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Thomas BE, Thiruvengadam K, Vedhachalam C, A S, Rao VG, Vijayachari P, Rajiv Y, V R, Bansal AK, Indira Krishna AK, Joseph A, J AP, Hussain T, Anand P, Das P, John KR, Devi K. R, P S, S A, Dusthakeer A, J B, K. Chadha V, G. S. T, Raghunath D, Das M, Khan AM, Kaur H. Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis among the tribal populations in India. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251519. [PMID: 34086684 PMCID: PMC8177518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance There is no concrete evidence on the burden of TB among the tribal populations across India except for few studies mainly conducted in Central India with a pooled estimation of 703/100,000 with a high degree of heterogeneity. Objective To estimate the prevalence of TB among the tribal populations in India. Design, participants, setting A survey using a multistage cluster sampling design was conducted between April 2015 and March 2020 covering 88 villages (clusters) from districts with over 70% tribal majority populations in 17 States across 6 zones of India. The sample populations included individuals ≥15 years old. Main outcome and measures Eligible participants who were screened through an interview for symptoms suggestive of pulmonary TB (PTB); Two sputum specimens were examined by smear and culture. Prevalence was estimated after multiple imputations for non-coverage and a correction factor of 1.31 was then applied to account for non-inclusion of X-ray screening. Results A total of 74532 (81.0%) of the 92038 eligible individuals were screened; 2675 (3.6%) were found to have TB symptoms or h/o ATT. The overall prevalence of PTB was 432 per 100,000 populations. The PTB prevalence per 100,000 populations was highest 625 [95% CI: 496–754] in the central zone and least 153 [95% CI: 24–281] in the west zone. Among the 17 states that were covered in this study, Odisha recorded the highest prevalence of 803 [95% CI: 504–1101] and Jammu and Kashmir the lowest 127 [95% CI: 0–310] per 100,000 populations. Findings from multiple logistic regression analysis reflected that those aged 35 years and above, with BMI <18.5 Kgs /m2, h/o ATT, smoking, and/or consuming alcohol had a higher risk of bacteriologically positive PTB. Weight loss was relatively more important symptom associated with tuberculosis among this tribal populations followed by night sweats, blood in sputum, and fever. Conclusion and relevance The overall prevalence of PTB among tribal groups is higher than the general populations with a wide variation of prevalence of PTB among the tribal groups at zone and state levels. These findings call for strengthening of the TB control efforts in tribal areas to reduce TB prevalence through tribal community/site-specific intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beena E. Thomas
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR – National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Kannan Thiruvengadam
- Department of Statistics, Epidemiology Unit, ICMR – National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Chandrasekaran Vedhachalam
- Department of Statistics, Epidemiology Unit, ICMR – National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Srividya A
- Department of Biostatistics, ICMR – Vector Control Research Centre, Pondicherry, India
| | - V. G. Rao
- Division of Communicable Diseases, ICMR – National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | - Paluru Vijayachari
- ICMR – Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| | - Yadav Rajiv
- Division of Communicable Diseases, ICMR – National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | - Raghavi V
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR – National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Avi Kumar Bansal
- Department of Epidemiology, ICMR – National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | | | - Alex Joseph
- School of Public Health, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anil Purty J
- Department of Community Medicine, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Pondicherry, India
| | - Tahziba Hussain
- ICMR – Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhuvaneshwar, India
| | - Praveen Anand
- Department of Epidemiology, ICMR – Desert Medicine Research Centre, Jodhpur, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - K. R. John
- Department of Community Medicine, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Chittoor, India
| | - Rekha Devi K.
- ICMR – Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Sunish P
- ICMR – Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| | - Azhagendran S
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR – National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Azger Dusthakeer
- Department of Bacteriology, ICMR – National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Bhat J
- Division of Communicable Diseases, ICMR – National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | - Vineet K. Chadha
- Central Leprosy Teaching and Training Institute, Chengalpet, India
| | - Toteja G. S.
- Department of Epidemiology, ICMR – Desert Medicine Research Centre, Jodhpur, India
| | - Dasarathy Raghunath
- Tribal Task Force, ICMR – Former Dean, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Madhuchhanda Das
- Division of Communicable Diseases (ECD), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - A. M. Khan
- Division of Communicable Diseases (ECD), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Hapreet Kaur
- Division of Communicable Diseases (ECD), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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Anvikar AR, Rao VG, Savargaonkar DD, Rajiv Y, Bhondeley MK, Tiwari B, Karkare A, Luke C, Gadge V, Ukey M, Patel P. Seroprevalence of sexually transmitted viruses in the tribal population of Central India. Int J Infect Dis 2008; 13:37-9. [PMID: 18573674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV, HCV), and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in the tribal population of central India. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional survey was carried out in the tribal population of Jabalpur district. Blood samples were drawn from 326 patients with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and 526 randomly selected adults. These were tested for HIV, HBV, HCV, and HSV-2 using commercial ELISA kits. RESULTS The prevalence of IgG antibodies to HSV-2 was 20.8% in STI patients compared to 12.4% in the general population. The HBV carriage rate was 3.4% in STI patients against 2.9% in the general population. HCV prevalence was 3.9% in STI patients and 4.6% in the general population. No HIV infection was found in the study population. CONCLUSIONS In view of the high prevalence of viral STIs in the tribal community of Central India, there is a need to strengthen the STI control program in this under-privileged group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupkumar R Anvikar
- Regional Medical Research Centre for Tribals (Indian Council of Medical Research), Jabalpur - (MP), India
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