined with radiofrequency ablation for advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

METHODS

A total of 138 cases of Sichuan Cancer Hospital of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer were retrospectively analyzed from January 2011 to November 2014.All cases were divided into three groups, 61 cases were treated by artery chemoembolization (ACB group), 43 cases were treated by artery chemoembolization combined with radiofrequency ablation (Joint group), 34 cases were treated by radiofrequency ablation (RFA group). Recent efficiency, overall survival time, adverse reactions and complications of three groups were analyzed. The risk factors related to survival time of 138 patients were analyzed.

RESULTS

The recent efficiency of ACB group, Joint group and RFA group were 73.8%(45/61), 93.0%(40/43), 85.3%(29/34), respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (χ(2)=18.499, P=0.005). 1, 2, 3-year survival rates of Joint group were 90.7%(39/43), 58.1%(25/43), 20.9%(9/43), respectively that were better than ACB group(57.4%(35/61), 24.6%(15/61), 11.5%(7/61)) and RFA group(58.8%(20/34), 32.4%(11/34), 11.8%(4/34)), (χ(2) value were respectively 8.242 and 4.934, P values were 0.004 and 0.026). Chemotherapy side effects and complications of ablation were of no significant difference (P>0.05). Chemotherapy side effects and complications of ablation were of no significant difference (P>0.05). The number of tumors, tumor size, TNM staging, eastern cooperative oncology group (ECOG) score were independent risk factors which impact on survival time for non-small cell lung cancer. The artery chemoembolization combined with radiofrequency ablation treatment can improve survival time of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

CONCLUSION

Artery chemoembolization combined with radiofrequency ablation is a safe, effective, minimally-invasive treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

[Study on vitamin A nutritional status of 6- to 17-year-old urban children and adolescents between 2010 and 2012 in China]

Objective: To investigate the vitamin A nutritional status of 6- to 17-year-old urban children and adolescents by analyzing serum retinol level, between 2010 and 2012 in China. Methods: Data were obtained from the China Nutrition and Health Survey in 2010-2012. Using multi-stage stratified sampling and the population proportional stratified random sampling method, 6 617 children aged 6-17 years from 32 metropolis and 41 middle-sized and small cities of China were selected. The questionnaire survey was used to collect demographic information. Blood samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography to determine serum retinol concentration, and the World Health Organization guidelines were used to evaluate the nutritional status of vitamin A. Vitamin A levels, vitamin A deficiency, and marginal vitamin A deficiency in children with different characteristics were compared. Results: A total of 3 785 cases with valid samples were obtained. The overall mean serum retinol concentration level was (1.49±0.71) μmol/L; the mean serum retinol concentration was (1.55±0.69) μmol/L for metropolis and (1.49±0.75) μmol/L for middle-sized and small cities (P>0.05). The mean serum retinol concentration was (1.52±0.78) μmol/L for boys and (1.47±0.68) μmol/L for girls (P>0.05). The mean serum retinol concentration level was (1.46±0.70) μmol/L for 6- to 11-year-old children and (1.54±0.65) μmol/L for 12- to 17-year-old children (P<0.05). The total vitamin A deficiency rate and marginal vitamin A deficiency rate was 7.69% (291/3 785) and 18.57% (703/3 785), respectively. The vitamin A deficiency rate was 8.00% (36/450) for metropolis and 7.64% (65/3 335) for middle-sized and small cities; 8.12% (155/1 908) for boys and 7.25% (136/1 877) for girls; and 8.04% (171/2 115) for 6- to 11-year-old children and 7.18% (120/1 670) for 12- to 17-year-old children. No significant differences were observed for region, sex, or age (P>0.05). The marginal vitamin A deficiency rate was 19.11% (86/450) for metropolis and 18.50% (617/3 335) for middle-sized and small cities; 18.19% (347/1 908) for boys and 18.97% (356/1 877) for girls, with no significant differences observed (P>0.05). The marginal vitamin A deficiency rate was 16.54% (350/2 115) for 6- to 11-year-old children and 21.13% (353/1 670) for 12- to 17-year-old children (P<0.05). Conclusion: The vitamin A nutritional status of 6- to 17-year-old Chinese urban children and adolescents between 2010 and 2012 has improved, and the gap between cities is narrowing. However, vitamin A deficiency overall remains high, especially in younger children, and requires specific attention.

[Efficacy of intratympanic gentamicin and dexamethasone in the treatment of intractable Meniere's disease]

Objective:To investigate the efficacy and safety of low-dose intratympanic gentamicin (ITG) compared with intratympanic dexamethasone (ITD) in patients with intractable Meniere's disease (MD). Method:Seventy patients affected by definite unilateral MD were enrolled. 1 ml of gentamicin sulfate(40 g/L) was buffered with 0.5 ml of sodium bicarbonate to obtain a 6.4 pH solution with 26.7 g/L concentration. Thirty-five patients were treated with the buffered gentamicin solution on every week for 2 times. Thirty-five patients were treated with ITD (5 mg) in the first two days, and then every week for 4 weeks. At 2-year follow-up, mean outcome measurements consisted of control of vertigo attacks, pure tone average (PTA), dizziness handicap inventory and tinnitus handicap inventory.Result:Among 34 cases with complete follow-up data in the ITG group, complete control of vertigo (class A) was achieved in 27 patients and substantial control of vertigo (class B) in 5 patients. Among 32 cases with complete follow-up data in the ITD group, class A and B were achieved in 13 and 6 patients respectively (P< 0.05). There were no statistically significant variations between the two groups in PTA and THI (t= 1.737 and t=－0.197, P> 0.05).Conclusion:Low-dose ITG achieves better outcome than ITD in the control of vertigo attacks in patients suffering from unilateral intractable MD, with a very low incidence of hearing deterioration.

Comparison of Mitochondrial Function in Boar and Bull Spermatozoa Throughout Cryopreservation Based on JC-1 Staining

BACKGROUND

Poor reproductivity hampers the commercialization of cryopreserved boar semen.

OBJECTIVE

This study was to determine the differences in the sperm mitochondrial function between boar and bull semen at different cryopreservation stages.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Boar and bull fresh, equilibrated, and frozen-thawed spermatozoa were evaluated for mitochondrial function using JC-1 under a fluorescent microscope.

RESULTS

Bull and boar percentage of spermatozoa staining green (PSSG) showed no difference between fresh and equilibrated semen (P> 0.05). However, frozen-thawed bull and boar semen demonstrated significantly higher PSSG (P < 0.01) than fresh and equilibrated semen. Frozen-thawed boar semen represented a significantly higher PSSG (P < 0.01) than bull semen.

CONCLUSION

Negative cryopreservation influence on boar and bull spermatozoa was not significantly produced by pre-freezing procedures, but rather by freezing and thawing. Cryopreservation has more pronounced negative effects on boar than on bull spermatozoa, which partly explains lagged commercialization of frozen boar semen.

[Risk factors for prevalence of folic acid deficiency in Chinese lactating women in 2013]

Objective: The study aimed to assess the folic acid status of lactating women in China and to analyze factors related to folic acid deficiency in these subjects. Methods: The data on lactating women were extracted from the Chinese National Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2013. By a multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method, 10 331 lactating women were selected for the study. The lactating women, 0-24 months postpartum, were from 55 sites in 30 provinces of China, excluding the Tibet Autonomous Region. A standard questionnaire was used to obtain general information and dietary intake during the previous one month period was collected using a food frequency questionnaire. A total of 20% of the total number of lactating women were randomly selected to analyze serum folic acid. Finally, 1 894 lactating women, with questionnaire results and serum folic acid data, were included in the study. Serum folic acid concentrations were analyzed using an electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay method. Folic acid deficiency was defined as a serum folic acid level <2 ng/ml. A multiple logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the factors associated with folic acid deficiency in these women. Results: After excluding abnormal values, 1 894 lactating women were included in the study. Based on our findings, the prevalence of folate deficiency was 3.0% (56/1 894) in lactating women in China. The prevalence of folic acid deficiency was 0.3% (1/388), 1.3% (7/550), 6.0% (38/639) and 3.2% (10/317) in larger, medium or small cities, general rural counties and poor rural counties, respectively. The prevalence of folic acid deficiency was 6.3% (17/269) and 2.4% (39/1 623) for minority and Han ethnic groups, respectively, and was 6.3% (52/823) and 0.4% (4/1 071) for subjects in northern and southern areas of China, respectively. Binary unconditionally logistic regression was used to analyze the factors associated with folic acid deficiency in the lactating women. The results showed that, compared with those living in the south and those in the Han ethnic group, those living in the north and belonging to the minority ethnic group had a greater risk of folic acid deficiency, with (OR=3.63, 95% CI: 1.64-8.05) and (OR=5.42, 95% CI: 1.75-16.74), respectively. With each month of age during childhood, the prevalence of folic acid deficiency decreased by 10% (OR=0.90, 95%CI: 0.85-0.96). Compared with low income subjects, those with middle incomes had OR (95%CI) of 0.25 (0.10-0.60) for folic acid deficiency. A lesser intake of cereal was associated with a greater risk of folic acid deficiency in lactating women (OR=3.04, 95%CI: 1.18-7.79). A lesser intake of tubers was a protective factor for folic acid deficiency in lactating women (OR=0.29, 95% CI:0.12-0.70). Conclusion: The folic acid status of Chinese lactating women has, in general, recently improved. However, living in northern areas, during early lactating periods, belonging to an ethnic minority, living in rural areas, having a low income, lower intake of cereal and excessive intake of tubers were risk factors for folic acid deficiency in lactating women. In these women, folic acid intervention should be considered a priority.

[Value of videonystagmography and electrocochleography in prognosis prediction of patients with acute low-tone sensorineural hearing loss]

Objective:To predict the prognosis of acute lowtone sensorineural hearing loss（ALHL）by using the videonystagmography(VNG) and electrocochleography(ECochG).Method:A retrospective study was done in 70 patients with ALHL after long-term follow-up. The recurrence rate and rate of progression to definite Meniere 's disease were determined according to the results of VNG and ECochG tests at the onset of the first episode of hearing loss.Result:Twentynine patients（41.4%）experienced recurrent hearing loss and 5 patients（7.1%）developed to Meniere's disease. In patients with an elevated SP/AP ratio and spontaneous nystagmus, the recurrence rate was 81.8%. However, in those with a normal SP/AP ratio and without spontaneous nystagmus, the recurrence rate was 23.3%.There was a statistically significant difference in the progression rate of Meniere's disease between the groups with(15.2%) and without spontaneous nystagmus.Conclusion:It has a certain reference value to predict prognosiswhen spontaneous nystagmus and an elevated SP/AP ratio are detected on initial examination in patients with ALHL.

Production of hGFAP-DsRed transgenic Guangxi Bama mini-pigs via somatic cell nuclear transfer

The mini-pig is a useful animal model for human biomedical research due to its physiological similarity to humans and the ease of handling. In order to optimize the efficiency of production of transgenic Bama mini-pigs through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), we examined the effects of contact inhibition, roscovitine treatment, and serum starvation on the cell cycle synchronization and transgenic cloned embryo development in vivo and in vitro after nuclear transfer. The analysis showed that the rates of G0/G1 stage cells in the contact inhibition (92.11%) and roscovitine treatment groups (89.59%) were significantly higher than in serum starvation group (80.82%). A higher rate of apoptosis was seen in the serum starvation group (14.13%) compared to the contact inhibition and roscovitine treatment groups (6.71 and 2.46% respectively, P < 0.05). There was a significant decrease in blastocyst yield in the serum starvation group (14.19%) compared to the roscovitine treatment and contact inhibition groups (21.31 and 20.32% respectively, P < 0.05). A total of 1070 transgenic cloned embryos derived from the three treatment groups were transferred to surrogate sows; one pregnancy was established and three embryos from the roscovitine treatment group successfully completed gestation. These results indicate that the roscovitine treatment was more effective at synchronizing transgenic kidney cells in Bama mini-pigs and allowed reconstructed embryos to develop to full term.

Broadband tunable InAs/InP quantum dot external-cavity laser emitting around 1.55 μm

We report a broadband tunable external-cavity laser based on InAs/InP quantum dots (QDs) grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy. It is found that high AsH₃ flow during the interruption after QD deposition greatly promotes QD ripening, which improves the optical gain of QD active medium in lower energy states. Combined with anti-reflection/high-reflection facet coatings, a broadly tunable InAs/InP QD external-cavity laser was realized with a tuning range of 140.4 nm across wavelengths from 1436.6 nm to 1577 nm at a maximum output power of 6 mW.

High performance 2150 nm-emitting InAs/InGaAs/InP quantum well lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy

We demonstrate high performance 2150 nm InAs/InGaAs/InP quantum well (QW) lasers grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. The laser structure consists of two InAs/InGaAs QWs, with a 30 μm-wide ridge waveguide and two cleaved cavity facets. The continuous wave operation at room temperature (RT) is achieved, with an output power of larger than 160 mW per facet and with a low threshold current density of 90.4 A/cm(2) per QW derived for the infinite cavity length. Under pulse injection mode, the maximal peak power per facet is as high as 1.35 W. By varying the cavity length, the lasing wavelength can be tuned in a range from 2142 nm to 2154 nm. Moreover, the highest operating temperature reaches up to 100 °C, and characteristic temperatures are 50 K (T(0)) and 132 K (T(1)) in the temperature range of 20-70 °C, respectively.

Full-term pregnant women have higher lumbar epidural pressure than non-pregnant women: a preliminary report

The objective of this study was to compare the lumbar epidural pressure of full-term pregnant women with that of non-pregnant women. The epidural pressure of 20 full-term pregnant women and 15 non-pregnant women was measured during epidural needle insertion in the lateral position (T0), and at 30-s intervals following insertion (T1-T3), after the patient was turned supine (T4-T6), and after local anaesthetic injection (T7-T9). Results showed that the average epidural pressures following epidural insertion in the lateral position (average of T1-T3), in the supine position (average of T4-T6), and after local anaesthetic injection (average of T7-T9) were all significantly higher in the pregnant women compared with those who were not pregnant (p= 0.0293, 0.0109 and 0.0309, respectively). Epidural pressures increased significantly after women were turned supine (p < 0.001). Average epidural pressures were positive for all time points, T0-T9. It was concluded that the epidural pressure in the pregnant women was higher than in those who were not pregnant, both in the lateral and the supine position.

Protective effects of melatonin against oxidative stress in flow cytometry-sorted buffalo sperm

Previous reports of the ability of melatonin to scavenge a variety of toxic oxygen and nitrogen-based reactants suggest that melatonin could be an effective antioxidant for protecting sperm. In this study, flow cytometry and laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy were used to evaluate the effect of melatonin on buffalo sperm quality to optimize sperm sex-sorting procedures. In fresh sperm incubated in the presence or absence of melatonin (10(-4)  m) for 1, 24, 48 h or 72 h at 27°C, the mitochondrial activity was significantly higher than in a non-melatonin control (p < 0.05). Also, during the flow-sorting process, sperm in melatonin-supplemented groups had higher (p < 0.05) mitochondrial activity than the control. The intensity of Raman spectra from sperm frozen in media supplemented with melatonin was significantly weaker than that for non-melatonin-treated groups, except for a band at 1302 per cm. Thus, melatonin helps to protect buffalo sperm from reactive oxygen species induced by staining, sorting and freezing and increases semen quality after the freezing-thawing processes. Furthermore, the results indicate the high potential of the laser tweezers Raman spectroscopy technique for rapid, effective and non-invasive assessment of the quality of sperm cells.

[Progress in the study of mammalian selenoprotein]

Selenium is an essential trace element for animals and humans. Selenium exerts its biological function largely through selenoproteins. Up to now nine selenoproteins' cDNAs have been cloned and sequenced, which are cellular glutathione peroxidase (cGPX), extracellular glutathine peroxidase(eGPX), phospholipid hydroperoxidase glutathione peroxidase(PHGPX), gastrointestinal glutathione peroxidase (GPX-GI), type I iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase (ID I), type 2 iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase(ID II), type III iodothyronine 5-deiodinase(ID III), selenoprotein P (Se-P) and selenoprotein W. In all these selenoproteins Se is incorporated into the protein molecule via the selenocysteinyl-tRNA which recognizes the specific UGA codons in mRNA to insert selenocysteine into the primary structure of selenoproteins.

The chirality selectivity in the uptake of platinum (II) complexes with 1,2-cyclohexanediamine isomers as carrier ligand by human erythrocytes

The uptake kinetics of cisplatin analogs of 1,2-cyclohexanediamine(dach) isomers with various leaving groups, by human erythrocytes in plasma isotonic buffer, were studied. The experimental results showed that the uptake rate constants (k values) decrease with the change of leaving group in the sequence: chloride (Cl) > squaric acid (SA) > oxalate (OX) > demethylcantharic acid (DA), with the same dach isomer as carrier group. It is noteworthy that for the platinum (II) complexes with the same leaving group, the k values always reduce as: 1R, 2R-dach > 1R, 2S-dach > 1S, 2S-dach. This result reflects the chirality selectivity. No differences in reactivity to protein thiols and effects on membrane permeability were found for the R,R-, R,S-, S,S-isomeric complexes. It is proposed that the chirality selectivity in uptake is due to the recognition of the chirality of the platinum complexes by the erythrocyte membrane. The interactions between the chiral platinum complexes and the head groups of the membrane phospholipid molecules are probably involved.

[Preliminary observations on the effect of sjamp on the fibrinolytic system]

The effects of Sjamp, an acidic mucopolysaccharide extracted from Stichopus japonicus Selenka, on fibrinolytic activities were studied. The results showed that Sjamp could induce fibrinolysis in vitro, and the effects were stronger than those of heparin. The fibrinolytic activity of Sjamp disappeared when plasminogen was removed from the fibrin clot. This suggested that the fibrinolytic activity of Sjamp might depend upon plasminogen activation. The fibrinolytic activity and FDP concentration of rabbit plasma increased after intravenous injection of Sjamp. Fibrin monomer polymerization (FMP) was also inhibited by Sjamp, so the structure of fibrin clots might be altered, facilitating lysis. The mechanism of fibrinolytic effect of Sjamp and the significance of this effect in biomedicine are discussed.