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Ruiz F, Peter B, Rebeaud J, Vigne S, Bressoud V, Roumain M, Wyss T, Yersin Y, Wagner I, Kreutzfeldt M, Pimentel Mendes M, Kowalski C, Boivin G, Roth L, Schwaninger M, Merkler D, Muccioli GG, Hugues S, Petrova TV, Pot C. Endothelial cell-derived oxysterol ablation attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e55328. [PMID: 36715148 PMCID: PMC9986812 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The vasculature is a key regulator of leukocyte trafficking into the central nervous system (CNS) during inflammatory diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the impact of endothelial-derived factors on CNS immune responses remains unknown. Bioactive lipids, in particular oxysterols downstream of Cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (Ch25h), promote neuroinflammation but their functions in the CNS are not well-understood. Using floxed-reporter Ch25h knock-in mice, we trace Ch25h expression to CNS endothelial cells (ECs) and myeloid cells and demonstrate that Ch25h ablation specifically from ECs attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Mechanistically, inflamed Ch25h-deficient CNS ECs display altered lipid metabolism favoring polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cell (PMN-MDSC) expansion, which suppresses encephalitogenic T lymphocyte proliferation. Additionally, endothelial Ch25h-deficiency combined with immature neutrophil mobilization into the blood circulation nearly completely protects mice from EAE. Our findings reveal a central role for CNS endothelial Ch25h in promoting neuroinflammation by inhibiting the expansion of immunosuppressive myeloid cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Ruiz
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesLausanne University Hospital and University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Benjamin Peter
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesLausanne University Hospital and University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Jessica Rebeaud
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesLausanne University Hospital and University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Solenne Vigne
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesLausanne University Hospital and University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Valentine Bressoud
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesLausanne University Hospital and University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Martin Roumain
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research InstituteUCLouvain, Université Catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Tania Wyss
- Department of OncologyUniversity of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer ResearchLausanneSwitzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Yannick Yersin
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesLausanne University Hospital and University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Diagnostic DepartmentUniversity Hospitals of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Diagnostic DepartmentUniversity Hospitals of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Marisa Pimentel Mendes
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesLausanne University Hospital and University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Camille Kowalski
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyGeneva Medical SchoolGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Gael Boivin
- Radio‐Oncology Laboratory, Department of OncologyLausanne University Hospital and University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Leonard Roth
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems, Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté)University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of LübeckLuebeckGermany
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Diagnostic DepartmentUniversity Hospitals of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research InstituteUCLouvain, Université Catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Stephanie Hugues
- Department of Pathology and ImmunologyGeneva Medical SchoolGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of OncologyUniversity of Lausanne and Ludwig Institute for Cancer ResearchLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Caroline Pot
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesLausanne University Hospital and University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
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Vigne S, Duc D, Peter B, Rebeaud J, Yersin Y, Ruiz F, Bressoud V, Collet TH, Pot C. Lowering blood cholesterol does not affect neuroinflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:42. [PMID: 35130916 PMCID: PMC8822860 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02409-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disabling disease of the central nervous system (CNS) commonly affecting young adults. There is increasing evidence that environmental factors are important in the development and course of MS. The metabolic syndrome (MetS) which comprises dyslipidemia has been associated with a worse outcome in MS disease. Furthermore, the lipid-lowering drug class of statins has been proposed to improve MS disease course. However, cholesterol is also rate-limiting for myelin biogenesis and promotes remyelination in MS animal models. Thus, the impact of circulating blood cholesterol levels during the disease remains debated and controversial. Methods We assessed the role of circulating cholesterol on the murine model of MS, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) disease using two different approaches: (1) the mouse model of familial hypercholesterolemia induced by low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) deficiency, and (2) the use of the monoclonal anti-PCSK9 neutralizing antibody alirocumab, which reduces LDLr degradation and consequently lowers blood levels of cholesterol. Results Elevated blood cholesterol levels induced by LDLr deficiency did not worsen clinical symptoms of mice during EAE. In addition, we observed that the anti-PCSK9 antibody alirocumab did not influence EAE disease course, nor modulate the immune response in EAE. Conclusions These findings suggest that blood cholesterol level has no direct role in neuro-inflammatory diseases and that the previously shown protective effects of statins in MS are not related to circulating cholesterol. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02409-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solenne Vigne
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Donovan Duc
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Peter
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Rebeaud
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Yersin
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Florian Ruiz
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Valentine Bressoud
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tinh-Hai Collet
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Education, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211, Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Pot
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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Duc D, Vigne S, Bernier-Latmani J, Yersin Y, Ruiz F, Gaïa N, Leo S, Lazarevic V, Schrenzel J, Petrova TV, Pot C. Disrupting Myelin-Specific Th17 Cell Gut Homing Confers Protection in an Adoptive Transfer Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Cell Rep 2020; 29:378-390.e4. [PMID: 31597098 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common autoimmune disease of the CNS. Although an association between MS and inflammatory bowel diseases is observed, the link connecting intestinal immune responses and neuroinflammation remains unclear. Here we show that encephalitogenic Th17 cells infiltrate the colonic lamina propria before neurological symptom development in two murine MS models, active and adoptive transfer experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Specifically targeting Th17 cell intestinal homing by blocking the α4β7-integrin and its ligand MAdCAM-1 pathway impairs T cell migration to the large intestine and dampens EAE severity in the Th17 cell adoptive transfer model. Mechanistically, myelin-specific Th17 cells proliferate in the colon and affect gut microbiota composition. The beneficial effect of blocking the α4β7-integrin and its ligand MAdCAM-1 pathway on EAE is interdependent with gut microbiota. Those results show that disrupting myelin-specific Th17 cell trafficking to the large intestine harnesses neuroinflammation and suggests that the gut environment and microbiota catalyze the encephalitogenic properties of Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan Duc
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Solenne Vigne
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Jeremiah Bernier-Latmani
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Yersin
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Florian Ruiz
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Gaïa
- Genomic Research Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Leo
- Genomic Research Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir Lazarevic
- Genomic Research Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Schrenzel
- Genomic Research Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Pot
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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Vannini N, Campos V, Girotra M, Trachsel V, Rojas-Sutterlin S, Tratwal J, Ragusa S, Stefanidis E, Ryu D, Rainer PY, Nikitin G, Giger S, Li TY, Semilietof A, Oggier A, Yersin Y, Tauzin L, Pirinen E, Cheng WC, Ratajczak J, Canto C, Ehrbar M, Sizzano F, Petrova TV, Vanhecke D, Zhang L, Romero P, Nahimana A, Cherix S, Duchosal MA, Ho PC, Deplancke B, Coukos G, Auwerx J, Lutolf MP, Naveiras O. The NAD-Booster Nicotinamide Riboside Potently Stimulates Hematopoiesis through Increased Mitochondrial Clearance. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 24:405-418.e7. [PMID: 30849366 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been recently shown that increased oxidative phosphorylation, as reflected by increased mitochondrial activity, together with impairment of the mitochondrial stress response, can severely compromise hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) regeneration. Here we show that the NAD+-boosting agent nicotinamide riboside (NR) reduces mitochondrial activity within HSCs through increased mitochondrial clearance, leading to increased asymmetric HSC divisions. NR dietary supplementation results in a significantly enlarged pool of progenitors, without concurrent HSC exhaustion, improves survival by 80%, and accelerates blood recovery after murine lethal irradiation and limiting-HSC transplantation. In immune-deficient mice, NR increased the production of human leucocytes from hCD34+ progenitors. Our work demonstrates for the first time a positive effect of NAD+-boosting strategies on the most primitive blood stem cells, establishing a link between HSC mitochondrial stress, mitophagy, and stem-cell fate decision, and unveiling the potential of NR to improve recovery of patients suffering from hematological failure including post chemo- and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Vannini
- Laboratory of Regenerative Hematopoiesis, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC) & Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland.
| | - Vasco Campos
- Laboratory of Regenerative Hematopoiesis, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC) & Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mukul Girotra
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland; Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Trachsel
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shanti Rojas-Sutterlin
- Laboratory of Regenerative Hematopoiesis, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC) & Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Josefine Tratwal
- Laboratory of Regenerative Hematopoiesis, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC) & Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simone Ragusa
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Evangelos Stefanidis
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pernille Y Rainer
- Laboratory of System Biology and Genetics, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gena Nikitin
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Giger
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Terytty Y Li
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aikaterini Semilietof
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Aurelien Oggier
- Laboratory of Regenerative Hematopoiesis, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC) & Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Yersin
- Laboratory of Regenerative Hematopoiesis, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC) & Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Tauzin
- Flow Cytometry Platform, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eija Pirinen
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wan-Chen Cheng
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Joanna Ratajczak
- Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carles Canto
- Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin Ehrbar
- Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Federico Sizzano
- Nestlé Research, EPFL Innovation Park, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tatiana V Petrova
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland; Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Vanhecke
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Lianjun Zhang
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Romero
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Aimable Nahimana
- Service and Central Laboratory of Hematology, Departments of Oncology and of Laboratories, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stephane Cherix
- Service d'orthopédie et de traumatologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel A Duchosal
- Service and Central Laboratory of Hematology, Departments of Oncology and of Laboratories, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Bart Deplancke
- Laboratory of System Biology and Genetics, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Epalinges 1066, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias P Lutolf
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olaia Naveiras
- Laboratory of Regenerative Hematopoiesis, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC) & Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Service and Central Laboratory of Hematology, Departments of Oncology and of Laboratories, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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