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Parvez R, Vijayachari P, Thiruvengadam K, Roy A, Saha MK, Ramasamy J, Vins A, Biswas L, Vaz A, Kaur H, Nagarajan M. A population based study on human papillomavirus infection and associated risk factors among women of the remote South Andaman Island, India. BMC Womens Health 2024; 24:139. [PMID: 38395851 PMCID: PMC10893608 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-024-02967-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with cervical cancer and cervical dysplasia worldwide. Data on HPV prevalence in a region is important because it serves as a predictor of the likelihood of the population in that particular region acquiring cervical cancer. Moreover, with the availability of effective vaccines, the public health system must be aware of the preponderance of HPV to implement the vaccine. The present study was designed to understand the prevalence of HPV and associated factors among the women of South Andaman Island. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among married women of reproductive age (18-59 years) from South Andaman District from 2018 to 2022. Cervical scrapes were collected from participants after obtaining informed written consent for HPV molecular testing (HPV DNA) such as PCR assay. Demographic data was collected using a standard questionnaire and statistical analyses were performed to determine the associated factors. RESULTS The study showed prevalence of HPV as 5.9%(95% CI: 3.9-7.9) and prevalence of HR-HPV16 was 4.1% (95% CI 2.6 - 5.5) and HR-HPV18 prevalence was 1.8(95% CI: 0.6-3). The independent factors associated the HPV positivity were age above 55 years, menopause, post-menopausal bleeding, blood-stained vaginal discharge and loss of weight. Age was associated with all HPV infections among the South Andaman women. CONCLUSIONS HPV 16 was reported as the predominant high risk HPV type circulating among women of South Andaman. Cervical cancer and precancerous lesions were significantly associated with HPV positivity and High risk HPV 16. Based on the knowledge of the risk factors associated with HPV, implementation of stronger public health awareness and prophylactic HPV vaccination is crucial among the women of this remote island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehnuma Parvez
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, 744103, India.
| | | | | | - Avijit Roy
- Directorate of Health Services, Port Blair, 744101, A&N Islands, India
| | | | - Jawahar Ramasamy
- Aarupadai Veedu Medical College and Hospital, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation (DU), Pondicherry, 607402, India
| | - Alwin Vins
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, 744103, India
| | - Lipika Biswas
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, 744103, India
| | - Alvencia Vaz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Arun Hospital, Port Blair, 744103, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Indian Council of Medical Research-Headquarters, New Delhi, 110029, India
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Vijayachari P, Awaradi S, Siddaraju HM, Nithin K, Veerendra S, Babu US, Chander MP, Kartick C, Anwesh M, Sugunan AP. Survey of the present health & nutritional status of Shompen tribe of Great Nicobar Island. Indian J Med Res 2024; 159:35-42. [PMID: 38439124 PMCID: PMC10954110 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_3193_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES Shompens are one of the two mongoloid tribes of Nicobar district. There is little information about their recent health status since the last survey which was conducted in 1998. Hence, a comprehensive health and nutritional survey was conducted in March 2017 to assess the changes. The survey was carried out by a joint team of various organizations including the ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre and Tribal Welfare and Health Department both located in Port Blair. METHODS A detailed health and nutrition survey of the Shompen community was planned by deputing a field research team. The survey included demographic data, anthropometric data, clinical examination, screening for the markers of infectious diseases, respiratory pathogens, tuberculosis and haemoglobinopathies. RESULTS About half of the Shompen adults (both males and females) had a body mass index (BMI) of ≥23. However, Shompen children had a good nutritional status with no child suffering from undernutrition. As per BMI for age, none of the children <5 yr were under-nourished, while in the 5-17 yr group, 12 per cent of children were undernourished. Anaemia prevalence was about 48.3 per cent, with 54 per cent prevalence in females and 43.8 per cent in males. Fungal infection of the skin, acute respiratory infection and abdominal pain were the common morbidities observed. None had active pulmonary tuberculosis. Of 38 Shompens screened for IgG (immunoglobulin G) antibodies, 42.1 and 18.4 per cent were positive for measles and rubella, respectively. Seroprevalence of Leptospira was 35.5 per cent. The prevalence of hypertension was 13.2 per cent, whereas another 28.9 per cent were pre-hypertensive. INTERPRETATION CONCLUSIONS The population structure of the Shompen is not skewed and under nutrition was not widely prevalent among the children of <5 yr. The other positive observations were the absence of malaria, filariasis and dengue. However, there was natural infection of measles and rubella. Fungal skin infection and intestinal parasitic infestations were widely prevalent. Although cardiovascular risk profile was low, there were signs of emerging risk of over-weight, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. These together with the high prevalence of smokeless tobacco use may have a serious effect on the cardiovascular disease susceptibility of the Shompen population in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Awaradi
- Andaman Nicobar Tribal Research Institute, Port Blair, India
| | | | - K. Nithin
- Department of Panchakarma, Jammu Institute of Ayurveda and Research, NARDNI Raipur, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - S.S. Veerendra
- Campbell Bay PHC, Great Nicobar, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - U. Suresh Babu
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, India
| | | | - C. Kartick
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, India
| | - M. Anwesh
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, India
| | - A. P. Sugunan
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, India
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Narendar K, Mandha Chander P, Abhisheik Eedara C, Andugulapati SB, Ramalingam V, SureshBabu K, Vijayachari P. Synthesis of ring-A modified lupeol derivatives and their anti-proliferative activity: identification of potent lead active against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:304-310. [PMID: 36083601 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2121827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In continuation of our research program aimed at the development of new natural product-based anticancer agents, a series of lupeol derivatives (5a-5k and 6a-6i) were prepared with the introduction of aryl functionalities and amino acids at C-3 position. All the synthesised derivatives were assessed for in vitro anticancer activity against four human cancer cell lines using MTT assay. Interestingly, the compounds 5j, 5k, and 6 g showed potent activity against MCF7 cells as compared with the parent compound. Further, the flowcytometry analysis revealed that the 5j,5k, and 6 g arrest the cells at the G2/M phase and induce the early apoptosis in MCF7 cells. In addition, the selected compounds inhibit the BcL2 expression and increase the Bax protein expression in MCF7 cells. Overall, these results indicated that the lupeol derivatives could serve as a promising launch point for the development of anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kummari Narendar
- Centre for Natural Products and Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | | | | | - Sai Balaji Andugulapati
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vaikundamoorthy Ramalingam
- Centre for Natural Products and Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - K SureshBabu
- Centre for Natural Products and Traditional Knowledge, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, India
| | - P Vijayachari
- ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, India
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Potdar V, Vijay N, Mukhopadhyay L, Aggarwal N, Bhardwaj SD, Choudhary ML, Gupta N, Kaur H, Narayan J, Kumar P, Singh H, Abdulkader RS, Murhekar M, Mishra M, Thangavel S, Nagamani K, Dhodapkar R, Fomda BA, Varshney U, Majumdar A, Dutta S, Vijayachari P, Turuk J, Majumdar T, Sahoo GC, Pandey K, Bhargava A, Negi SS, Khatri PK, Kalawat U, Biswas D, Khandelwal N, Borkakoty B, Manjushree S, Singh MP, Iravane J, Kaveri K, Shantala GB, Brijwal M, Choudhary A, Dar L, Malhotra B, Jain A. Pan-India influenza-like illness (ILI) and Severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) surveillance: epidemiological, clinical and genomic analysis. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1218292. [PMID: 37927860 PMCID: PMC10624221 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1218292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Over time, COVID-19 testing has significantly declined across the world. However, it is critical to monitor the virus through surveillance. In late 2020, WHO released interim guidance advising the use of the existing Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) for the integrated surveillance of influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Methods In July 2021, we initiated a pan-India integrated surveillance for influenza and SARS-CoV-2 through the geographically representative network of Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratories (VRDLs) across 26 hospital and laboratory sites and 70 community sites. A total of 34,260 cases of influenza-like illness (ILI) and Severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) were enrolled from 4 July 2021 to 31 October 2022. Findings Influenza A(H3) and B/Victoria dominated during 2021 monsoon season while A(H1N1)pdm09 dominated during 2022 monsoon season. The SARS-CoV-2 "variants of concern" (VoC) Delta and Omicron predominated in 2021 and 2022, respectively. Increased proportion of SARI was seen in extremes of age: 90% cases in < 1 year; 68% in 1 to 5 years and 61% in ≥ 8 years age group. Approximately 40.7% of enrolled cases only partially fulfilled WHO ILI and SARI case definitions. Influenza- and SARS-CoV-2-infected comorbid patients had higher risks of hospitalization, ICU admission, and oxygen requirement. Interpretation The results depicted the varying strains and transmission dynamics of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses over time, thus emphasizing the need to continue and expand surveillance across countries for improved decision making. The study also describes important information related to clinical outcomes of ILI and SARI patients and highlights the need to review existing WHO ILI and SARI case definitions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neetu Vijay
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Labanya Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Neeraj Aggarwal
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Nivedita Gupta
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Harmanmeet Kaur
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Jitendra Narayan
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Prabhat Kumar
- Biomedical Informatics (BMI) Division, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Biomedical Informatics (BMI) Division, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Meena Mishra
- VRDL, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
| | | | - K. Nagamani
- VRDL, Gandhi Medical College, Secunderabad, India
| | - Rahul Dhodapkar
- VRDL, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | | | | | - Agniva Majumdar
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - P. Vijayachari
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, India
| | | | | | | | - Krishna Pandey
- ICMR-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | | | | | | | - Usha Kalawat
- VRDL, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India
| | - Debasis Biswas
- VRDL, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | | | | | | | - Mini P. Singh
- VRDL, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - K. Kaveri
- VRDL, King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research, Chennai, India
| | - G. B. Shantala
- VRDL, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Megha Brijwal
- VRDL, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Lalit Dar
- VRDL, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Amita Jain
- VRDL, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, India
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Parvez R, Vijayachari P, Saha MK, Biswas L, Ramasamy J, Vins A, Beniwal N, Vasanthi S, Ramadoss S, Kaur H, Nagarajan M. Distribution of Human Papillomavirus Genotypes among the Women of South Andaman Island, India. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2765. [PMID: 37685303 PMCID: PMC10486394 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13172765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human Papillomavirus (HPV) causes various types of cancer in both men and women. Woman with HPV infection has a risk of developing invasive cervical cancer. Globally, HPV 16 and 18 were predominant. This study aims to find the distribution of various HPV types in South Andaman. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among women in South Andaman, where cervical scrapes were collected after collecting written informed consent. Detection of HPV genotypes was carried out by using a PCR assay. Further, sequencing analysis was performed using MEGA11 to identify various genotypes in this territory. RESULT Of these 1000 samples, 32 were positive for HR-HPV 16, and four were positive for HR-HPV 18. Fifteen HPV genotypes were detected using molecular evolutionary analysis. Six cases were identified with multiple genotypes. The most prevalent genotype is HPV 16 which belongs to Lineage-A and sub-lineage A2. HPV 18 identified in South Andaman belonged to the lineage A1 to A5. DISCUSSION Various HPV types were identified among women in South Andaman. Global burden of cervical cancer associated with various HPV sub-lineages. HPV-16 A1 sub-lineage was globally widespread, whereas sub-lineages A1, A2 and D1 prevailed in South Andaman. CONCLUSIONS HR-HPV identified in this study enlightens the importance of HPV vaccination among women in remote places. These findings will help to strengthen public health awareness programs and prevention strategies for women in remote areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehnuma Parvez
- ICMR—Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair 744103, India; (P.V.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (N.B.)
| | - Paluru Vijayachari
- ICMR—Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair 744103, India; (P.V.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (N.B.)
| | | | - Lipika Biswas
- ICMR—Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair 744103, India; (P.V.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (N.B.)
| | - Jawahar Ramasamy
- Aarupadai Veedu Medical College and Hospital, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation (DU), Pondicherry 607402, India;
| | - Alwin Vins
- ICMR—Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair 744103, India; (P.V.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (N.B.)
| | - Nisha Beniwal
- ICMR—Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair 744103, India; (P.V.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (N.B.)
| | - S. Vasanthi
- Vinayaka Mission Research Foundation, Salem 636308, India; (S.V.); (S.R.)
| | - Sasikala Ramadoss
- Vinayaka Mission Research Foundation, Salem 636308, India; (S.V.); (S.R.)
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Indian Council of Medical Research—Headquarters, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Muruganandam Nagarajan
- ICMR—Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair 744103, India; (P.V.); (L.B.); (A.V.); (N.B.)
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Kaur P, Borah PK, Uike PV, Mohapatra PK, Das NK, Gaigaware P, Tobgay KJ, Tushi A, Zorinsangi, Mazumdar G, Marak B, Pizi D, Chakma T, Sugunan AP, Vijayachari P, Bhardwaj RR, Arambam PC, Kutum T, Sharma A, Pal P, Shanmugapriya PC, Manivel P, Kaliyamoorthy N, Chakma J, Mathur P, Dhaliwal RS, Mahanta J, Mehendale SM. Non-communicable diseases as a major contributor to deaths in 12 tribal districts in India. Indian J Med Res 2022; 156:250-259. [PMID: 36629184 PMCID: PMC10057361 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_3332_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death in India. Although studies have reported a high prevalence of NCD in tribal populations, there are limited data pertaining mortality due to NCDs. Therefore, in this study we estimated the proportion of deaths due to NCDs among 15 yr and older age group in tribal districts in India. Methods We conducted a community-based survey in 12 districts (one per State) with more than 50 per cent tribal population. Data were collected using a verbal autopsy tool from the family member of the deceased. The estimated sample size was 452 deaths per district. We obtained the list of deaths for the reference period of one year and updated it during the survey. The cause of death was assigned using the International Classification of Diseases-10 classification and analyzed the proportions of causes of death. The age-standardized death rate (ASRD) was also estimated. Results We surveyed 5292 deaths among those above 15 years of age. Overall, NCDs accounted for 66 per cent of the deaths, followed by infectious diseases (15%) and injuries (11%). Cardiovascular diseases were the leading cause of death in 10 of the 12 sites. In East Garo Hills (18%) and Lunglei (26%), neoplasms were the leading cause of death. ASRD due to NCD ranged from 426 in Kinnaur to 756 per 100,000 in East Garo Hills. Interpretation & conclusions The findings of this community-based survey suggested that NCDs were the leading cause of death among the tribal populations in India. It is hence suggested that control of NCDs should be one of the public health priorities for tribal districts in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhdeep Kaur
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P K Borah
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Pankaj V Uike
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P K Mohapatra
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Nabajit Kr Das
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Pooja Gaigaware
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karma Jigme Tobgay
- Department of Health Care, Human Services & Family Welfare, Government of Sikkim, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
| | - Aonungdok Tushi
- Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Nagaland, Mokokchung, Nagaland, India
| | - Zorinsangi
- Health & Family Welfare Department, Government of Mizoram, Aizwal, Mizoram, India
| | | | - Bibha Marak
- Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Meghalaya, East Garo Hills, Meghalaya, India
| | - Dirang Pizi
- Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Arunachal Pradesh, East Kameng, Arunachal Pradesh, India
| | - Tapas Chakma
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - A P Sugunan
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Island
| | - P Vijayachari
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Island
| | - Rakesh R Bhardwaj
- Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Himachal Pradesh, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Probin C Arambam
- Directorate of Health Services, Government of Manipur, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Tridip Kutum
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Anand Sharma
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Piyalee Pal
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P C Shanmugapriya
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prathab Manivel
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Neelakandan Kaliyamoorthy
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Joy Chakma
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Prashant Mathur
- ICMR-National Centre for Disease Informatics & Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - R S Dhaliwal
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - J Mahanta
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Sanjay M Mehendale
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Sunish IP, Shriram AN, De A, Sugunan AP, Vijayachari P. Characterization of the anopheline vector breeding habitats: Implications for elimination of malaria in tribal inhabited Car Nicobar Island. Indian J Med Res 2022; 156:240-249. [PMID: 36629183 PMCID: PMC10057366 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_3189_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives Malaria is an important public health problem in Andaman & Nicobar archipelago. Among the three districts, Nicobar is the most endemic district where API is >2. In this district, the malaria incidence in Car Nicobar Tehsil has declined steadily over the past 10 years. A renewed initiative to consolidate this gain is being made with the ultimate objective of achieving zero indigenous transmission of malaria in Car Nicobar. So, the present study undertook a close environmental monitoring of water bodies for assessing changes in the risk potential of mosquito vector breeding habitats which can augment the elimination programme. Methods The breeding habitats of anopheline mosquitoes were sampled in 16 areas of Car Nicobar Island for eight time periods during 2017-2020. Along with anophelines, various associated water parameters (n=60) were estimated, viz. physicochemical (n=13), and biological, which included culicine mosquito immatures, insect predators (n=5), phytoplanktons (n=31) and zooplanktons (n=10). Results In the 16 study sites, overall 1126 surface water stagnating bodies constituting 21 different habitat types were surveyed. Of these, 17 were positive for anopheline breeding. Water bodies from three villages were consistently found to be positive for anopheline breeding. However, early instars of anopheline larvae were more abundant compared to the late instars. Four anopheline species were recorded, including Anopheles sundaicus, A. barbirostris, A. insulaeflorum and A. subpictus, in which 48 per cent were A. sundaicus. Multivariable analysis indicated that anopheline density was significantly higher in permanent water bodies than in temporary habitats (P<0.05) (high risk of anophelines). The highest pH (≥8.2), dissolved solids (≥0.39) levels showed significantly (P<0.05) decreased larval densities (lower risk of breeding), adjusted with breeding sites and season. Nitrite levels increased (P=0.022) larval densities. Interpretation & conclusions The present study facilitated estimating the productive period of a larval habitat enabling target larval sources to reduce adult populations. Implementing larviciding strategy before monsoon season is presumably the most cost-effective strategy. The output can be utilized for environmental monitoring of mosquito breeding risk in other malaria endemic areas, particularly where medium/large water bodies are the predominant breeding sites for malaria vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Sunish
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
| | - A N Shriram
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands; ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - Amitabha De
- Directorate of Health Services, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
| | - A P Sugunan
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
| | - P Vijayachari
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
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8
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Kaur P, Borah PK, Gaigaware P, Mohapatra PK, R Das NK, Uike PV, Tobgay KJ, Tushi A, Zorinsangi, Mazumdar G, Marak B, Pizi D, Chakma T, Sugunan AP, Vijayachari P, Bhardwaj RR, Arambam PC, Kutum T, Sharma A, Pal P, Shanmugapriya PC, Manivel P, Kaliyamoorthy N, Chakma J, Mathur P, Dhaliwal RS, Mahanta J, Mehendale SM. Preparedness of primary & secondary care health facilities for the management of non-communicable diseases in tribal population across 12 districts in India. Indian J Med Res 2022; 156:260-268. [PMID: 36629185 PMCID: PMC10057372 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_3248_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are highly prevalent in the tribal populations; however, there are limited data regarding health system preparedness to tackle NCDs among these populations. We estimated the availability of human resources, equipment, drugs, services and knowledge of doctors for NCD management in the selected tribal districts in India. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 12 districts (one from each State) with at least 50 per cent tribal population in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and eight northeastern States. Primary health centres (PHCs), community health centres (CHCs) and district/sub-district hospitals (DHs) were surveyed and data on screening and treatment services, human resources, equipment, drugs and information systems indicators were collected and analysed. The data were presented as proportions. Results In the present study 177 facilities were surveyed, including 156 PHCs/CHCs and 21 DHs. DHs and the majority (82-96%) of the PHCs/CHCs provided outpatient treatment for diabetes and hypertension. Overall, 97 per cent of PHCs/CHCs had doctors, and 78 per cent had staff nurses. The availability of digital blood pressure monitors ranged from 35 to 43 per cent, and drugs were either not available or inadequate. Among 213 doctors, three-fourths knew the correct criteria for hypertension diagnosis, and a few correctly reported diabetes diagnosis criteria. Interpretation & conclusions The results of this study suggest that the health system of the studied tribal districts was not adequately prepared to manage NCDs. The key challenges included inadequately trained workforce and a lack of equipment and drugs. It is suggested that capacity building and, procurement and distribution of equipment, drugs and information systems to track NCD patients should be the key focus areas of national programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhdeep Kaur
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P K Borah
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Pooja Gaigaware
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P K Mohapatra
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Nabajit K R Das
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Pankaj V Uike
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karma Jigme Tobgay
- Department of Health Care, Human Services & Family Welfare, Government of Sikkim, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
| | - Aonungdok Tushi
- Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Nagaland, Mokokchung, Nagaland, India
| | - Zorinsangi
- Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Mizoram, Aizwal, Mizoram, India
| | | | - Bibha Marak
- Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Meghalaya, East Garo Hills, Meghalaya, India
| | - Dirang Pizi
- Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Arunachal Pradesh, East Kameng, Arunachal Pradesh, India
| | - Tapas Chakma
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR- National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - A P Sugunan
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - P Vijayachari
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Rakesh R Bhardwaj
- Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of Himachal Pradesh, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Probin C Arambam
- Directorate of Health Services, Government of Manipur, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Tridip Kutum
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Anand Sharma
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Piyalee Pal
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P C Shanmugapriya
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prathab Manivel
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Neelakandan Kaliyamoorthy
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Joy Chakma
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Prashant Mathur
- ICMR-National Centre for Disease Informatics & Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - R S Dhaliwal
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - J Mahanta
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Sanjay M Mehendale
- Division of Non-communicable Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Sharma D, Sangal L, Vijay N, Nalavade U, Krishnasamy K, Pawar S, Kaur H, Narayan J, Rane S, Narkar M, Arumugam R, D D, Sugunan AP, Balakrishnan A, Joseph B, Turuk J, Sabat J, Sahoo P, Barde P, Sahare L, Ukey M, Kumar M, Sinha N, Bhuttoo ZA, Vijayachari P, Chander P, Sharma S, D V, L G, Sharma C, Bhatnagar P, VanderEnde K, Kaundal N, Murugan R, Haldar P, Gadkari D, Aggarwal N, Gupta N. Expansion of the measles and rubella laboratory network, India. Bull World Health Organ 2022; 100:247-255. [PMID: 35386556 PMCID: PMC8958835 DOI: 10.2471/blt.21.286999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To expand the measles and rubella laboratory network of India by integrating new laboratories. Methods In collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO), the Indian government developed a 10-step scheme to systematically expand the number of laboratories performing serological and molecular testing for measles and rubella. The Indian Council of Medical Research and WHO identified suitable laboratories based on their geographical location, willingness, preparedness, past performance and adherence to national quality control and quality assurance mechanisms. The 10-step scheme was initiated with training on measles and rubella diagnostic assays followed by testing of both measles and rubella serology and molecular unknown panels, cross-verification with reference laboratories and ended with WHO on-site accreditation. Findings After extensive training, technical support, funding and monitoring, all six selected laboratories attained passing scores of 90.0% or more in serological and molecular proficiency testing of measles and rubella. Since 2018, the laboratories are a part of the measles and rubella network of India. Within 12 months of initiation of independent reporting, the six laboratories have tested 2287 serum samples and 701 throat or nasopharyngeal swabs or urine samples. Conclusion The process led to strengthening and expansion of the network. This proficient laboratory network has helped India in scaling up serological and molecular testing of measles and rubella while ensuring high quality testing. The collaborative model developed by the Indian government with WHO can be implemented by other countries for expanding laboratory networks for surveillance of measles and rubella as well as other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Sharma
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai Unit, Mumbai, India
| | - Lucky Sangal
- Regional Office for South-East Asia, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India
| | - Neetu Vijay
- Virology Unit, Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, P.O. Box No. 4911 Ansari Nagar, New Delhi - 110029, India
| | - Uma Nalavade
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai Unit, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Shailesh Pawar
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai Unit, Mumbai, India
| | - Harmanmeet Kaur
- Virology Unit, Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, P.O. Box No. 4911 Ansari Nagar, New Delhi - 110029, India
| | - Jitendra Narayan
- Virology Unit, Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, P.O. Box No. 4911 Ansari Nagar, New Delhi - 110029, India
| | - Sneha Rane
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai Unit, Mumbai, India
| | - Manish Narkar
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai Unit, Mumbai, India
| | - Ramesh Arumugam
- King Institute of Preventive Medicine, Guindy, Chennai, India
| | - Dhanagaran D
- King Institute of Preventive Medicine, Guindy, Chennai, India
| | - A P Sugunan
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Field Unit, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | | | - Bestin Joseph
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Field Unit, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | | | | | - Prakash Sahoo
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Pradip Barde
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Lalit Sahare
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Mahendra Ukey
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Rajendra Institute of Medical Science, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Nikesh Sinha
- Rajendra Institute of Medical Science, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | | | - Paluru Vijayachari
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Punnam Chander
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Shivangi Sharma
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Venkatesha D
- Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hassan, Karnataka, India
| | - Gayathree L
- Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hassan, Karnataka, India
| | - Chethan Sharma
- Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hassan, Karnataka, India
| | - Pankaj Bhatnagar
- National Public Health Support Programme, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India
| | - Kristin VanderEnde
- National Public Health Support Programme, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India
| | - Nirmal Kaundal
- National Public Health Support Programme, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India
| | - Ratnesh Murugan
- National Public Health Support Programme, World Health Organization, New Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep Haldar
- National Health Mission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Neeraj Aggarwal
- Virology Unit, Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, P.O. Box No. 4911 Ansari Nagar, New Delhi - 110029, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Virology Unit, Division of Epidemiology & Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, P.O. Box No. 4911 Ansari Nagar, New Delhi - 110029, India
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Rajamani M, Maile A, Sugunan AP, Vijayachari P. Truenat TM - micro real-time-polymerase chain reaction for rapid diagnosis of leptospirosis at minimal resource settings. Indian J Med Res 2021; 154:115-120. [PMID: 34782537 PMCID: PMC8715686 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2539_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: The biological spectrum of leptospirosis ranges from acute undifferentiated febrile illness to severe fatal syndrome or a combination of syndromes. Diagnosis on clinical grounds alone is difficult and depends on laboratory support. However, no confirmatory tests are available, which is rapid and can be performed with minimum facilities available. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the diagnostic utility, accuracy and reproducibility of a rapid real time-PCR based method (Truenat™) for early diagnosis of leptospirosis, and its usage in low resource settings. Methods: The Truenat™ test was performed using plasma sample collected from confirmed patients and controls. DNA was extracted from plasma samples and the reaction was performed as per the manufacturer’s instructions. Leptospiral isolates were also used to assess the performance using different serovars. Results: Evaluation of the Truenat™ test with RT-PCR as the gold standard showed that Truenat™ had a sensitivity of 97.4 per cent and a specificity of 98.6 per cent. The overall agreement with RT-PCR was 98.2 per cent. Interpretation & conclusions: Our results showed that the test would be a useful tool for early diagnosis of leptospirosis in settings with minimal facilities and the test results could be obtained within an hour. This indicates that a specific therapy can be instituted during the early phase of the disease even at peripheral healthcare facilities as well during the outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rajamani
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Research, Reference & Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Anwesh Maile
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Research, Reference & Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - A P Sugunan
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Research, Reference & Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - P Vijayachari
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Research, Reference & Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
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11
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Kumar NP, Kumar A, Panneer D, Abidha S, Muthukumaravel S, Sankari T, Ajithlal PM, Mathew J, Koothradan S, Paramasivan R, Muniyaraj M, Singh H, Saxena R, Vijayachari P, Sunish IP, Shriram AN, Dutta P, Patgiri SJ, Bhattacharyya DR, Hoti SL, Chattopadhyay D, Roy S, Mahapatra N, Pati S, Chand G, Mishra AK, Barde P, Jambulingam P. Nation-wide vector surveillance on Zika and Dengue did not indicate transmission of the American lineage-pandemic Zika virus in India. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 113:119-124. [PMID: 34601144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Following the Public Health Emergency of International Concern declared on Zika by the World Health Organization during 2016, the Indian Council of Medical Research carried out nationwide vector surveillance for Zika and Dengue viruses (ZIKV and DENV) in India as a preparedness measure in 2016-19. METHODS High-risk zones distributed to 49 Districts in 14 states/union territories were included in the study. Seven ICMR institutions participated, following a standard operating protocol. Aedes specimens sampled weekly were processed by multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for ZIKV/DENV and random samples crosschecked with real-time RT-PCR for ZIKV. RESULTS Altogether, 79 492 Aedes specimens in 6492 pools were processed; 3 (0.05%) and 63 (0.97%) pools, respectively, were found positive for ZIKV and DENV. ZIKV infections were recorded in Aedes aegypti sampled during the 2018 sporadic Zika outbreak in Jaipur, Rajasthan. However, these belonged to the Asian lineage of the virus, already circulating in the country. Both Ae. aegypti and Aedes albopictus distributed to 8 states/union territories were found to be infected with DENV. Both sexes of Ae. albopictus were infected, indicating transovarial transmission. CONCLUSION This investigation evinced no active transmission of the American lineage-pandemic Zika virus in India during the pandemic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pradeep Kumar
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre Field Station, Kottayam, Kerala, India.
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - D Panneer
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - S Abidha
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre Field Station, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | | | - T Sankari
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - P M Ajithlal
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre Field Station, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Jessu Mathew
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre Field Station, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Suhana Koothradan
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre Field Station, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - R Paramasivan
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre Field Station, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Muniyaraj
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre Field Station, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Himmat Singh
- ICMR- National Institute for Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Rekha Saxena
- ICMR- National Institute for Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - P Vijayachari
- ICMR- Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman Nicobar Islands, India
| | - I P Sunish
- ICMR- Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman Nicobar Islands, India
| | - A N Shriram
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - Prafulla Dutta
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre (NE), Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | | | | | - S L Hoti
- ICMR-National Institute of Medicinal Plants Research, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - D Chattopadhyay
- ICMR-National Institute of Medicinal Plants Research, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Subarna Roy
- ICMR-National Institute of Medicinal Plants Research, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Namita Mahapatra
- ICMR- Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- ICMR- Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Gyan Chand
- ICMR- National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - A K Mishra
- ICMR- National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Pradip Barde
- ICMR- National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - P Jambulingam
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
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12
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Thomas BE, Thiruvengadam K, Vedhachalam C, A S, Rao VG, Vijayachari P, Rajiv Y, V R, Bansal AK, Indira Krishna AK, Joseph A, J AP, Hussain T, Anand P, Das P, John KR, Devi K. R, P S, S A, Dusthakeer A, J B, K. Chadha V, G. S. T, Raghunath D, Das M, Khan AM, Kaur H. Prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis among the tribal populations in India. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251519. [PMID: 34086684 PMCID: PMC8177518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance There is no concrete evidence on the burden of TB among the tribal populations across India except for few studies mainly conducted in Central India with a pooled estimation of 703/100,000 with a high degree of heterogeneity. Objective To estimate the prevalence of TB among the tribal populations in India. Design, participants, setting A survey using a multistage cluster sampling design was conducted between April 2015 and March 2020 covering 88 villages (clusters) from districts with over 70% tribal majority populations in 17 States across 6 zones of India. The sample populations included individuals ≥15 years old. Main outcome and measures Eligible participants who were screened through an interview for symptoms suggestive of pulmonary TB (PTB); Two sputum specimens were examined by smear and culture. Prevalence was estimated after multiple imputations for non-coverage and a correction factor of 1.31 was then applied to account for non-inclusion of X-ray screening. Results A total of 74532 (81.0%) of the 92038 eligible individuals were screened; 2675 (3.6%) were found to have TB symptoms or h/o ATT. The overall prevalence of PTB was 432 per 100,000 populations. The PTB prevalence per 100,000 populations was highest 625 [95% CI: 496–754] in the central zone and least 153 [95% CI: 24–281] in the west zone. Among the 17 states that were covered in this study, Odisha recorded the highest prevalence of 803 [95% CI: 504–1101] and Jammu and Kashmir the lowest 127 [95% CI: 0–310] per 100,000 populations. Findings from multiple logistic regression analysis reflected that those aged 35 years and above, with BMI <18.5 Kgs /m2, h/o ATT, smoking, and/or consuming alcohol had a higher risk of bacteriologically positive PTB. Weight loss was relatively more important symptom associated with tuberculosis among this tribal populations followed by night sweats, blood in sputum, and fever. Conclusion and relevance The overall prevalence of PTB among tribal groups is higher than the general populations with a wide variation of prevalence of PTB among the tribal groups at zone and state levels. These findings call for strengthening of the TB control efforts in tribal areas to reduce TB prevalence through tribal community/site-specific intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beena E. Thomas
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR – National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Kannan Thiruvengadam
- Department of Statistics, Epidemiology Unit, ICMR – National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Chandrasekaran Vedhachalam
- Department of Statistics, Epidemiology Unit, ICMR – National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Srividya A
- Department of Biostatistics, ICMR – Vector Control Research Centre, Pondicherry, India
| | - V. G. Rao
- Division of Communicable Diseases, ICMR – National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | - Paluru Vijayachari
- ICMR – Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| | - Yadav Rajiv
- Division of Communicable Diseases, ICMR – National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | - Raghavi V
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR – National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Avi Kumar Bansal
- Department of Epidemiology, ICMR – National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | | | - Alex Joseph
- School of Public Health, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anil Purty J
- Department of Community Medicine, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Pondicherry, India
| | - Tahziba Hussain
- ICMR – Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhuvaneshwar, India
| | - Praveen Anand
- Department of Epidemiology, ICMR – Desert Medicine Research Centre, Jodhpur, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - K. R. John
- Department of Community Medicine, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Chittoor, India
| | - Rekha Devi K.
- ICMR – Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Sunish P
- ICMR – Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| | - Azhagendran S
- Department of Social and Behavioral Research, ICMR – National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Azger Dusthakeer
- Department of Bacteriology, ICMR – National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Bhat J
- Division of Communicable Diseases, ICMR – National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | - Vineet K. Chadha
- Central Leprosy Teaching and Training Institute, Chengalpet, India
| | - Toteja G. S.
- Department of Epidemiology, ICMR – Desert Medicine Research Centre, Jodhpur, India
| | - Dasarathy Raghunath
- Tribal Task Force, ICMR – Former Dean, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India
| | - Madhuchhanda Das
- Division of Communicable Diseases (ECD), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - A. M. Khan
- Division of Communicable Diseases (ECD), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Hapreet Kaur
- Division of Communicable Diseases (ECD), Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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13
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Vanithamani S, Akino Mercy CS, Kanagavel M, Sumaiya K, Bothammal P, Saranya P, Prasad M, Ponmurugan K, Muralitharan G, Al-Dhabi NA, Verma A, Vijayachari P, Natarajaseenivasan K. Biochemical analysis of leptospiral LPS explained the difference between pathogenic and non-pathogenic serogroups. Microb Pathog 2021; 152:104738. [PMID: 33529737 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major surface antigen of Leptospira. In this study, the genes involved in the LPS biosynthesis were analyzed and compared by bioinformatics tools. Also, the chemical composition analysis of leptospiral lipopolysaccharides (LPS) extracted from 5 pathogenic serovars like Autumnalis, Australis, Ballum, Grippotyphosa, Pomona, and the nonpathogenic serovar Andamana was performed. Methods used were Limulus amebocyte lysate assay (LAL), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). LAL assay showed a significantly higher level of endotoxicity among pathogenic serovars (~0.490 EU/mL) than that of nonpathogenic Andamana (~0.102 EU/mL). FAMES analysis showed the presence of palmitic acid (C16:0), hydroxy lauric acid (3-OH-C12:0), and oleic acid (C18:0). Palmitoleic acid (C16: 1), and 3- hydroxy palmitate (3-OH-C16:0) was detected only in pathogenic serovars. In contrast myristoleic acid (C14:1) and stearic acid (C18:0) were present in Andamana. FTIR analysis revealed C-O-C stretch of esters, 3°ROH functional groups and carbohydrate vibration range were similar among pathogenic serovars. The NMR analysis reveals similarity for 6 deoxy sugars and methyl groups of Autumnalis, Australis, and Ballum. Further, the presence of palmitoleic acid and 3-hydroxy palmitate may be the significant pathogen-associated predisposing factor. This mediates high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) mediated stress response in leptospiral LPS mediated pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Vanithamani
- Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, India
| | - Charles Solomon Akino Mercy
- Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, India
| | - Murugesan Kanagavel
- Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, India
| | - Krishnamoorthi Sumaiya
- Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, India
| | - Palanisamy Bothammal
- Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, India
| | - Perumal Saranya
- Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, India
| | - Muthu Prasad
- Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, India
| | - Karuppiah Ponmurugan
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O.Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gangatharan Muralitharan
- Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, India
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O.Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashutosh Verma
- Lincoln Memorial University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, TN, 37752, USA
| | - Paluru Vijayachari
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Port Blair, 744103, India
| | - Kalimuthusamy Natarajaseenivasan
- Medical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, India; Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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Nagarajan M, Chaaithanya IK, Parvez R, Palani S, Maile A, Matta M, Vijayachari P. Atypical presentation of Hand foot mouth disease (HFMD) caused by enterovirus serotype Coxsackievirus A6, in India. JHSCI 2019. [DOI: 10.17532/jhsci.2019.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A 27-year-old male presented in the OPD of Naval Hospital in Port Blair, Andaman Islands, India, in 2011 with a history of low-grade fever associated with malaise and a pruritic skin rash. Case 2 – A 17-year-old male student reported to the OPD at Naval Hospital, Kochi Kerala, India, in August 2015. He presented with eruptions on both the palm and soles with a history of high-grade fever for the past 3–4 days. Clinically, both the cases were diagnosed as hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Both samples were tested against measles virus and varicella-zoster IgM antibodies by enzyme immunoassay and found negative. Stool sample (case 1) and lesion swab (case 2) were processed by enterovirus reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and phylogenetic analysis, and both were positive for enterovirus human coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) (untranslated region [UTR]). Phylogenetic analysis also confirmed that both the CVA6 etiology belonged to the genotype F. HFMD in adults often asymptomatic and very few patients get atypical symptoms. Clinical diagnosis is often troublesome to identify HFMD in such cases. An epidemiological surveillance/vigilance is essential to document these atypical cases in near future in developing countries like India.
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Rao C, Kaur H, Gupta N, Sabeena SP, Ambica R, Jain A, Yadav A, Dwibedi B, Malhotra B, Kakru DK, Biswas D, Savargaonkar D, Ganesan M, Sabat J, Dhingra K, Lalitha S, Valecha N, Madhavilatha P, Barde PV, Joshi PD, Sharma P, Gupta R, Ratho RK, Sidhu S, Shrivastava SS, Dutta S, Shantala GB, Imtiaz S, Sethi S, Kalawat U, Vijayachari P, Raj V, Vijay N, Borkakoty B, Barua P, Majumdar T, Arunkumar G. Geographical distribution of primary & secondary dengue cases in India - 2017: A cross-sectional multicentric study. Indian J Med Res 2019; 149:548-553. [PMID: 31411180 PMCID: PMC6676848 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_916_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives Dengue virus infection is endemic in India with all the four serotypes of dengue virus in circulation. This study was aimed to determine the geographic distribution of the primary and secondary dengue cases in India. Methods A multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted at Department of Health Research / Indian Council of Medical Research (DHR)/(ICMR) viral research and diagnostic laboratories (VRDLs) and selected ICMR institutes located in India. Only laboratory-confirmed dengue cases with date of onset of illness less than or equal to seven days were included between September and October 2017. Dengue NS1 antigen ELISA and anti-dengue IgM capture ELISA were used to diagnose dengue cases while anti-dengue IgG capture ELISA was used for identifying the secondary dengue cases. Results Of the 1372 dengue cases, 897 (65%) were classified as primary dengue and 475 (35%) as secondary dengue cases. However, the proportion varied widely geographically, with Theni, Tamil Nadu; Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh and Udupi-Manipal, Karnataka reporting more than 65 per cent secondary dengue cases while Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir reporting as low as 10 per cent of the same. The median age of primary dengue cases was 25 yr [interquartile range (IQR 17-35] while that of secondary dengue cases was 23 yr (IQR 13.5-34). Secondary dengue was around 50 per cent among the children belonging to the age group 6-10 yr while it ranged between 20-43 per cent among other age groups. Interpretation & conclusions Our findings showed a wide geographical variation in the distribution of primary and secondary dengue cases in India. It would prove beneficial to include primary and secondary dengue differentiation protocol in the national dengue surveillance programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitra Rao
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, India
| | - Harmanmeet Kaur
- Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Bengaluru, India
| | - Nivedita Gupta
- Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sasidharan Pillai Sabeena
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, India
| | - R Ambica
- Department of Microbiology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Amita Jain
- Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Ashvini Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | | | - Bharti Malhotra
- Department of Microbiology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Attached Hospitals, Jaipur, India
| | - Dalip K Kakru
- Department of Microbiology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
| | - Debasis Biswas
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | | | - M Ganesan
- Department of Microbiology, Government Theni Medical College, Theni, India
| | | | | | - S Lalitha
- Department of Microbiology, Government Theni Medical College, Theni, India
| | - Neena Valecha
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Pamireddy Madhavilatha
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India
| | - Pradip V Barde
- National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | - Piyush D Joshi
- National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | - Pratibha Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Attached Hospitals, Jaipur, India
| | - Rajarshi Gupta
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - R K Ratho
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shailpreet Sidhu
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Amritsar, India
| | | | - Shanta Dutta
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - G B Shantala
- Department of Microbiology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sheikh Imtiaz
- Department of Microbiology, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
| | - Shveta Sethi
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Usha Kalawat
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India
| | - P Vijayachari
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, India
| | - Vimal Raj
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, India
| | - Neetu Vijay
- Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Purnima Barua
- Department of Microbiology, Jorhat Medical College, Jorhat, India
| | - Tapan Majumdar
- Department of Microbiology, Agartala Government Medical College, Agartala, India
| | - Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, India
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Rahi M, Anvikar AR, Singh OP, Jambulingam P, Vijayachari P, Das A, Pati S, Narain K, Gangakhedkar RR, Dhingra N, Bhargava B. MERA India: Malaria Elimination Research Alliance India. J Vector Borne Dis 2019; 56:1-3. [PMID: 31070158 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.257766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manju Rahi
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - O P Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - P Jambulingam
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - P Vijayachari
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, India
| | - Aparup Das
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | | | - Kanwar Narain
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, India
| | | | - Neeraj Dhingra
- National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Delhi, India
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Rahi M, Das P, Jambulingam P, Vijayachari P, Das A, Pati S, Narain K, Kumar A, Gangakhedkar RR, Valecha N. ICMR research initiatives enabling malaria elimination in India. J Vector Borne Dis 2019; 56:4-10. [PMID: 31070159 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.257772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manju Rahi
- Indian Council of Medical Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Payal Das
- Indian Council of Medical Research, Puducherry, India
| | - P Jambulingam
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - P Vijayachari
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair, India
| | - Aparup Das
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, India
| | | | - Kanwar Narain
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Neena Valecha
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
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18
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Vinod Kumar K, Lall C, Raj RV, Vijayachari P. Coaggregation and biofilm formation of Leptospira with Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Immunol 2019; 63:147-150. [PMID: 31037765 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is not known how Leptospira react to wound or a cut infected with microbes, such as pathogenic Staphylococcus, or their common habitat on oral or nasal mucosal membranes. In the present study, Staphylococcus aureus MTCC-737 showed strong co-aggregation with leptospiral strains (>75%, visual score of + 4) in vitro. All tested strains of Leptospira were able to form biofilm with S. aureus. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed intertwined networks of attached cells of L. interrogans and S. aureus, thus providing evidence of a matrix-like structure. This phenomenon may have implications in Leptospira infection, which occurs via cuts and wounds of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirubakaran Vinod Kumar
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.,Department of Microbiology, Indian Academy Degree College -Autonomous, Hennur Cross, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandan Lall
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Ratchagadasse Vimal Raj
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Paluru Vijayachari
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
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19
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Lall C, Vinod Kumar K, Raj RV, Vedhagiri K, Sunish IP, Vijayachari P. Correlation Between Physicochemical Properties of Soil and Presence of Leptospira. Ecohealth 2018; 15:670-675. [PMID: 29946901 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-018-1346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an important global public health problem. Favourable environmental factors are influencing the survival of leptospires in soil, which is an important link in the transmission cycle. The present study was designed to understand the correlation between various soil nutrients and presence of Leptospira in soil samples of different regions of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The study revealed a significant positive relationship between presence of Leptospira and concentration of iron, manganese and copper in soil. Presence of iron, manganese and copper in the soil may influence the survival and transmission of leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Lall
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Post Bag No. 13, Dollygunj, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 744101, India
| | - Kirubakaran Vinod Kumar
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Post Bag No. 13, Dollygunj, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 744101, India
| | - Ratchagadasse Vimal Raj
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Post Bag No. 13, Dollygunj, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 744101, India
| | - Kumaresan Vedhagiri
- DPT - cGMP Facility, Central Research Institute, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Kasauli, Himachal Pradesh, 173 204, India
| | - Ittoop Pulikkottil Sunish
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Post Bag No. 13, Dollygunj, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 744101, India
| | - Paluru Vijayachari
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Post Bag No. 13, Dollygunj, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 744101, India.
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20
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Vimal Raj R, Vinod Kumar K, Lall C, Vedhagiri K, Sugunan AP, Sunish IP, Sharma S, Vijayachari P. Changing trend in the seroprevalence and risk factors of human leptospirosis in the South Andaman Island, India. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:683-689. [PMID: 29873192 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Seroprevalence of leptospirosis among a healthy population of the South Andaman Island was assessed through random sampling. Previous studies have high seroprevalences of up to 55% in general population and 65% in agricultural labourers. The study subjects (1,181 in total, 781 rural and 400 urban) were interviewed and tested for antibodies against Leptospira. Multivariate models were developed to determine the risk factors in the rural and the urban population. The overall seroprevalence was 10.9%, with rural (12.9%) being higher than the urban subjects (7.0%). The commonest infecting serogroup was Icterohaemorrhagiae (53.5%), followed by Grippotyphosa (13.2%). Compared to the earlier observation, seroprevalence was lower and an apparent shift in the infecting serogroup was found. This shift was in concordance with the changing trend in animal population. Significant difference in risk factors, both in rural and urban areas, was also observed. Similar trends in seroprevalence are being observed around the world. Therefore, time to time prevalence studies are needed for the development of effective control measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchagadasse Vimal Raj
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Kirubakaran Vinod Kumar
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Chandan Lall
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | | | - Attayur Purushothaman Sugunan
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Ittoop Pulikkottil Sunish
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Sameer Sharma
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Paluru Vijayachari
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
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22
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Vijayachari P, Chander MP. Ethnomedicinal knowledge among the tribes of the little Andaman Island, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Pharmacogn Mag 2018. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_585_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Parvez R, Sugunan A, Vijayachari P, Burma S, Mandal A, Saha M, Shah W. Prevalence of female genital tuberculosis, its risk factors and associated clinical features among the women of Andaman Islands, India: a community-based study. Public Health 2017; 148:56-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Vimal Raj R, Vinod Kumar K, Sugunan AP, Natarajaseenivasan K, Vijayachari P. Homologous microscopic agglutinating antibodies after natural infection with leptospires - results from a long term follow up of a cohort living in an endemic area. Pathog Glob Health 2017. [PMID: 28645237 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2017.1333782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Vimal Raj
- a Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis , Port Blair , India
| | - K Vinod Kumar
- a Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis , Port Blair , India
| | - A P Sugunan
- a Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis , Port Blair , India
| | - K Natarajaseenivasan
- b Department of Microbiology , Bharathidasan University , Tiruchirappalli , India
| | - P Vijayachari
- a Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis , Port Blair , India
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Vinod Kumar K, Lall C, Vimal Raj R, Vedhagiri K, Kartick C, Surya P, Natarajaseenivasan K, Vijayachari P. Overexpression of heat shock GroEL stress protein in leptospiral biofilm. Microb Pathog 2016; 102:8-11. [PMID: 27865827 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Leptospira is the causative agent of leptospirosis, which is an emerging zoonotic disease. Recent studies on Leptospira have demonstrated biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces. The protein expressed in the biofilm was investigated by using SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting in combination with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The proteins expressed in Leptospira biofilm and planktonic cells was analyzed and compared. Among these proteins, one (60 kDa) was found to overexpress in biofilm as compared to the planktonic cells. MALDI-TOF analysis identified this protein as stress and heat shock chaperone GroEL. Our findings demonstrate that GroEL is associated with Leptospira biofilm. GroEL is conserved, highly immunogenic and a prominent stress response protein in pathogenic Leptospira spp., which may have clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vinod Kumar
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair 744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Chandan Lall
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair 744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - R Vimal Raj
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair 744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - K Vedhagiri
- National Hub for Healthcare Instrumentation Development (NHHID), Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - C Kartick
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair 744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - P Surya
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair 744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - K Natarajaseenivasan
- Bharathidasan University, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India
| | - P Vijayachari
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair 744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.
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Chander MP, Vijayachari P. In vitro antimicrobial and anti-oxidant potentials of selected seaweeds of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. BANGL J PHARMACOL 2016. [DOI: 10.3329/bjp.v11i4.29094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Vijayachari P, Vedhagiri K, Mallilankaraman K, Mathur PP, Sardesai NY, Weiner DB, Ugen KE, Muthumani K. Immunogenicity of a novel enhanced consensus DNA vaccine encoding the leptospiral protein LipL45. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1945-53. [PMID: 26020621 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1047117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease caused by an infection with a spirochete belonging to the genus Leptospira. In animals, leptospirosis displays a wide range of pathologies, including fever, abortion, icterus, and uveitis. Conversely, infection in humans is associated with multi-organ injury, resulting in an increased rate of fatalities. Pathogenic leptospires are able to translocate through cell monolayers at a rate significantly greater than that of non-pathogenic leptospires. Thus, vaccine approaches have been focused on targeting bacterial motility, lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), lipoproteins, outer-membrane proteins (OMPs) and other potential virulence factors. Previous studies have indicated that leptospiral proteins elicit long-lasting immunological memory in infected humans. In the study reported here, the efficacy of a synthetic consensus DNA vaccine developed against the Leptospira membrane lipoprotein LipL45 was tested. After in vivo electroporation (EP) mediated intramuscular immunization with a synthetic LipL45 DNA vaccine (pLipL45) immunized mice developed a significant cellular response along with the development of anti-LipL45-specific antibodies. Specifically, the pLipL45 vaccine induced a significant Th1 type immune response, indicated by the higher production of IL-12 and IFN-γ cytokines. The results presented here are the first demonstration that a LipL45 based DNA immunogen has potential as a anti-Leptospira vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vijayachari
- a Regional Medical Research Center; Indian Council of Medical Research ; Port Blair , Andaman & Nicobar Islands , India
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Singh SS, Biswas AK, Shirley P, Vijayachari P. Chelonitoxism in Andaman and Nicobar Island: A report on mass poisoning including a death of an adult. Toxicon 2016; 118:61-3. [PMID: 27103071 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chelonitoxism is a type of seafood poisoning which usually occurs due to consumption of certain marine turtle flesh. As the pharmacology or chemistry of the toxin is still unknown, antidote or treatment to chelonitoxism is unavailable. The symptoms can vary from common gastro-intestinal symptoms to neurological manifestations and even death. This case report of community poisoning following consumption of turtle meat includes the death of an adult male (56 yrs.) being reported for the first time in the Great Nicobar Island, Andaman and Nicobar (A&N) Islands, India in August 2012. The patient encountered common gastrointestinal symptoms after one day of ingestion of green turtle flesh and later, he developed neurological symptoms and did not respond to symptomatic treatment and expired after four days after the consumption. However, out of 30 villagers who took the same food, six others developed symptoms and recovered within a period of 3-7 days while two pets (a dog and a cat) died within 24 hours as they were fed with the same food. In spite of several existing wildlife protection acts, catching a turtle and making them a source of food-celebration is quite common in coastal areas of the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal which includes A&N Islands. A proper monitoring and follow-up of the food-borne diseases along with a wide range of explorative health education protocol should be implemented especially for the people who are not reachable via media to avoid such incidents in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Singh
- GB Pant Hospital, Port Blair, A&N Island, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Biswas
- Andaman and Nicobar Institute of Medical Sciences, Port Blair, A&N Islands, India.
| | - P Shirley
- Primary Health Centre, Campbell Bay, Great Nicobar, India
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Chander MP, Kartick C, Vijayachari P. Herbal medicine & healthcare practices among Nicobarese of Nancowry group of Islands - an indigenous tribe of Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Indian J Med Res 2016; 141:720-44. [PMID: 26139792 PMCID: PMC4510773 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.159599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Tribal people often depend on herbal medicines and the traditional knowledge practitioners (TKPs) serve as their healthcare service providers. This study was an attempt to document the use of medicinal plants by the Nicobarese of Nancowry group of Islands. Methods: Field survey was conducted in all the five inhabited Islands of the Nancowry group of Islands. All the TKPs were interviewed with a questionnaire-guided ethnomedicinal survey protocol. Voucher specimens of all the cited plants (botanic species) were collected and a Community Biodiversity Register of Nicobarese of Nancowry was prepared. Results: A total of 77 TKPs were identified, who together were using 132 medicinal plant species belonging to 113 genera and 62 families. The TKPs were treating a total of 43 ailments. Seven endemic and three rare plant species were recorded. The most common plant part used was leaves. Remedies were usually prepared using water as the excipient. Routes for administration of medicinal plant preparations were oral, topical and others. The information collected from the TKPs were collated in the form of Community Biodiversity Registers. Interpretation & conclusions: The present survey shows that the medicinal plants play a pivotal role in the healthcare of the Nicobarese tribe of Nancowry group of Islands. Efforts to document the medicinal plant species and the formulations used by them are necessary to prevent the loss of this precious knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - P Vijayachari
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Port Blair, India
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Muthumani K, Block P, Flingai S, Muruganantham N, Chaaithanya IK, Tingey C, Wise M, Reuschel EL, Chung C, Muthumani A, Sarangan G, Srikanth P, Khan AS, Vijayachari P, Sardesai NY, Kim JJ, Ugen KE, Weiner DB. Rapid and Long-Term Immunity Elicited by DNA-Encoded Antibody Prophylaxis and DNA Vaccination Against Chikungunya Virus. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:369-78. [PMID: 27001960 PMCID: PMC4936642 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Vaccination and passive antibody therapies are critical for controlling infectious diseases. Passive antibody administration has limitations, including the necessity for purification and multiple injections for efficacy. Vaccination is associated with a lag phase before generation of immunity. Novel approaches reported here utilize the benefits of both methods for the rapid generation of effective immunity. Methods. A novel antibody-based prophylaxis/therapy entailing the electroporation-mediated delivery of synthetic DNA plasmids encoding biologically active anti–chikungunya virus (CHIKV) envelope monoclonal antibody (dMAb) was designed and evaluated for antiviral efficacy, as well as for the ability to overcome shortcomings inherent with conventional active vaccination and passive immunotherapy. Results. One intramuscular injection of dMAb produced antibodies in vivo more rapidly than active vaccination with an anti-CHIKV DNA vaccine. This dMAb neutralized diverse CHIKV clinical isolates and protected mice from viral challenge. Combination of dMAb and the CHIKV DNA vaccine afforded rapid and long-lived protection. Conclusions. A DNA-based dMAb strategy induced rapid protection against an emerging viral infection. This method can be combined with DNA vaccination as a novel strategy to provide both short- and long-term protection against this emerging infectious disease. These studies have implications for pathogen treatment and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuppiah Muthumani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter Block
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
| | - Seleeke Flingai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nagarajan Muruganantham
- Regional Medical Research Centers, Indian Council of Medical Research, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
| | - Itta Krishna Chaaithanya
- Regional Medical Research Centers, Indian Council of Medical Research, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
| | - Colleen Tingey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
| | - Megan Wise
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Emma L Reuschel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher Chung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Abirami Muthumani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
| | - Gopalsamy Sarangan
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Padma Srikanth
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College & Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Amir S Khan
- Inovio Pharmaceutics Inc., Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania
| | - Paluru Vijayachari
- Regional Medical Research Centers, Indian Council of Medical Research, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
| | | | - J Joseph Kim
- Inovio Pharmaceutics Inc., Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania
| | - Kenneth E Ugen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa
| | - David B Weiner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Chander MP, Vijayachari P. <i>In vitro</i> antimicrobial and anti-oxidant potentials of selected medicinal plants used by the indigenous tribes of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. BANGL J PHARMACOL 2016. [DOI: 10.3329/bjp.v11i2.26771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Lall C, Kumar KV, Raj RV, Vedhagiri K, Vijayachari P. Prevalence and Diversity of Leptospires in Different Ecological Niches of Urban and Rural Areas of South Andaman Island. Microbes Environ 2016; 31:79-82. [PMID: 26936796 PMCID: PMC4791121 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me15149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an emerging disease around the globe. South Andaman Island is an endemic region for leptospirosis. We herein compared the prevalence of leptospires in urban and rural areas of South Andaman Island. The PCR detection and isolation of Leptospira revealed that pathogenic leptospires were prevalent in sewage water and household drainage water in urban areas and in paddy fields, vegetable field water, and stream water in rural areas. These results demonstrate that intermediates are ubiquitously present in the environment and may be responsible for asymptomatic infections, and also provide an insight into disease ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Lall
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis
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Vinod Kumar K, Lall C, Raj RV, Vedhagiri K, Sunish IP, Vijayachari P. In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Pathogenic Leptospira Biofilm. Microb Drug Resist 2016; 22:511-514. [PMID: 26978023 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2015.0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Leptospira spp. are the causative agent of leptospirosis. Biofilm formation in leptospires is a new area of study, and its role in pathogenesis is not fully explored. As in other biofilm-forming bacteria, Leptospira biofilm may play a significant role in antibiotic resistance. In this study, the antimicrobial susceptibility of Leptospira biofilm was investigated by 96-well plate assay using Alamar Blue. Leptospira biofilm showed five to sixfold increase in resistance in all the strains used. The range of minimal bactericidal concentrations for penicillin G, ampicillin, tetracycline, and doxycycline was 1,600 U/ml, 800-1,600 μg/ml, 800-1,600 μg/ml, and 800-1,600 μg/ml, respectively. In agar substrate, the biofilm showed six- to sevenfold increase in resistance to antibiotics compared to planktonic cell. The present study emphasizes the importance of biofilm formation and its antibiotic susceptibility patterns. This could pave the way for devising appropriate strategy to prevent the occurrence of potential chronic leptospirosis in endemic areas and also during an outbreak situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirubakaran Vinod Kumar
- 1 Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR) , WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, India
| | - Chandan Lall
- 1 Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR) , WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, India
| | - Ratchagadasse Vimal Raj
- 1 Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR) , WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, India
| | - Kumaresan Vedhagiri
- 2 National Hub for Healthcare Instrumentation Development (NHHID), Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University , Chennai, India
| | - Ittoop Pulikkottil Sunish
- 1 Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR) , WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, India
| | - Paluru Vijayachari
- 1 Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR) , WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, India
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Vinod Kumar K, Lall C, Vimal Raj R, Vedhagiri K, Vijayachari P. Molecular detection of pathogenic leptospiral protein encoding gene (lipL32) in environmental aquatic biofilms. Lett Appl Microbiol 2016; 62:311-5. [PMID: 26643849 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease often encountered during post-monsoon season due to exposure with contaminated water. Leptospires have long been regarded as solitary organisms that persist in soil and aquatic environments. Here, the presence of leptospires in the aquatic biofilm exposed in the paddy field, sewers and stagnant rain water was demonstrated. Biofilm samples from paddy field water, submerged paddy leaves, sewers and stagnant rain waters from urban and rural areas were collected. Total genomic DNA was extracted and pathogenic leptospiral specific gene amplification was carried out to determine the spatial distribution of the bacteria. The degree of pathogenic Leptospira in biofilms from paddy field surface water, submerged leaf, were 33·3% and 27·2% respectively, whereas in rural and urban area, the sampling sites such as stagnant rain water, domestic sewer and collective sewers showed 11·1%, 13% and 16·6% with leptospires respectively. Higher proportion of pathogenic Leptospira in aquatic ecosystems, such as paddy field, could be one of the main factors for the occurrence of disease, more among the agricultural workers. This study would help to identify various survival strategies of leptospires in the environment and thus disease transmission. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Little is known regarding the mechanisms by which pathogenic leptospires persist in aqueous environment, outside the mammalian host. In this view this is the first report of the distribution of Leptospira in environmental biofilm such as sewers and paddy leaf surfaces. This ability of pathogenic Leptospira to survive in aquatic ecosystems especially in biofilms could be one of the main factors which facilitate its survival in the environment, and thus disease transmission among the risk groups, such as sewage and agriculture worker. This study will encourage researchers in the field to consider biofilm as an important factor, when detecting leptospires in environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vinod Kumar
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - C Lall
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - R Vimal Raj
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - K Vedhagiri
- National Hub for Healthcare Instrumentation Development (NHHID), Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, India
| | - P Vijayachari
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
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Sunish IP, Shriram AN, Sivan A, PremKumar A, Khan ZA, Vidhya PT, De A, Vijayachari P. Elimination of diurnally subperiodic lymphatic filariasis in remote islands of the Bay of Bengal, inhabited by the Nicobarese: do we have the strategy to complete the job? Public Health 2015; 134:95-7. [PMID: 26710664 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I P Sunish
- Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Field Unit, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt of India, Perka Village, Car Nicobar 744 301, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India.
| | - A N Shriram
- Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt of India, Post Bag No.13, Port Blair 744 101, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India.
| | - A Sivan
- Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt of India, Post Bag No.13, Port Blair 744 101, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India.
| | - A PremKumar
- Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Field Unit, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt of India, Kamorta, Nancowry Tehsil Nancowrie 744 303, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India.
| | - Z A Khan
- Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Field Unit, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt of India, Perka Village, Car Nicobar 744 301, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India.
| | - P T Vidhya
- Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt of India, Post Bag No.13, Port Blair 744 101, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India.
| | - Amitabha De
- Directorate of Health Services, Andaman and Nicobar Administration, Port Blair 744 102, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India.
| | - P Vijayachari
- Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt of India, Post Bag No.13, Port Blair 744 101, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India.
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36
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Chander MP, Pillai CR, Vijayachari P. Antimalarial efficacy of nine medicinal plants traditionally used by the Karens of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. BANGL J PHARMACOL 2015. [DOI: 10.3329/bjp.v11i1.24055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
<p class="Abstract">The aim of this study was to assess the antimalarial activity of nine medicinal plants used by Karens of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, against <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> chloroquine-sensitive MRC-2 isolate. The methanol extracts were obtained by cold percolation method and<em> in vitro</em> antimalarial activity was assessed using M-III method. The results indicated that out of nine plant species tested, four plants, viz., <em>Z. spectabilis, S. wallichiana, C. pulcherrima</em> and <em>Amomum</em> sp. demonstrated significant antimalarial activity (50% inhibitory concentration values were 5.5 ± 0.7, 12.0 ± 2.5, 14.6 ± 1.3 and 37.3 ± 2.5 μg/mL respectively) with no toxicity effect on erythrocytes.</p><p> </p>
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Chaaithanya IK, Muruganandam N, Surya P, Anwesh M, Alagarasu K, Vijayachari P. Association of Oligoadenylate Synthetase Gene Cluster and DC-SIGN (CD209) Gene Polymorphisms with Clinical Symptoms in Chikungunya Virus Infection. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 35:44-50. [PMID: 26398832 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2015.2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biology and pathogenesis of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are not clearly established. Host factors play an important role in determining the progression and severity of the disease. Polymorphisms in the promoter region of CD209 gene (rs735239, rs4804803, rs2287886) and OAS1 (rs1131454 and rs10774671), OAS2 (rs15895 and rs1732778), and OAS3 (rs2285932 and rs2072136) genes were investigated in 100 patients with CHIKV infection and 101 healthy controls to find out the association of these polymorphisms with CHIKV infection. To evaluate the association of OAS and CD209 gene polymorphisms with the presence or absence of disease symptoms in CHIKV-infected patients. DNA was extracted and typed using polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. Results revealed that the allele and genotype frequencies of OAS1, OAS3, and OAS2 gene polymorphisms were not different between healthy controls and CHIKV patients. The frequency of CD209 gene G/G genotype of rs4804803 was significantly higher in CHIKV patients compared to healthy controls (p = 0.046). The present study suggests that rs4804803 GG genotype of CD209 gene is associated with susceptibility to CHIKV infection. To conclude, the present preliminary study suggests that OAS gene cluster and CD209 gene polymorphisms influence the risk of developing clinical symptoms in CHIKV-infected patients. Further follow-up studies with a large number of samples are needed to assess the role of these genes in association with post-sequela symptoms observed in CHIKV patients. A detailed research is required in these directions to understand the biology behind CHIKV infection and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itta Krishna Chaaithanya
- 1 Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR) , Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India .,2 Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR) , Nehru Nagar, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Nagarajan Muruganandam
- 1 Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR) , Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Palani Surya
- 1 Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR) , Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Maile Anwesh
- 1 Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR) , Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Kalichamy Alagarasu
- 3 Dengue/Chikungunya Group, National Institute of Virology , Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Paluru Vijayachari
- 1 Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR) , Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
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Vijayachari P, Sugunan A, Singh S, Mathur P. Leptospirosis among the self-supporting convicts of Andaman Island during the 1920s--the first report on pulmonary haemorrhage in leptospirosis? Indian J Med Res 2015; 142:11-22. [PMID: 26261162 PMCID: PMC4557245 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.162087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Several researchers had carried out investigations on the possibility of existence of Weil's disease in Andaman Islands during early 20 th century. The first report of a series of confirmed cases of leptospirosis that occurred during 1929 was published in 1931.There were several reports during 1995 to 2009 that described detailed account of leptospirosis including various clinical syndromes. The possibility of pulmonary involvement in leptospirosis being a manifestation historically overlooked rather than newly emerged during the past two decades is examined in this review in the context of Andaman Islands. Two case series of leptospirosis, one occurred in 1929 and the other in 1996-1997 were reviewed with special emphasis on pulmonary involvement and haemorrhagic manifestations. The similarities and differences in the clinical profile of patients of the two case series were analysed. The review shows that respiratory system involvement and pulmonary haemorrhage as evidenced by presence of haemoptysis as a complication of leptospirosis was occurring during 1920s in Andaman Islands. The incidence of pulmonary involvement, however, rose from 9.4 per cent during 1929 to 52 per cent in 1996-1997. The case fatality ratio in patients with pulmonary involvement, which was 50 per cent during 1929 and 42.9 per cent during 1996-1997, was higher than that in cases without pulmonary involvement.Fever, conjunctival congestion, jaundice, vomiting, diarrhoea, hepatomagaly, haemoptysis, haematemesis and subconjunctival haemorrhage were common in both series. The case series in Andaman Islands in 1929 was probably the first report of pulmonary haemorrhage as a manifestation of leptospirosis. The increase in the incidence of pulmonary involvement in leptospirosis in the recent past is probably due to the increase in the density and diversity of its animal vectors,the broadening of the range of circulating serovars and the interactions between the vector and the agent. An increased virulence of Leptospira through gene acquisition and loss on an evolutionary time scale and the resulting change in the gene content, gene order and gene expression cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Vijayachari
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research & Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, India
| | - A.P. Sugunan
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research & Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, India
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Chander MP, Vinod Kumar K, Lall C, Vimal Raj R, Vijayachari P. GC/MS profiling, in vitro anti-leptospiral and haemolytic activities of Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf. used as a medicinal plant by Nicobarese of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Nat Prod Res 2015; 30:1190-2. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1046068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Punnam Chander
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, P.O. Box 13, Dollygunj, Port Blair 744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - K. Vinod Kumar
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, P.O. Box 13, Dollygunj, Port Blair 744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Chandan Lall
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, P.O. Box 13, Dollygunj, Port Blair 744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - R. Vimal Raj
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, P.O. Box 13, Dollygunj, Port Blair 744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - P. Vijayachari
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, P.O. Box 13, Dollygunj, Port Blair 744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
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Chander MP, Kartick C, Vijayachari P. Medicinal Plants Used by the Nicobarese Inhabiting Little Nicobar Island of the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, India. J Altern Complement Med 2015; 21:373-9. [PMID: 26133202 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2014.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study is an attempt to document the medicinal plants used by the tribal community of Little Nicobar Island. Despite modern healthcare facilities, tribals often consume medicinal herbs, with traditional knowledge practitioners (TKPs) serving as local medical experts. OBJECTIVES The aim is to conduct an ethnomedicinal survey among the Nicobarese, whose medicinal practices are yet to be documented. METHODS Field research was conducted in all five villages of Little Nicobar Island, situated in the southernmost part of the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago, during 2012-2013. Seven TKPs were interviewed using a questionnaire-guided ethnomedicinal survey protocol. The data obtained were analyzed using the informant consensus factor (ICF) and use value. Voucher specimens of all the cited plant species were deposited at the Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Port Blair. RESULTS Uses of 34 medicinal plant species, belonging to 23 families encompassing 32 genera, were recorded during the survey. These 34 species are employed to treat a total of 16 ailments. The highest ICF (1.00) was obtained for respiratory diseases. The Euphorbiaceae family exhibited the highest number of citations, and plants with the highest use values were Glochidion calocarpum Kurz, Senna occidentalis (L.) Link, Ocimum tenuiflorum L., and Passiflora suberosa L. Of the medicinal plants reported, the most common growth form was herbs. Remedies were generally prepared using water. The medicinal plant preparations were administered topically or orally. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS Traditional knowledge of herbal medicines is handed down orally through generations. These plants attained a significant role under the healthcare of the Nicobarese residing in Little Nicobar Island. Efforts to ensure their documentation are necessary in order to prevent its loss, either because of natural calamities or lack of interest among younger generations in carrying out their tradition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Punnam Chander
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis , Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Chinnaiah Kartick
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis , Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Paluru Vijayachari
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis , Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
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Sunish IP, Khan ZA, Shriram AN, Vijayachari P. Declining trend of malaria in Car Nicobar Island, inhabited by the Nicobarese tribe: Plausible factors. J Vector Borne Dis 2015; 52:178-181. [PMID: 26119553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I P Sunish
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Port Blair, India
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Vinod Kumar K, Lall C, Raj RV, Vedhagiri K, Vijayachari P. Coexistence and survival of pathogenic leptospires by formation of biofilm withAzospirillum. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2015; 91:fiv051. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiv051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Shriram A, Krishnamoorthy K, Vijayachari P. Diurnally subperiodic filariasis among the Nicobarese of Nicobar district - epidemiology, vector dynamics & prospects of elimination. Indian J Med Res 2015; 141:598-607. [PMID: 26139777 PMCID: PMC4510758 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.159537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In India diurnally subperiodic filariasis (DspWB) is prevalent only in the Nicobar district of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Studies undertaken at different points of time indicate that this form of filariasis is restricted to a small region in Nancowry group of islands where it is transmitted by mosquito Downsiomyia nivea, a day biting mosquito. Studies on prevalence, distribution, and assessment of endemicity status, vector incrimination, bioecology, host seeking behaviour, population dynamics of the vector, transmission dynamics and clinical epidemiology indicate the prevalence and persistence of this infection in the Nancowry group of islands with perennial transmission. There was no control programme in these islands, until the National programme to eliminate filariasis was launched in 2004. Eight rounds of annual mass drug administration (MDA) with diethyl carbamazine (DEC) + albendazole have been completed. Despite this, microfilaria prevalence remains at above one per cent, the level identified for initiating transmission assessment survey to decide on continuation of MDA further. This necessitates adjunct measures to the ongoing MDA programme in these islands. The vector control options could be an adjunct measure, but the vector is a forest dweller with a unique bio-ecology, therefore, not a technically feasible option. Use of DEC fortified salt for six months to one year could hasten the process of elimination. Although administration of DEC-fortified salt is simple, rapid, safe, and cost-effective, challenges are to be tackled for evolving operationally realistic strategy. Such a strategy requires commitment of all sections of the society, a distribution mechanism that ensures the use of DEC-fortified salt in the Nancowry islands. Here we discuss the plan of action to serve the indigenous communities and operationalizing DEC fortified salt strategy through an inter-sectoral approach involving multiple stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.N. Shriram
- Vector Control Research Centre (ICMR) Puducherry, India
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Mandal A, Parthasarathy G, Burma SP, Sugunan AP, Vijayachari P. Isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from sputum of tribal, non-tribal pulmonary tuberculosis patients of Andaman & Nicobar islands by conventional culture method and assessment of first line anti-tuberculosis drug susceptibility patterns. Indian J Tuberc 2015; 62:23-8. [PMID: 25857562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug resistance surveys have not yet conducted in these Islands and as such no data exists on drug resistance currently. AIMS the present study was initiated with the objective of isolation and assessment of Drug resistance patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from sputum specimens collected from different categories of Tribal, Non-Tribal pulmonary tuberculosis patients treated under DOTS and Non-DOTS program by conventional culture and Proportion sensitivity (PST) method to detect patients with Multidrug resistant strains. METHODS The investigation was hospital based laboratory surveillance study carried out for a period of 3 years at the selected hospitals of Andaman district (TB ward GB Pant Hospital at Port Blair, CHC Bamboflat at Port Blair and CHC Rangat at Rangat) and Nicobar district (CHC Nancowry at Nancowry groups of Islands), among the new cases and re-treatment cases of tuberculosis patient under DOTS program and Non-DOTS patients attended selected hospitals of Andaman & Nicobar districts chosen for the study. RESULTS 83 culture positive isolates obtained (74 identified as M. tuberculosis) from the sputum specimen of 162 cases of tuberculosis patient by conventional culture method. 60 M. tuberculosis isolates subjected to drug susceptibility test using PST method, 7 patients (11.67%) found to be Multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), resistant patterns were S + H + R + E = 1(Cat II-DOTS),H + r = 3(Cat-I DOTS = 1, Cat II-DOTS-1,Non-DOTS = 1), Rifampicin resistant alone = 2 (Non-DOTS = 1, Cat II-DOTS = 1) and R + E = 1(Cat I-DOTS). CONCLUSIONS Laboratory finding suggested that nine MDR-TB strains detected in DOTS and Non-DOTS among 60 M. tuberculosis isolates were selected for drug susceptibility testing but two isolates detected as MDR-TB from patients was already on Second line drugs treatment were not included in the MDR-TB detection criteria. Hence 7 patients (11.67%) declared to be Multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). 2 MDR-TB strains with resistant patterns H + r = 1(Cat II-DOTS), Rifampicin resistant alone = 1(Non-DOTS) detected from 12 isolates of Tribal patients from Nicobar district and 5 MDR-TB strains with resistant patterns S + H + R + E = 1 (Cat II-DOTS), H + r = 2(Cat I-DOTS = 1,Non-DOTS = 1), Rifampicin resistant alone = 1 (Cat II-DOTS) and R + E = 1(Cat I-DOTS) detected from 48 isolates of Non-Tribal patients from Andaman district. To assess the MDR-TB burden in the islands, systematic drug resistant surveillance study needs to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mandal
- Technical Assistant, Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), P.B.No-13, Dollygunj, Port Blair 744 101, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India.
| | | | - S P Burma
- Joint Secretary & State TB Officer, State TB Control Society (RNTCP), Directorate of Health Services, GB Pant Hospital, Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - A P Sugunan
- Scientist E, Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), P.B.No-13, Dollygunj, Port Blair 744 101, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
| | - P Vijayachari
- Scientist G/ Director, Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), P.B.No-13, Dollygunj, Port Blair 744 101, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
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Chander MP, Kartick C, Vijayachari P. Ethnomedicinal knowledge among Karens of Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 162:127-133. [PMID: 25557035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE This study documents the use of medicinal plants by Karens of Middle Andaman, of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In spite of the availability of modern medicines, Karens preferred herbal remedies provided by the Traditional Knowledge Practitioners (TKPs), who served as their healers. Hence, the aim of this study was to collect information from TKPs and determine the significance of plants utilized for medicinal purposes. The informant consensus factor (ICF) in relation to medicinal plants used was also estimated and analysed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Field research was conducted in three villages of Middle Andaman, inhabited by Karens, during October 2010 - February 2013. TKPs were interviewed with a questionnaire-guided ethno-medical survey protocol. The data obtained were analysed using the informant consensus factor (ICF) and use value (UV). Voucher specimens of all the cited plants were deposited at Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Port Blair. RESULTS Use of 78 medicinal plant species belonging to 71 genera encompassing 48 families was recorded during the survey. These plants were used to treat 38 different ailments, and divided into ten categories of use. The highest ICF value (0.79) was observed for infections and infestations. The Zingiberaceae and Fabaceae families exhibited the highest number of species, and the plants with the highest use values were Typha angustifolia L., Millingtonia hortensis L. f. and Piper betle L. The most common growth form observed were herbs (42%). Among the several plant parts used, leaves were mostly preferred for preparation of medicines. Water was the main excipient used for mixing the herbs. CONCLUSIONS This study documents the use of medicinal plants by Karens of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of these plants need to be studied, to confirm their efficacy and safety, and determine their potential use in modern medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Punnam Chander
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair 744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - C Kartick
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair 744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - P Vijayachari
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair 744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.
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Thamizhmani R, Rhagavan R, Sugunan AP, Vijayachari P. VIM- and IMP-type metallo-β-lactamase-producing Shigella spp. in childhood diarrhea from Andaman Islands. Infect Dis (Lond) 2015; 47:749-50. [PMID: 25768231 DOI: 10.3109/23744235.2015.1022874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ramanathan Thamizhmani
- From the Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research) , Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands
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Muruganandam N, Bhattacharya D, Chaaithanya IK, Bhattacharya H, Reesu R, Maile A, Bharathi GSJ, Sugunan AP, Vijayachari P. Emergence of influenza A (H1N1) PDM09 in the remote Islands of India--a molecular approach. Indian J Med Microbiol 2015; 33:143-6. [PMID: 25560020 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.148417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A disease outbreak of A (H1N1) PDM09 was reported in Andaman and Nicobar islands in 2009 with an attack rate of 33.5% among settler population and 26.3% among the aboriginal Nicobarese tribe. During the ongoing outbreak of A (H1N1) PDM09 disease in different parts of the world, a subject working in Dubai city of Saudi Arabia, came to Port Blair, following which the pandemic triggered for the first time in these Islands. MATERIALS AND METHODS During the period August 2009 to January 2011, 30 confirmed cases of Influenza A (H1N1) PDM09 virus infection was detected. To understand the genetic relationship, the NA gene sequences of the viruses were phylogenetically analysed together along with the virus sequence isolated from other parts of the world. RESULT Formation of multiple clusters were observed, with the sequences of Andaman Islands, mainland India, Mexico, Saudi Arabia and few other counties clustering together. The sequence analysis data revealed that there was no specific mutation conferring resistance to oseltamivir among the Andaman A (H1N1) PDM09 virus isolates. The result of phylogenetic analysis have also revealed that the A (H1N1) PDM09 virus might have spread in these remote Islands of India via the subject from Saudi Arabia/Dubai. CONCLUSION A (H1N1) PDM09 Influenza outbreak have highlighted the need to strengthen the region-specific pandemic preparedness plans and surveillance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - P Vijayachari
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands-744101, India
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Punnam Chander M, Vinod Kumar K, Shriram A, Vijayachari P. Anti-leptospiral activities of an endemic plantGlyptopetalum calocarpum(Kurz.) Prain used as a medicinal plant by Nicobarese of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Nat Prod Res 2014; 29:1575-7. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.985679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Chander MP, Kartick C, Gangadhar J, Vijayachari P. Ethno medicine and healthcare practices among Nicobarese of Car Nicobar - an indigenous tribe of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 158 Pt A:18-24. [PMID: 25305516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE This study is an attempt to document the use of medicinal plants by Nicobarese tribe from the Car Nicobar Island of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Inspite of the availability of modern healthcare facilities tribal people often take herbal medicines and Traditional Knowledge Practitioners (TKPs) serve as the local medical experts in Car Nicobar Island. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was to conduct an ethnomedicinal survey among the TKPs of Nicobarese tribe of the inhabitants of Car Nicobar Island, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS Field research was conducted in 15 villages of Car Nicobar Island during March 2011-February 2012. TKPs were interviewed with a questionnaire-guided ethnomedical survey protocol. The data obtained were quantitatively analysed using the informant consensus factor (ICF) and use value (UV). Voucher specimens of all cited plants were collected and deposited at Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Port Blair. RESULTS Use of 150 medicinal plant species, belonging to 122 genera encompassing 59 families were recorded during the survey. These 150 species are employed to treat 47 different medicinal uses, divided into nine categories of use. The highest ICF (0.68) was obtained for the gastrointestinal system. The Euphorbiaceae family exhibited the highest number of citations, and the species with the highest UVs were Morinda citrifolia L., Tabernaemontana crispa Roxb. and Colubrina asiatica (L.) Brongn. Of the medicinal plants reported, the most common growth form was shrubs (28%). Among several parts of individual plant species which are used, leaves constitute the major portion in preparation of medicines. Remedies were generally prepared using water as the excipient. CONCLUSIONS This study is an attempt to document the use of medicinal plants from the Car Nicobar Island of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Future phytochemical and pharmacological studies are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of the identified plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Punnam Chander
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, research and training in leptospirosis, Port Blair 744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - C Kartick
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, research and training in leptospirosis, Port Blair 744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - J Gangadhar
- Department of Anthropology, S. V. University, Tirupathi, 517502, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - P Vijayachari
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, research and training in leptospirosis, Port Blair 744101, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.
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Sivan A, Shriram AN, Bhattacharya D, Vijayachari P. Wolbachia endobacterium in wild population of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) and phylogeny from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. J Vector Borne Dis 2014; 51:235-238. [PMID: 25253218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - A N Shriram
- Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India
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