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Tyler J, Vassiliev V, Wakely S, Weinstein A, Wells R, Wilcox P, Wilhelm A, Williams D, Zitzer B, Tetarenko A, Kimball A, Miller-Jones J, Sivakoff G. Multimessenger observations of a flaring blazar coincident with high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A. Science 2018; 361:science.aat1378. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aat1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Previous detections of individual astrophysical sources of neutrinos are limited to the Sun and the supernova 1987A, whereas the origins of the diffuse flux of high-energy cosmic neutrinos remain unidentified. On 22 September 2017, we detected a high-energy neutrino, IceCube-170922A, with an energy of ~290 tera–electron volts. Its arrival direction was consistent with the location of a known γ-ray blazar, TXS 0506+056, observed to be in a flaring state. An extensive multiwavelength campaign followed, ranging from radio frequencies to γ-rays. These observations characterize the variability and energetics of the blazar and include the detection of TXS 0506+056 in very-high-energy γ-rays. This observation of a neutrino in spatial coincidence with a γ-ray–emitting blazar during an active phase suggests that blazars may be a source of high-energy neutrinos.
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Aharonian F, Akamatsu H, Akimoto F, Allen SW, Angelini L, Audard M, Awaki H, Axelsson M, Bamba A, Bautz MW, Blandford R, Brenneman LW, Brown GV, Bulbul E, Cackett EM, Chernyakova M, Chiao MP, Coppi PS, Costantini E, De Plaa J, De Vries CP, Den Herder JW, Done C, Dotani T, Ebisawa K, Eckart ME, Enoto T, Ezoe Y, Fabian AC, Ferrigno C, Foster AR, Fujimoto R, Fukazawa Y, Furuzawa A, Galeazzi M, Gallo LC, Gandhi P, Giustini M, Goldwurm A, Gu L, Guainazzi M, Haba Y, Hagino K, Hamaguchi K, Harrus IM, Hatsukade I, Hayashi K, Hayashi T, Hayashida K, Hiraga JS, Hornschemeier A, Hoshino A, Hughes JP, Ichinohe Y, Iizuka R, Inoue H, Inoue Y, Ishida M, Ishikawa K, Ishisaki Y, Iwai M, Kaastra J, Kallman T, Kamae T, Kataoka J, Katsuda S, Kawai N, Kelley RL, Kilbourne CA, Kitaguchi T, Kitamoto S, Kitayama T, Kohmura T, Kokubun M, Koyama K, Koyama S, Kretschmar P, Krimm HA, Kubota A, Kunieda H, Laurent P, Lee SH, Leutenegger MA, Limousin OO, Loewenstein M, Long KS, Lumb D, Madejski G, Maeda Y, Maier D, Makishima K, Markevitch M, Matsumoto H, Matsushita K, Mccammon D, Mcnamara BR, Mehdipour M, Miller ED, Miller JM, Mineshige S, Mitsuda K, Mitsuishi I, Miyazawa T, Mizuno T, Mori H, Mori K, Mukai K, Murakami H, Mushotzky RF, Nakagawa T, Nakajima H, Nakamori T, Nakashima S, Nakazawa K, Nobukawa KK, Nobukawa M, Noda H, Odaka H, Ohashi T, Ohno M, Okajima T, Oshimizu K, Ota N, Ozaki M, Paerels F, Paltani S, Petre R, Pinto C, Porter FS, Pottschmidt K, Reynolds CS, Safi-Harb S, Saito S, Sakai K, Sasaki T, Sato G, Sato K, Sato R, Sawada M, Schartel N, Serlemtsos PJ, Seta H, Shidatsu M, Simionescu A, Smith RK, Soong Y, Stawarz Ł, Sugawara Y, Sugita S, Szymkowiak A, Tajima H, Takahashi H, Takahashi T, Takeda S, Takei Y, Tamagawa T, Tamura T, Tanaka T, Tanaka Y, Tanaka YT, Tashiro MS, Tawara Y, Terada Y, Terashima Y, Tombesi F, Tomida H, Tsuboi Y, Tsujimoto M, Tsunemi H, Tsuru TG, Uchida H, Uchiyama H, Uchiyama Y, Ueda S, Ueda Y, Uno S, Urry CM, Ursino E, Watanabe S, Werner N, Wilkins DR, Williams BJ, Yamada S, Yamaguchi H, Yamaoka K, Yamasaki NY, Yamauchi M, Yamauchi S, Yaqoob T, Yatsu Y, Yonetoku D, Zhuravleva I, Zoghbi A, Terasawa T, Sekido M, Takefuji K, Kawai E, Misawa H, Tsuchiya F, Yamazaki R, Kobayashi E, Kisaka S, Aoki T. Hitomi X-ray studies of Giant Radio Pulses from the Crab pulsar. Publ Astron Soc Jpn Nihon Tenmon Gakkai 2018; 70:10.1093/pasj/psx083. [PMID: 32020916 PMCID: PMC6999749 DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psx083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To search for giant X-ray pulses correlated with the giant radio pulses (GRPs) from the Crab pulsar, we performed a simultaneous observation of the Crab pulsar with the X-ray satellite Hitomi in the 2 - 300 keV band and the Kashima NICT radio observatory in the 1.4 - 1.7 GHz band with a net exposure of about 2 ks on 25 March 2016, just before the loss of the Hitomi mission. The timing performance of the Hitomi instruments was confirmed to meet the timing requirement and about 1,000 and 100 GRPs were simultaneously observed at the main and inter-pulse phases, respectively, and we found no apparent correlation between the giant radio pulses and the X-ray emission in either the main or inter-pulse phases. All variations are within the 2 sigma fluctuations of the X-ray fluxes at the pulse peaks, and the 3 sigma upper limits of variations of main- or inter-pulse GRPs are 22% or 80% of the peak flux in a 0.20 phase width, respectively, in the 2 - 300 keV band. The values become 25% or 110% for main or inter-pulse GRPs, respectively, when the phase width is restricted into the 0.03 phase. Among the upper limits from the Hitomi satellite, those in the 4.5-10 keV and the 70-300 keV are obtained for the first time, and those in other bands are consistent with previous reports. Numerically, the upper limits of main- and inter-pulse GRPs in the 0.20 phase width are about (2.4 and 9.3) ×10-11 erg cm-2, respectively. No significant variability in pulse profiles implies that the GRPs originated from a local place within the magnetosphere and the number of photon-emitting particles temporally increases. However, the results do not statistically rule out variations correlated with the GRPs, because the possible X-ray enhancement may appear due to a > 0.02% brightening of the pulse-peak flux under such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felix Aharonian
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hiroki Akamatsu
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fumie Akimoto
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601
| | - Steven W. Allen
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Lorella Angelini
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Marc Audard
- Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Écogia 16, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland
| | - Hisamitsu Awaki
- Department of Physics, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577
| | - Magnus Axelsson
- Department of Physics and Oskar Klein Center, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm,Sweden
| | - Aya Bamba
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033
| | - Marshall W. Bautz
- Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Roger Blandford
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Laura W. Brenneman
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Gregory V. Brown
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Esra Bulbul
- Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Edward M. Cackett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, 666 W. Hancock St, Detroit,MI 48201, USA
| | - Maria Chernyakova
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Meng P. Chiao
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Paolo S. Coppi
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8120, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8101, USA
| | - Elisa Costantini
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle De Plaa
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cor P. De Vries
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem Den Herder
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Done
- Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Tadayasu Dotani
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Ken Ebisawa
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Megan E. Eckart
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Teruaki Enoto
- Department of Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502
- The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8302
| | - Yuichiro Ezoe
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397
| | - Andrew C. Fabian
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK
| | - Carlo Ferrigno
- Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Écogia 16, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland
| | - Adam R. Foster
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ryuichi Fujimoto
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192
| | - Yasushi Fukazawa
- School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526
| | | | - Massimiliano Galeazzi
- Physics Department, University of Miami, 1320 Campo Sano Dr., Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Luigi C. Gallo
- Department of Astronomy and Physics, Saint Mary’s University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 3C3, Canada
| | - Poshak Gandhi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Margherita Giustini
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Goldwurm
- Laboratoire APC, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
- CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Liyi Gu
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Guainazzi
- European Space Research and Technology Center, Keplerlaan 1 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Yoshito Haba
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aichi University of Education, 1 Hirosawa,Igaya-cho, Kariya, Aichi 448-8543
| | - Kouichi Hagino
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Kenji Hamaguchi
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle,Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Ilana M. Harrus
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle,Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Isamu Hatsukade
- Department of Applied Physics and Electronic Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192
| | - Katsuhiro Hayashi
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Takayuki Hayashi
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602
| | - Kiyoshi Hayashida
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho,Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043
| | - Junko S. Hiraga
- Department of Physics, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337
| | - Ann Hornschemeier
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Akio Hoshino
- Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501
| | - John P. Hughes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Yuto Ichinohe
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397
| | - Ryo Iizuka
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Hajime Inoue
- Meisei University, 2-1-1 Hodokubo, Hino, Tokyo 191-8506
| | - Yoshiyuki Inoue
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Manabu Ishida
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Kumi Ishikawa
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Yoshitaka Ishisaki
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397
| | - Masachika Iwai
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Jelle Kaastra
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Kallman
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Tsuneyoshi Kamae
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033
| | - Jun Kataoka
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555
| | - Satoru Katsuda
- Department of Physics, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8551
| | - Nobuyuki Kawai
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo152-8550
| | - Richard L. Kelley
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | | | - Takao Kitaguchi
- School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526
| | - Shunji Kitamoto
- Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501
| | - Tetsu Kitayama
- Department of Physics, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510
| | - Takayoshi Kohmura
- Department of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510
| | - Motohide Kokubun
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Katsuji Koyama
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-Cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502
| | - Shu Koyama
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Peter Kretschmar
- European Space Astronomy Center, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hans A. Krimm
- Universities Space Research Association, 7178 Columbia Gateway Drive, Columbia, MD 21046, USA
- National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Blvd, Arlington, VA 22230, USA
| | - Aya Kubota
- Department of Electronic Information Systems, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama, Saitama 337-8570
| | - Hideyo Kunieda
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602
| | - Philippe Laurent
- Laboratoire APC, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
- CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Shiu-Hang Lee
- Department of Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502
| | | | | | - Michael Loewenstein
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Knox S. Long
- Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - David Lumb
- European Space Research and Technology Center, Keplerlaan 1 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Greg Madejski
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yoshitomo Maeda
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Daniel Maier
- Laboratoire APC, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
- CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Kazuo Makishima
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198
| | - Maxim Markevitch
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Hironori Matsumoto
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho,Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043
| | - Kyoko Matsushita
- Department of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601
| | - Dan Mccammon
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Brian R. Mcnamara
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Missagh Mehdipour
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eric D. Miller
- Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jon M. Miller
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, 1085 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shin Mineshige
- Department of Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502
| | - Kazuhisa Mitsuda
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Ikuyuki Mitsuishi
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602
| | - Takuya Miyazawa
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son Okinawa, 904-0495
| | - Tsunefumi Mizuno
- School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526
| | - Hideyuki Mori
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Koji Mori
- Department of Applied Physics and Electronic Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192
| | - Koji Mukai
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle,Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Hiroshi Murakami
- Faculty of Liberal Arts, Tohoku Gakuin University, 2-1-1 Tenjinzawa, Izumi-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-3193
| | | | - Takao Nakagawa
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Hiroshi Nakajima
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho,Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043
| | - Takeshi Nakamori
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-8560
| | - Shinya Nakashima
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198
| | - Kazuhiro Nakazawa
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033
| | - Kumiko K. Nobukawa
- Department of Physics, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoyanishi-machi, Nara, Nara 630-8506
| | - Masayoshi Nobukawa
- Department of Teacher Training and School Education, Nara University of Education, Takabatake-cho, Nara, Nara 630-8528
| | - Hirofumi Noda
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramakiazaaoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578
- Astronomical Institute, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramakiazaaoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578
| | - Hirokazu Odaka
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Takaya Ohashi
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397
| | - Masanori Ohno
- School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526
| | - Takashi Okajima
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Kenya Oshimizu
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570
| | - Naomi Ota
- Department of Physics, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoyanishi-machi, Nara, Nara 630-8506
| | - Masanobu Ozaki
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Frits Paerels
- Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, 550 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Stéphane Paltani
- Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Écogia 16, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland
| | - Robert Petre
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Ciro Pinto
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK
| | - Frederick S. Porter
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Katja Pottschmidt
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle,Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | | | - Samar Safi-Harb
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Shinya Saito
- Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501
| | - Kazuhiro Sakai
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Toru Sasaki
- Department of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601
| | - Goro Sato
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Kosuke Sato
- Department of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601
| | - Rie Sato
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Makoto Sawada
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258
| | - Norbert Schartel
- European Space Astronomy Center, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter J. Serlemtsos
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Hiromi Seta
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397
| | - Megumi Shidatsu
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198
| | - Aurora Simionescu
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Randall K. Smith
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yang Soong
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Łukasz Stawarz
- Astronomical Observatory of Jagiellonian University, ul. Orla 171, 30-244 Kraków, Poland
| | - Yasuharu Sugawara
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Satoshi Sugita
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo152-8550
| | - Andrew Szymkowiak
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8120, USA
| | - Hiroyasu Tajima
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601
| | - Hiromitsu Takahashi
- School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526
| | - Tadayuki Takahashi
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Shiníchiro Takeda
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son Okinawa, 904-0495
| | - Yoh Takei
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Toru Tamagawa
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198
| | - Takayuki Tamura
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Takaaki Tanaka
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-Cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502
| | - Yasuo Tanaka
- Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse 1, 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Yasuyuki T. Tanaka
- School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526
| | - Makoto S. Tashiro
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570
| | - Yuzuru Tawara
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602
| | - Yukikatsu Terada
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570
| | - Yuichi Terashima
- Department of Physics, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577
| | - Francesco Tombesi
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Hiroshi Tomida
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Yohko Tsuboi
- Department of Physics, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8551
| | - Masahiro Tsujimoto
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Hiroshi Tsunemi
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho,Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043
| | - Takeshi Go Tsuru
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-Cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502
| | - Hiroyuki Uchida
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-Cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502
| | - Hideki Uchiyama
- Faculty of Education, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529
| | - Yasunobu Uchiyama
- Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501
| | - Shutaro Ueda
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Yoshihiro Ueda
- Department of Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502
| | - Shiníchiro Uno
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Nihon Fukushi University , 26-2 Higashi Haemi-cho, Handa,Aichi 475-0012
| | - C. Megan Urry
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8120, USA
| | - Eugenio Ursino
- Physics Department, University of Miami, 1320 Campo Sano Dr., Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Shin Watanabe
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Norbert Werner
- School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526
- MTA-Eötvös University Lendület Hot Universe Research Group, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Department of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Dan R. Wilkins
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brian J. Williams
- Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Shinya Yamada
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397
| | - Hiroya Yamaguchi
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Kazutaka Yamaoka
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601
| | - Noriko Y. Yamasaki
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Makoto Yamauchi
- Department of Applied Physics and Electronic Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192
| | - Shigeo Yamauchi
- Department of Physics, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoyanishi-machi, Nara, Nara 630-8506
| | - Tahir Yaqoob
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle,Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Yoichi Yatsu
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo152-8550
| | - Daisuke Yonetoku
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192
| | - Irina Zhuravleva
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Abderahmen Zoghbi
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, 1085 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Toshio Terasawa
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198
| | - Mamoru Sekido
- Kashima Space Technology Center, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kashima, Ibaraki 314-8501
| | - Kazuhiro Takefuji
- Kashima Space Technology Center, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kashima, Ibaraki 314-8501
| | - Eiji Kawai
- Kashima Space Technology Center, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kashima, Ibaraki 314-8501
| | - Hiroaki Misawa
- Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578
| | - Fuminori Tsuchiya
- Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578
| | - Ryo Yamazaki
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258
| | - Shota Kisaka
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258
| | - Takahiro Aoki
- The Research Institute for Time Studies, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511
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