1
|
Hui MQ, Mi YN, Ma YF, Chen T, Cao YX. Preparation and Evaluation of Lipid Emulsion Containing 13 Vitamins for Injection Without Anaphylactoid Reactions. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:3317-3327. [PMID: 34012261 PMCID: PMC8128444 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s289596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Multivitamins containing Tween 80 can cause anaphylactoid reactions. The objective of this study was to develop a new lipid emulsion containing 13 fat- and water-soluble vitamins for injection (13V-LE) that were simultaneously dissolved in one bottle and to evaluate the stability of and anaphylactoid reactions to 13V-LE. Methods Particle size, ζ-potential, and polydispersity of 13V-LE were assayed with a Zetasizer Nano ZS. Entrapment efficiency of 13V-LE was determined with HPLC. Behavior, histamine, and blood pressure of beagle dogs were investigated by observation, fluorospectrophotometry, and sphygmomanometry. Results The 13V-LE with the smallest particles and highest entrapment efficiency with stable ζ-potential was composed of soybean oil, glycerin (2.25%, w:v), egg lecithin (1.2%, w:v), and purified water. There was no obvious change in characteristics of the 13V-LE samples in terms of appearance, size distribution, ζ-potential, pH value, or concentration over 6 months. In anaphylactoid reactions tests, when being administered with the multivitamin Infuvite Adult containing Tween 80, six beagles showed grade IV symptoms (P<0.01 vs control), low blood pressure, and high plasma-histamine concentrations (P<0.05 or P<0.01). However, there were no significant differences in behavior, blood pressure, or histamine concentration in the dogs before and after administration in the 13V-LE group. Conclusion The 13V-LE formulation is a suitable intravenous lipid emulsion without anaphylactoid reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Quan Hui
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.,Xi'an Libang Pharmaceutical, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ni Mi
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Fan Ma
- Xi'an Libang Pharmaceutical, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Chen
- Xi'an Libang Pharmaceutical, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Xiao Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mi YN, Huang TT, Zhang JX, Qin Q, Gong YX, Liu SY, Xue HM, Ning CH, Cao L, Cao YX. Estimating the instant case fatality rate of COVID-19 in China. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 97:1-6. [PMID: 32339723 PMCID: PMC7180353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A new method of estimating the instant case fatality rate of COVID-19 was established. The average case fatality rate in China was 6.1 ± 2.9%, and it finally stabilized at 5.7% in April, while it was 1% in China except Hubei Province. The fatality rate of COVID-19 in China was underestimated.
Objective The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China has been basically controlled. However, the global epidemic of COVID-19 is worsening. We established a method to estimate the instant case fatality rate (CFR) and cure rate of COVID-19 in China. Methods A total of 82 735 confirmed cases released officially by the Chinese authorities from December 8, 2019 to April 18, 2020 were collected. The estimated diagnosis dates of deaths and cured cases were calculated based on the median cure time or median death time of individual cases. Following this, the instant CFR was calculated according to the number of deaths and cured cases on the same estimated diagnosis date. Results In China, the instant CFR of COVID-19 was 3.8–14.6% from January 1 to January 17; it then declined gradually and stabilized at 5.7% in April. The average CFR in China was 6.1 ± 2.9%, while the CFR was 1.0 ± 0.4% in China except Hubei Province. The cure rate of COVID-19 was 93.9 ± 2.9% in China, and stabilized at 94.3%, while it was 99.0 ± 0.4% in China except Hubei Province. Conclusions The instant CFR of COVID-19 in China overall was much higher than that in China except Hubei Province. The CFR of COVID-19 in China was underestimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ni Mi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
| | - Ting-Ting Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
| | - Jun-Xia Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
| | - Qi Qin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
| | - Ya-Xin Gong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
| | - Si-Yu Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
| | - Hui-Min Xue
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
| | - Chang-Hua Ning
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
| | - Yong-Xiao Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mi YN, Yan PP, Di J, Cao L, Xiao X, Liu DZ, Cao YX. Label-Free Quantitative Proteomic Profiling of LAD2 Mast Cell Releasates Reveals the Mechanism of Tween-80-Induced Anaphylactoid Reaction. Proteomics Clin Appl 2020; 14:e1900065. [PMID: 32012444 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201900065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tween-80 is one of the most important causes resulting in anaphylactoid reaction. However, its mechanism remains unclear. Proteomic characterizations of mast cells' excreta in response to Tween-80 are assayed to investigate the mechanism of anaphylactoid reaction. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A label-free LCMS/MS-based proteomics is used to analyze Tween-80-stimulated Laboratory of Allergic Diseases 2 (LAD2) mast cells releasates. The results of proteomic are analyzed by bioinformatics analysis. Western blotting is used to verify the expression of proteins. RESULTS Overall, endocytosis, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and calcium signaling pathways play important roles in Tween-80-induced LAD2 cells activation by bioinformatics analysis. The expressions of relative proteins including actin-related protein 2/3 complexes, vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein, phosphorylation of transcription factor of P105 and P65, phosphorylation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3 R), phosphoinositide phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ), and protein kinase C (PKC), are significantly increased in Tween-80 group compared to control. Tween-80 might be internalized via endocytosis, which induces degranulation by PLCγ/PKC pathways mediated calcium influx, and promotes the generation of inflammatory mediators via NF-κB pathway resulting in anaphylactoid reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ni Mi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ping-Ping Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jia Di
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Dong-Zheng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yong-Xiao Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mi YN, Yan PP, Yu RH, Xiao X, Wang J, Cao L. Non-IgE-mediated hypersensitivity induced by multivitamins containing Tween-80. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 46:664-675. [PMID: 30907442 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multivitamins have been widely used for years. Adverse reactions, especially hypersensitivity, to multivitamins are becoming noteworthy. However, the classification of hypersensitivity is confusing, and the trigger is unknown. Multivitamins consist of two vials labelled vial 1 containing Tween-80 and vial 2. Multivitamins without Tween-80 were used as a contrast. Behaviouristics, histamine, IgE, and blood pressure of beagle dogs and guinea-pigs were investigated by observation, ELISA and sphygmomanometer, and degranulation and apoptotic of RBL-2H3 cells were assayed by spectrophotometry and flow cytometry. The results showed that dogs suffered from multiorgan anaphylactoid symptoms, and dramatically decreased blood pressure, and high plasma concentrations of histamine after the first administration of multivitamins and multivitamins vial 1, which contains Tween-80, compared to the control, multivitamins vial 2 or multivitamins without Tween-80. In anaphylaxis assay, guinea-pigs did not display any anaphylaxis symptoms and there were no changes in plasma histamine and IgE concentrations in the multivitamins and multivitamins vial 1 groups or in the multivitamins vial 2 and multivitamins without Tween-80 groups except ovalbumin. Compared to the control, the release of β-hexosaminidase and histamine, and the apoptosis of non-antigen-sensitized RBL-2H3 cells significantly increased in the Tween-80 and multivitamins and multivitamins vial 1 groups in a concentration-dependent manner. However, there was no alteration in multivitamins vial 2 and multivitamins without Tween-80 groups. The results indicate that the hypersensitivity induced by multivitamins may be anaphylactoid reaction, but not anaphylaxis. Multivitamin-induced release of inflammatory factors is triggered by Tween-80 through a non-IgE-mediated pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ni Mi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Ping-Ping Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui-Hong Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li J, Lei HT, Cao L, Mi YN, Li S, Cao YX. Crocin alleviates coronary atherosclerosis via inhibiting lipid synthesis and inducing M2 macrophage polarization. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 55:120-127. [PMID: 29248792 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease arising from an imbalance in lipid levels and the accumulation of cholesterol-laden macrophages in the artery wall. Crocin is an active ingredient of Crocus sativus L. This study established a rat coronary atherosclerosis model induced by vitamin D3 (VD3), to explore the effect of Crocin on lipid metabolism, macrophage polarization and the activity of inflammatory proteins. The results revealed that Crocin decreased blood lipid levels by decreasing the levels of endothelin (ET), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceridelow (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), elevating the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterin (HDL-c). Crocin also inhibited lipogenesis by suppressing the expression of lipogenesis-related proteins and elevating lipid catabolism-related proteins. Moreover, Crocin effectively alleviated inflammation by suppressing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increasing levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines. We further found that Crocin promoted macrophage polarization to the M2 phenotype by reducing M1 markers (CD40+ and CD11c+) and elevating M2 markers (CD68+ and CD206+). Finally, Crocin strongly inhibited the expression of NF-κB p65 and its translocation into the nucleus. Crocin partially counteracted nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) p65 expression and the nuclei accumulation caused by NF-κB p65 overexpression. Taken together, our research indicated that Crocin inhibited lipogenesis and alleviated the inflammation in a VD3-induced rat coronary atherosclerosis model by promoting M2 macrophage polarization and maybe by inhibiting NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. This study implicates Crocin as a potential therapeutic strategy for coronary atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong-Tao Lei
- Department of Neonatal, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan-Ni Mi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sen Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong-Xiao Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen JG, Ping NN, Liang D, Li MY, Mi YN, Li S, Cao L, Cai Y, Cao YX. The expression of bitter taste receptors in mesenteric, cerebral and omental arteries. Life Sci 2017; 170:16-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
7
|
Xiao X, Mi YN, Wang F, Zhang BH, Cao L, Cao YX. Vitamin K 1distribution following intravenous vitamin K 1-fat emulsion administration in rats. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 29:1849-58. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Yan-Ni Mi
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Fa Wang
- Shaanxi Institute for Food and Drug Control; Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Bing-Hua Zhang
- Shaanxi Institute for Food and Drug Control; Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Yong-Xiao Cao
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center; Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li S, Ping NN, Cao L, Mi YN, Cao YX. H2S induces vasoconstriction of rat cerebral arteries via cAMP/adenylyl cyclase pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 289:389-96. [PMID: 26524654 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), traditionally known for its toxic effects, is now involved in regulating vascular tone. Here we investigated the vasoconstrictive effect of H2S on cerebral artery and the underlying mechanism. Sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a donor of H2S, concentration-dependently induced vasoconstriction on basilar artery, which was enhanced in the presence of isoprenaline, a β-adrenoceptor agonist or forskolin, an adenylyl cyclase activator. Administration of NaHS attenuated the vasorelaxant effects of isoprenaline or forskolin. Meanwhile, the NaHS-induced vasoconstriction was diminished in the presence of 8B-cAMP, an analog of cAMP, but was not affected by Bay K-8644, a selective L-type Ca(2+) channel agonist. These results could be explained by the revised effects of NaHS on isoprenaline-induced cAMP elevation and forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity. Additionally, NaHS-induced vasoconstriction was enhanced by removing the endothelium or in the presence of L-NAME, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. L-NAME only partially attenuated the effect of NaHS which was given together with forskolin on the pre-contracted artery. In conclusion, H2S induces vasoconstriction of cerebral artery via, at least in part, cAMP/adenylyl cyclase pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sen Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Na-Na Ping
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
| | - Yan-Ni Mi
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Yong-Xiao Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mi YN, Ping NN, Xiao X, Zhu YB, Liu J, Cao YX. The severe adverse reaction to vitamin k1 injection is anaphylactoid reaction but not anaphylaxis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90199. [PMID: 24594861 PMCID: PMC3942416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe adverse reaction to vitamin K1 injection is always remarkable and is thought to result from anaphylaxis. Paradoxically, however, some patients administered vitamin K1 injection for the first time have adverse reactions. Using beagle dogs, the present study tested the hypothesis that the response to vitamin K1 is an anaphylactoid reaction. The results showed that serious anaphylaxis-like symptoms appeared in beagle dogs after the administration of vitamin K1 injection for the first time. The plasma histamine concentration increased, and blood pressure decreased sharply. After sensitization, dogs were challenged with vitamin K1 injection and displayed the same degree of symptoms as prior to sensitization. However, when the vitamin K1 injection-sensitized dogs were challenged with a vitamin K1-fat emulsion without solubilizers such asTween-80, the abnormal reactions did not occur. Furthermore, there was no significant change in the plasma immunoglobulin E concentration after vitamin K1 challenge. Following treatment with vitamin K1 injection, the release of histamine and β-hexosaminidase by rat basophilic leukemia-2H3 cells as well as the rate of apoptosis increased. The Tween-80 group displayed results similar to those observed following vitamin K1 injection in vivo. However, the dogs in the vitamin K1-fat emulsion group did not display any abnormal behavior or significant change in plasma histamine. Additionally, degranulation and apoptosis did not occur in rat basophilic leukemia-2H3 cells. Our results indicate that the adverse reaction induced by vitamin K1 injection is an anaphylactoid reaction, not anaphylaxis. Vitamin K1 injection induces the release of inflammatory factors via a non-IgE-mediated immune pathway, for which the trigger may be the solubilizer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ni Mi
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Na-Na Ping
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan-Bing Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong-Xiao Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|