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Marin F, Churazov E, Khabibullin I, Ferrazzoli R, Di Gesu L, Barnouin T, Di Marco A, Middei R, Vikhlinin A, Costa E, Soffitta P, Muleri F, Sunyaev R, Forman W, Kraft R, Bianchi S, Donnarumma I, Petrucci PO, Enoto T, Agudo I, Antonelli LA, Bachetti M, Baldini L, Baumgartner WH, Bellazzini R, Bongiorno SD, Bonino R, Brez A, Bucciantini N, Capitanio F, Castellano S, Cavazzuti E, Chen CT, Ciprini S, De Rosa A, Del Monte E, Di Lalla N, Doroshenko V, Dovčiak M, Ehlert SR, Evangelista Y, Fabiani S, Garcia JA, Gunji S, Hayashida K, Heyl J, Ingram A, Iwakiri W, Jorstad SG, Kaaret P, Karas V, Kitaguchi T, Kolodziejczak JJ, Krawczynski H, La Monaca F, Latronico L, Liodakis I, Maldera S, Manfreda A, Marinucci A, Marscher AP, Marshall HL, Massaro F, Matt G, Mitsuishi I, Mizuno T, Negro M, Ng CY, O'Dell SL, Omodei N, Oppedisano C, Papitto A, Pavlov GG, Peirson AL, Perri M, Pesce-Rollins M, Pilia M, Possenti A, Poutanen J, Puccetti S, Ramsey BD, Rankin J, Ratheesh A, Roberts OJ, Romani RW, Sgrò C, Slane P, Spandre G, Swartz D, Tamagawa T, Tavecchio F, Taverna R, Tawara Y, Tennant AF, Thomas NE, Tombesi F, Trois A, Tsygankov SS, Turolla R, Vink J, Weisskopf MC, Wu K, Xie F, Zane S. X-ray polarization evidence for a 200-year-old flare of Sgr A . Nature 2023:10.1038/s41586-023-06064-x. [PMID: 37344593 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The centre of the Milky Way Galaxy hosts a black hole with a solar mass of about 4 million (Sagittarius A* (Sgr A)) that is very quiescent at present with a luminosity many orders of magnitude below those of active galactic nuclei1. Reflection of X-rays from Sgr A* by dense gas in the Galactic Centre region offers a means to study its past flaring activity on timescales of hundreds and thousands of years2. The shape of the X-ray continuum and the strong fluorescent iron line observed from giant molecular clouds in the vicinity of Sgr A* are consistent with the reflection scenario3-5. If this interpretation is correct, the reflected continuum emission should be polarized6. Here we report observations of polarized X-ray emission in the direction of the molecular clouds in the Galactic Centre using the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer. We measure a polarization degree of 31% ± 11%, and a polarization angle of -48° ± 11°. The polarization angle is consistent with Sgr A* being the primary source of the emission, and the polarization degree implies that some 200 years ago, the X-ray luminosity of Sgr A* was briefly comparable to that of a Seyfert galaxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Marin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Eugene Churazov
- Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Garching, Germany
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ildar Khabibullin
- Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Garching, Germany
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Universitäts-Sternwarte, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Thibault Barnouin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Riccardo Middei
- Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Rome, Italy
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
| | - Alexey Vikhlinin
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Enrico Costa
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Soffitta
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Muleri
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | - Rashid Sunyaev
- Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Garching, Germany
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - William Forman
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ralph Kraft
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stefano Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Iván Agudo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Lucio A Antonelli
- Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Rome, Italy
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
| | | | - Luca Baldini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Raffaella Bonino
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Brez
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Niccolò Bucciantini
- INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Florence, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Fiamma Capitanio
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Chien-Ting Chen
- Science and Technology Institute, Universities Space Research Association, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Stefano Ciprini
- Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ettore Del Monte
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | - Niccolò Di Lalla
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Victor Doroshenko
- Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michal Dovčiak
- Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | | | - Yuri Evangelista
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Fabiani
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Jeremy Heyl
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adam Ingram
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Wataru Iwakiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
- International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Svetlana G Jorstad
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Astrophysics, St. Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Philip Kaaret
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Vladimir Karas
- Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Henric Krawczynski
- Physics Department and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fabio La Monaca
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Ioannis Liodakis
- Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Simone Maldera
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Manfreda
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Alan P Marscher
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Herman L Marshall
- MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Francesco Massaro
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgio Matt
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Ikuyuki Mitsuishi
- Graduate School of Science, Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tsunefumi Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Michela Negro
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - C-Y Ng
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | | | - Nicola Omodei
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chiara Oppedisano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - George G Pavlov
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Abel L Peirson
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matteo Perri
- Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Rome, Italy
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
| | | | - Maura Pilia
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Selargius, Italy
| | | | - Juri Poutanen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - John Rankin
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | - Ajay Ratheesh
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | - Oliver J Roberts
- Science and Technology Institute, Universities Space Research Association, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Roger W Romani
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Carmelo Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrick Slane
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gloria Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Doug Swartz
- Science and Technology Institute, Universities Space Research Association, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | | | | | - Roberto Taverna
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Yuzuru Tawara
- Graduate School of Science, Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | - Francesco Tombesi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Alessio Trois
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Selargius, Italy
| | - Sergey S Tsygankov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Roberto Turolla
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
| | - Jacco Vink
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy & GRAPPA, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kinwah Wu
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
| | - Fei Xie
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Silvia Zane
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
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2
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Taverna R, Turolla R, Muleri F, Heyl J, Zane S, Baldini L, González-Caniulef D, Bachetti M, Rankin J, Caiazzo I, Di Lalla N, Doroshenko V, Errando M, Gau E, Kırmızıbayrak D, Krawczynski H, Negro M, Ng M, Omodei N, Possenti A, Tamagawa T, Uchiyama K, Weisskopf MC, Agudo I, Antonelli LA, Baumgartner WH, Bellazzini R, Bianchi S, Bongiorno SD, Bonino R, Brez A, Bucciantini N, Capitanio F, Castellano S, Cavazzuti E, Ciprini S, Costa E, De Rosa A, Del Monte E, Di Gesu L, Di Marco A, Donnarumma I, Dovčiak M, Ehlert SR, Enoto T, Evangelista Y, Fabiani S, Ferrazzoli R, Garcia JA, Gunji S, Hayashida K, Iwakiri W, Jorstad SG, Karas V, Kitaguchi T, Kolodziejczak JJ, La Monaca F, Latronico L, Liodakis I, Maldera S, Manfreda A, Marin F, Marinucci A, Marscher AP, Marshall HL, Matt G, Mitsuishi I, Mizuno T, Ng SCY, O’Dell SL, Oppedisano C, Papitto A, Pavlov GG, Peirson AL, Perri M, Pesce-Rollins M, Pilia M, Poutanen J, Puccetti S, Ramsey BD, Ratheesh A, Romani RW, Sgrò C, Slane P, Soffitta P, Spandre G, Tavecchio F, Tawara Y, Tennant AF, Thomas NE, Tombesi F, Trois A, Tsygankov SS, Vink J, Wu K, Xie F. Polarized x-rays from a magnetar. Science 2022; 378:646-650. [DOI: 10.1126/science.add0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Magnetars are neutron stars with ultra-strong magnetic fields, which can be observed in x-rays. Polarization measurements could provide information on their magnetic fields and surface properties. We observe polarized x-rays from the magnetar 4U 0142+61 using the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer, finding a linear polarization degree of 13.5 ± 0.8% averaged over the 2 to 8 keV band. The polarization changes with energy: the degree is 15.0 ± 1.0% at 2 to 4 keV, drops below the instrumental sensitivity around 4 to 5 keV, and rises to 35.2 ± 7.1% at 5.5 to 8 keV. The polarization angle also changes by 90° around 4 to 5 keV. These results are consistent with a model in which thermal radiation from the magnetar surface is reprocessed by scattering off charged particles in the magnetosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Taverna
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Padova I-35131, Italy
| | - Roberto Turolla
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Padova I-35131, Italy
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary Dorking RH5 6NT, UK
| | - Fabio Muleri
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | - Jeremy Heyl
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Silvia Zane
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary Dorking RH5 6NT, UK
| | - Luca Baldini
- Dipartimento di Fisica Enrico Fermi, Università di Pisa, Pisa I-56127, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sezione di Pisa, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | - Denis González-Caniulef
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Matteo Bachetti
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, INAF, Selargius I-09047, Italy
| | - John Rankin
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | - Ilaria Caiazzo
- Theoretical AstroPhysics Including Relativity and Cosmology, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Niccolò Di Lalla
- Deparment of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Victor Doroshenko
- Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Manel Errando
- Physics Department and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Ephraim Gau
- Physics Department and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Demet Kırmızıbayrak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Henric Krawczynski
- Physics Department and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Michela Negro
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Mason Ng
- Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nicola Omodei
- Deparment of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrea Possenti
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, INAF, Selargius I-09047, Italy
| | - Toru Tamagawa
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Keisuke Uchiyama
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | | | - Ivan Agudo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Lucio A. Antonelli
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, INAF, Monte Porzio Catone 00040, Italy
- Space Science Data Center (SSDC), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Roma 00133, Italy
| | | | - Ronaldo Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sezione di Pisa, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | - Stefano Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
| | | | - Raffaella Bonino
- INFN Sezione di Torino, Torino 10125, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Alessandro Brez
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sezione di Pisa, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | - Niccolò Bucciantini
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, INAF, Firenze 50125, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
- INFN Sezione di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Fiamma Capitanio
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | - Simone Castellano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sezione di Pisa, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Ciprini
- Space Science Data Center (SSDC), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Roma 00133, Italy
- INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma 00133, Italy
| | - Enrico Costa
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Rosa
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | - Ettore Del Monte
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Di Marco
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | | | - Michal Dovčiak
- Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14100 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Steven R. Ehlert
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
| | - Teruaki Enoto
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yuri Evangelista
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | - Sergio Fabiani
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ferrazzoli
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | | | - Shuichi Gunji
- Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata-shi 990-8560, Japan
| | | | - Wataru Iwakiri
- Department of Physics, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Svetlana G. Jorstad
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Laboratory of Observational Astrophysics, St. Petersburg University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Vladimir Karas
- Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14100 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Takao Kitaguchi
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | | | - Fabio La Monaca
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | | | - Ioannis Liodakis
- Finnish Centre for Astronomy with the European Southern Observatory, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Alberto Manfreda
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sezione di Pisa, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | - Frédéric Marin
- Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Alan P. Marscher
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Herman L. Marshall
- Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Giorgio Matt
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
| | - Ikuyuki Mitsuishi
- Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tsunefumi Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Stephen C.-Y. Ng
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | | | | | - Alessandro Papitto
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, INAF, Monte Porzio Catone 00040, Italy
| | - George G. Pavlov
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA
| | - Abel L. Peirson
- Deparment of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matteo Perri
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, INAF, Monte Porzio Catone 00040, Italy
- Space Science Data Center (SSDC), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Roma 00133, Italy
| | | | - Maura Pilia
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, INAF, Selargius I-09047, Italy
| | - Juri Poutanen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Simonetta Puccetti
- Space Science Data Center (SSDC), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Roma 00133, Italy
| | - Brian D. Ramsey
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
| | - Ajay Ratheesh
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | - Roger W. Romani
- Deparment of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carmelo Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sezione di Pisa, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | - Patrick Slane
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Paolo Soffitta
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | - Gloria Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sezione di Pisa, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | | | - Yuzuru Tawara
- Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Allyn F. Tennant
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
| | | | - Francesco Tombesi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma 00133, Italy
| | - Alessio Trois
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, INAF, Selargius I-09047, Italy
| | - Sergey S. Tsygankov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Jacco Vink
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kinwah Wu
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary Dorking RH5 6NT, UK
| | - Fei Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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3
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Krawczynski H, Muleri F, Dovčiak M, Veledina A, Rodriguez Cavero N, Svoboda J, Ingram A, Matt G, Garcia JA, Loktev V, Negro M, Poutanen J, Kitaguchi T, Podgorný J, Rankin J, Zhang W, Berdyugin A, Berdyugina SV, Bianchi S, Blinov D, Capitanio F, Di Lalla N, Draghis P, Fabiani S, Kagitani M, Kravtsov V, Kiehlmann S, Latronico L, Lutovinov AA, Mandarakas N, Marin F, Marinucci A, Miller JM, Mizuno T, Molkov SV, Omodei N, Petrucci PO, Ratheesh A, Sakanoi T, Semena AN, Skalidis R, Soffitta P, Tennant AF, Thalhammer P, Tombesi F, Weisskopf MC, Wilms J, Zhang S, Agudo I, Antonelli LA, Bachetti M, Baldini L, Baumgartner WH, Bellazzini R, Bongiorno SD, Bonino R, Brez A, Bucciantini N, Castellano S, Cavazzuti E, Ciprini S, Costa E, De Rosa A, Del Monte E, Di Gesu L, Di Marco A, Donnarumma I, Doroshenko V, Ehlert SR, Enoto T, Evangelista Y, Ferrazzoli R, Gunji S, Hayashida K, Heyl J, Iwakiri W, Jorstad SG, Karas V, Kolodziejczak JJ, La Monaca F, Liodakis I, Maldera S, Manfreda A, Marscher AP, Marshall HL, Mitsuishi I, Ng CY, O’Dell SL, Oppedisano C, Papitto A, Pavlov GG, Peirson AL, Perri M, Pesce-Rollins M, Pilia M, Possenti A, Puccetti S, Ramsey BD, Romani RW, Sgrò C, Slane P, Spandre G, Tamagawa T, Tavecchio F, Taverna R, Tawara Y, Thomas NE, Trois A, Tsygankov S, Turolla R, Vink J, Wu K, Xie F, Zane S. Polarized x-rays constrain the disk-jet geometry in the black hole x-ray binary Cygnus X-1. Science 2022; 378:650-654. [DOI: 10.1126/science.add5399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A black hole x-ray binary (XRB) system forms when gas is stripped from a normal star and accretes onto a black hole, which heats the gas sufficiently to emit x-rays. We report a polarimetric observation of the XRB Cygnus X-1 using the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer. The electric field position angle aligns with the outflowing jet, indicating that the jet is launched from the inner x-ray emitting region. The polarization degree is 4.01 ± 0.20% at 2 to 8 kiloelectronvolts, implying that the accretion disk is viewed closer to edge-on than the binary orbit. The observations reveal that hot x-ray emitting plasma is spatially extended in a plane perpendicular to the jet axis, not parallel to the jet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henric Krawczynski
- Department of Physics and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Fabio Muleri
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Michal Dovčiak
- Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14100 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Veledina
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics (Nordita), Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH) Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Nicole Rodriguez Cavero
- Department of Physics and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jiri Svoboda
- Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14100 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Ingram
- School of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Giorgio Matt
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Javier A. Garcia
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Vladislav Loktev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Michela Negro
- Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Juri Poutanen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Takao Kitaguchi
- Rikagaku Kenkyūjyo (RIKEN) Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jakub Podgorný
- Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14100 Praha 4, Czech Republic
- Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7550, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Astronomical Institute, Charles University, 18000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - John Rankin
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Wenda Zhang
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Andrei Berdyugin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Svetlana V. Berdyugina
- Leibniz-Institut für Sonnenphysik, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Istituto Ricerche Solari (IRSOL) Aldo e Cele Daccò, Faculty of Informatics, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6605 Locarno, Switzerland
- Euler Institute, Faculty of Informatics, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6962 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Dmitry Blinov
- Institute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Fiamma Capitanio
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Niccolò Di Lalla
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paul Draghis
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sergio Fabiani
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Masato Kagitani
- School of Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, 980-8578 Sendai, Japan
| | - Vadim Kravtsov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sebastian Kiehlmann
- Institute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Luca Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Nikos Mandarakas
- Institute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Frédéric Marin
- Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7550, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Jon M. Miller
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tsunefumi Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Sergey V. Molkov
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Nicola Omodei
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pierre-Olivier Petrucci
- Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ajay Ratheesh
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Takeshi Sakanoi
- School of Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, 980-8578 Sendai, Japan
| | - Andrei N. Semena
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Raphael Skalidis
- Institute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Paolo Soffitta
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Phillipp Thalhammer
- Dr. Karl Remeis Observatory, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 96049 Bamberg, Germany
| | - Francesco Tombesi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata,” 00133 Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” 00133 Roma, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | | | - Joern Wilms
- Dr. Karl Remeis Observatory, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 96049 Bamberg, Germany
| | - Sixuan Zhang
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Iván Agudo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Lucio A. Antonelli
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Roma, Italy
- Space Science Data Center, ASI, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Matteo Bachetti
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, 09047 Selargius, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luca Baldini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Ronaldo Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Raffaella Bonino
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Brez
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Niccolò Bucciantini
- INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, 50125 Firenze, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Simone Castellano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Ciprini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” 00133 Roma, Italy
- Space Science Data Center, ASI, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Enrico Costa
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Rosa
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Ettore Del Monte
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Di Marco
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Victor Doroshenko
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Teruaki Enoto
- Rikagaku Kenkyūjyo (RIKEN) Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yuri Evangelista
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ferrazzoli
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Shuichi Gunji
- Department of Physics, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata-shi 990-8560, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hayashida
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jeremy Heyl
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wataru Iwakiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Svetlana G. Jorstad
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Astrophysics, St. Petersburg State University, Petrodvoretz, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir Karas
- Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14100 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | | | - Fabio La Monaca
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Ioannis Liodakis
- Finnish Centre for Astronomy with the European Southern Observatory (ESO), 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Simone Maldera
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Manfreda
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alan P. Marscher
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Herman L. Marshall
- Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ikuyuki Mitsuishi
- Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Chi-Yung Ng
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | | | - Chiara Oppedisano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Papitto
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Roma, Italy
| | - George G. Pavlov
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Abel L. Peirson
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matteo Perri
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Roma, Italy
- Space Science Data Center, ASI, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Maura Pilia
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, 09047 Selargius, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Possenti
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, 09047 Selargius, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Brian D. Ramsey
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
| | - Roger W. Romani
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carmelo Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrick Slane
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Gloria Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Toru Tamagawa
- Astronomical Institute, Charles University, 18000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Roberto Taverna
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Yuzuru Tawara
- Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | | | - Alessio Trois
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, 09047 Selargius, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sergey Tsygankov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Roberto Turolla
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - Jacco Vink
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kinwah Wu
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - Fei Xie
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Silvia Zane
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
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4
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Liodakis I, Marscher AP, Agudo I, Berdyugin AV, Bernardos MI, Bonnoli G, Borman GA, Casadio C, Casanova V, Cavazzuti E, Rodriguez Cavero N, Di Gesu L, Di Lalla N, Donnarumma I, Ehlert SR, Errando M, Escudero J, García-Comas M, Agís-González B, Husillos C, Jormanainen J, Jorstad SG, Kagitani M, Kopatskaya EN, Kravtsov V, Krawczynski H, Lindfors E, Larionova EG, Madejski GM, Marin F, Marchini A, Marshall HL, Morozova DA, Massaro F, Masiero JR, Mawet D, Middei R, Millar-Blanchaer MA, Myserlis I, Negro M, Nilsson K, O’Dell SL, Omodei N, Pacciani L, Paggi A, Panopoulou GV, Peirson AL, Perri M, Petrucci PO, Poutanen J, Puccetti S, Romani RW, Sakanoi T, Savchenko SS, Sota A, Tavecchio F, Tinyanont S, Vasilyev AA, Weaver ZR, Zhovtan AV, Antonelli LA, Bachetti M, Baldini L, Baumgartner WH, Bellazzini R, Bianchi S, Bongiorno SD, Bonino R, Brez A, Bucciantini N, Capitanio F, Castellano S, Ciprini S, Costa E, De Rosa A, Del Monte E, Di Marco A, Doroshenko V, Dovčiak M, Enoto T, Evangelista Y, Fabiani S, Ferrazzoli R, Garcia JA, Gunji S, Hayashida K, Heyl J, Iwakiri W, Karas V, Kitaguchi T, Kolodziejczak JJ, La Monaca F, Latronico L, Maldera S, Manfreda A, Marinucci A, Matt G, Mitsuishi I, Mizuno T, Muleri F, Ng SCY, Oppedisano C, Papitto A, Pavlov GG, Pesce-Rollins M, Pilia M, Possenti A, Ramsey BD, Rankin J, Ratheesh A, Sgró C, Slane P, Soffitta P, Spandre G, Tamagawa T, Taverna R, Tawara Y, Tennant AF, Thomas NE, Tombesi F, Trois A, Tsygankov S, Turolla R, Vink J, Weisskopf MC, Wu K, Xie F, Zane S. Polarized blazar X-rays imply particle acceleration in shocks. Nature 2022; 611:677-681. [PMID: 36418451 PMCID: PMC9684068 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05338-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Most of the light from blazars, active galactic nuclei with jets of magnetized plasma that point nearly along the line of sight, is produced by high-energy particles, up to around 1 TeV. Although the jets are known to be ultimately powered by a supermassive black hole, how the particles are accelerated to such high energies has been an unanswered question. The process must be related to the magnetic field, which can be probed by observations of the polarization of light from the jets. Measurements of the radio to optical polarization-the only range available until now-probe extended regions of the jet containing particles that left the acceleration site days to years earlier1-3, and hence do not directly explore the acceleration mechanism, as could X-ray measurements. Here we report the detection of X-ray polarization from the blazar Markarian 501 (Mrk 501). We measure an X-ray linear polarization degree ΠX of around 10%, which is a factor of around 2 higher than the value at optical wavelengths, with a polarization angle parallel to the radio jet. This points to a shock front as the source of particle acceleration and also implies that the plasma becomes increasingly turbulent with distance from the shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Liodakis
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, FI-20014, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Alan P. Marscher
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Iván Agudo
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - Andrei V. Berdyugin
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria I. Bernardos
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - Giacomo Bonnoli
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain ,grid.450217.5INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Merate (LC), Italy
| | - George A. Borman
- Crimean Astrophysical Observatory RAS, P/O Nauchny, Nauchnij, Crimea
| | - Carolina Casadio
- grid.4834.b0000 0004 0635 685XInstitute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Voutes, Heraklion, Greece ,grid.8127.c0000 0004 0576 3437Department of Physics, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Víctor Casanova
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - Elisabetta Cavazzuti
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, Roma, Italy
| | - Nicole Rodriguez Cavero
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Physics Department and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Laura Di Gesu
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, Roma, Italy
| | - Niccoló Di Lalla
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Immacolata Donnarumma
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, Roma, Italy
| | - Steven R. Ehlert
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Manel Errando
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Physics Department and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Juan Escudero
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - Maya García-Comas
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Agís-González
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - César Husillos
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - Jenni Jormanainen
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, FI-20014, University of Turku, Turku, Finland ,grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Svetlana G. Jorstad
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA USA ,grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Laboratory of Observational Astrophysics, St Petersburg University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Masato Kagitani
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Graduate School of Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Evgenia N. Kopatskaya
- grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Astronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vadim Kravtsov
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Henric Krawczynski
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Physics Department and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Elina Lindfors
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, FI-20014, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Elena G. Larionova
- grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Astronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Grzegorz M. Madejski
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University and SLAC, Menlo Park, CA USA
| | - Frédéric Marin
- grid.440483.f0000 0000 9383 4469Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alessandro Marchini
- grid.9024.f0000 0004 1757 4641Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, Astronomical Observatory, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Herman L. Marshall
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Daria A. Morozova
- grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Astronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Francesco Massaro
- grid.470222.10000 0004 7471 9712Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, , Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy ,grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Dimitri Mawet
- grid.20861.3d0000000107068890California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Riccardo Middei
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Roma, Italy ,grid.463298.20000 0001 2168 8201INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | | | | | - Michela Negro
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST), Greenbelt, MD USA ,grid.266673.00000 0001 2177 1144Department of Physics and Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Kari Nilsson
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, FI-20014, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Stephen L. O’Dell
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Nicola Omodei
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Luigi Pacciani
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Paggi
- grid.470222.10000 0004 7471 9712Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, , Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy ,grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy ,grid.436940.cINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy
| | | | - Abel L. Peirson
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Matteo Perri
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Roma, Italy ,grid.463298.20000 0001 2168 8201INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | | | - Juri Poutanen
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland ,grid.426428.e0000 0004 0405 8736Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Simonetta Puccetti
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, Roma, Italy
| | - Roger W. Romani
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Takeshi Sakanoi
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Graduate School of Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sergey S. Savchenko
- grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Astronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia ,grid.4886.20000 0001 2192 9124Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhnii Arkhyz, Russia ,grid.437494.90000 0000 9168 8058Pulkovo Observatory, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alfredo Sota
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Samaporn Tinyanont
- grid.205975.c0000 0001 0740 6917University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA USA
| | - Andrey A. Vasilyev
- grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Astronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Zachary R. Weaver
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Alexey V. Zhovtan
- Crimean Astrophysical Observatory RAS, P/O Nauchny, Nauchnij, Crimea
| | - Lucio A. Antonelli
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Roma, Italy ,grid.463298.20000 0001 2168 8201INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | - Matteo Bachetti
- grid.437052.70000 0001 0096 8079INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Selargius (CA), Italy
| | - Luca Baldini
- grid.470216.6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy ,grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Wayne H. Baumgartner
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Ronaldo Bellazzini
- grid.470216.6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Bianchi
- grid.8509.40000000121622106Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Universitá degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
| | - Stephen D. Bongiorno
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Raffaella Bonino
- grid.470222.10000 0004 7471 9712Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, , Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy ,grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Brez
- grid.470216.6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Niccoló Bucciantini
- grid.426239.80000 0000 9176 4495INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Firenze, Italy ,grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universitá degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy ,grid.470204.5Q30265285Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Fiamma Capitanio
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Simone Castellano
- grid.470216.6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Ciprini
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Roma, Italy ,grid.470219.9Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Enrico Costa
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Rosa
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Ettore Del Monte
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Di Marco
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Victor Doroshenko
- grid.426428.e0000 0004 0405 8736Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia ,grid.10392.390000 0001 2190 1447Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michal Dovčiak
- grid.423799.20000 0004 0385 3578Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ondřejov, Czech Republic
| | - Teruaki Enoto
- grid.7597.c0000000094465255RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuri Evangelista
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Sergio Fabiani
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ferrazzoli
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Javier A. Garcia
- grid.20861.3d0000000107068890California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Shuichi Gunji
- grid.268394.20000 0001 0674 7277Yamagata University, Yamagata-shi, Japan
| | | | - Jeremy Heyl
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
| | - Wataru Iwakiri
- grid.443595.a0000 0001 2323 0843Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Vladimir Karas
- grid.423799.20000 0004 0385 3578Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ondřejov, Czech Republic
| | - Takao Kitaguchi
- grid.7597.c0000000094465255RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Fabio La Monaca
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Luca Latronico
- grid.470222.10000 0004 7471 9712Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, , Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Maldera
- grid.470222.10000 0004 7471 9712Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, , Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Manfreda
- grid.470216.6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Marinucci
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, Roma, Italy
| | - Giorgio Matt
- grid.8509.40000000121622106Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Universitá degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
| | - Ikuyuki Mitsuishi
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XGraduate School of Science, Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tsunefumi Mizuno
- grid.257022.00000 0000 8711 3200Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Fabio Muleri
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Stephen C.-Y. Ng
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Chiara Oppedisano
- grid.470222.10000 0004 7471 9712Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, , Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Papitto
- grid.463298.20000 0001 2168 8201INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | - George G. Pavlov
- grid.29857.310000 0001 2097 4281Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | | | - Maura Pilia
- grid.437052.70000 0001 0096 8079INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Selargius (CA), Italy
| | - Andrea Possenti
- grid.437052.70000 0001 0096 8079INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Selargius (CA), Italy
| | - Brian D. Ramsey
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - John Rankin
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Ajay Ratheesh
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Carmelo Sgró
- grid.470216.6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrick Slane
- grid.455754.20000 0001 1781 4754Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Paolo Soffitta
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Gloria Spandre
- grid.470216.6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Toru Tamagawa
- grid.7597.c0000000094465255RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan
| | - Roberto Taverna
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Yuzuru Tawara
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XGraduate School of Science, Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Allyn F. Tennant
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Nicolas E. Thomas
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Francesco Tombesi
- grid.6530.00000 0001 2300 0941Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessio Trois
- grid.437052.70000 0001 0096 8079INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Selargius (CA), Italy
| | - Sergey Tsygankov
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland ,grid.426428.e0000 0004 0405 8736Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roberto Turolla
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
| | - Jacco Vink
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy & GRAPPA, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin C. Weisskopf
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Kinwah Wu
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
| | - Fei Xie
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy ,grid.256609.e0000 0001 2254 5798Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Silvia Zane
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
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5
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Santoni M, Tombesi F, Cimadamore A, Montironi R, Piva F. Conceptual Analogies Between Multi-Scale Feeding and Feedback Cycles in Supermassive Black Hole and Cancer Environments. Front Oncol 2021; 11:634818. [PMID: 34046340 PMCID: PMC8144721 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.634818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adopting three physically-motivated scales (“micro” – “meso” – “macro”, which refer to mpc – kpc – Mpc, respectively) is paramount for achieving a unified theory of multiphase active galactic nuclei feeding and feedback, and it represents a keystone for astrophysical simulations and observations in the upcoming years. In order to promote this multi-scale idea, we have decided to adopt an interdisciplinary approach, exploring the possible conceptual similarities between supermassive black hole feeding and feedback cycles and the dynamics occurring in human cancer microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Tombesi
- Physics Department, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Astronomical Observatory of Rome, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy.,Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland Department of Astronomy, College Park, Maryland, MD, United States.,National Aeronautics and Space Administration/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States
| | - Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Piva
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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6
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Fukumura K, Kazanas D, Shrader C, Behar E, Tombesi F, Contopoulos I. Variable Nature of Magnetically-Driven Ultra-Fast Outflows. Astrophys J Lett 2018; 864:10.3847/2041-8213/aadd10. [PMID: 32021683 PMCID: PMC6999734 DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aadd10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Among a number of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) that drive ionized outflows in X-rays, a low-redshift (z = 0.184) quasar, PDS 456, is long known to exhibit one of the exemplary ultra-fast outflows (UFOs). However, the physical process of acceleration mechanism is yet to be definitively constrained. In this work, we model the variations of the Fe K UFO properties in PDS 456 over many epochs in X-ray observations in the context of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) accretion-disk winds employed in our earlier studies of similar X-ray absorbers. We applied the model to the 2013/2014 XMM-Newton/NuSTAR spectra to determine the UFO's condition; namely, velocity, ionization parameter, column density and equivalent width (EW). Under some provisions on the dependence of X-ray luminosity on the accretion rate applicable to near-Eddington state, our photoionization calculations, coupled to a 2.5-dimensional MHD-driven wind model, can further reproduce the observed correlations of the UFO velocity and the anti-correlation of its EW with X-ray strength of PDS 456. This work demonstrates that UFOs, even without radiative pressure, can be driven as an extreme case purely by magnetic interaction while also producing the observed spectrum and correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Fukumura
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807
| | - Demosthenes Kazanas
- Astrophysics Science Division, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - Chris Shrader
- Astrophysics Science Division, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771
- Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064
| | - Ehud Behar
- Department of Physics, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Francesco Tombesi
- Astrophysics Science Division, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771
- Department of Astronomy and CRESST, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742
- Department of Physics, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
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7
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Aharonian F, Akamatsu H, Akimoto F, Allen SW, Angelini L, Audard M, Awaki H, Axelsson M, Bamba A, Bautz MW, Blandford R, Brenneman LW, Brown GV, Bulbul E, Cackett EM, Chernyakova M, Chiao MP, Coppi PS, Costantini E, De Plaa J, De Vries CP, Den Herder JW, Done C, Dotani T, Ebisawa K, Eckart ME, Enoto T, Ezoe Y, Fabian AC, Ferrigno C, Foster AR, Fujimoto R, Fukazawa Y, Furuzawa A, Galeazzi M, Gallo LC, Gandhi P, Giustini M, Goldwurm A, Gu L, Guainazzi M, Haba Y, Hagino K, Hamaguchi K, Harrus IM, Hatsukade I, Hayashi K, Hayashi T, Hayashida K, Hiraga JS, Hornschemeier A, Hoshino A, Hughes JP, Ichinohe Y, Iizuka R, Inoue H, Inoue Y, Ishida M, Ishikawa K, Ishisaki Y, Iwai M, Kaastra J, Kallman T, Kamae T, Kataoka J, Katsuda S, Kawai N, Kelley RL, Kilbourne CA, Kitaguchi T, Kitamoto S, Kitayama T, Kohmura T, Kokubun M, Koyama K, Koyama S, Kretschmar P, Krimm HA, Kubota A, Kunieda H, Laurent P, Lee SH, Leutenegger MA, Limousin OO, Loewenstein M, Long KS, Lumb D, Madejski G, Maeda Y, Maier D, Makishima K, Markevitch M, Matsumoto H, Matsushita K, Mccammon D, Mcnamara BR, Mehdipour M, Miller ED, Miller JM, Mineshige S, Mitsuda K, Mitsuishi I, Miyazawa T, Mizuno T, Mori H, Mori K, Mukai K, Murakami H, Mushotzky RF, Nakagawa T, Nakajima H, Nakamori T, Nakashima S, Nakazawa K, Nobukawa KK, Nobukawa M, Noda H, Odaka H, Ohashi T, Ohno M, Okajima T, Oshimizu K, Ota N, Ozaki M, Paerels F, Paltani S, Petre R, Pinto C, Porter FS, Pottschmidt K, Reynolds CS, Safi-Harb S, Saito S, Sakai K, Sasaki T, Sato G, Sato K, Sato R, Sawada M, Schartel N, Serlemtsos PJ, Seta H, Shidatsu M, Simionescu A, Smith RK, Soong Y, Stawarz Ł, Sugawara Y, Sugita S, Szymkowiak A, Tajima H, Takahashi H, Takahashi T, Takeda S, Takei Y, Tamagawa T, Tamura T, Tanaka T, Tanaka Y, Tanaka YT, Tashiro MS, Tawara Y, Terada Y, Terashima Y, Tombesi F, Tomida H, Tsuboi Y, Tsujimoto M, Tsunemi H, Tsuru TG, Uchida H, Uchiyama H, Uchiyama Y, Ueda S, Ueda Y, Uno S, Urry CM, Ursino E, Watanabe S, Werner N, Wilkins DR, Williams BJ, Yamada S, Yamaguchi H, Yamaoka K, Yamasaki NY, Yamauchi M, Yamauchi S, Yaqoob T, Yatsu Y, Yonetoku D, Zhuravleva I, Zoghbi A, Terasawa T, Sekido M, Takefuji K, Kawai E, Misawa H, Tsuchiya F, Yamazaki R, Kobayashi E, Kisaka S, Aoki T. Hitomi X-ray studies of Giant Radio Pulses from the Crab pulsar. Publ Astron Soc Jpn Nihon Tenmon Gakkai 2018; 70:10.1093/pasj/psx083. [PMID: 32020916 PMCID: PMC6999749 DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psx083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To search for giant X-ray pulses correlated with the giant radio pulses (GRPs) from the Crab pulsar, we performed a simultaneous observation of the Crab pulsar with the X-ray satellite Hitomi in the 2 - 300 keV band and the Kashima NICT radio observatory in the 1.4 - 1.7 GHz band with a net exposure of about 2 ks on 25 March 2016, just before the loss of the Hitomi mission. The timing performance of the Hitomi instruments was confirmed to meet the timing requirement and about 1,000 and 100 GRPs were simultaneously observed at the main and inter-pulse phases, respectively, and we found no apparent correlation between the giant radio pulses and the X-ray emission in either the main or inter-pulse phases. All variations are within the 2 sigma fluctuations of the X-ray fluxes at the pulse peaks, and the 3 sigma upper limits of variations of main- or inter-pulse GRPs are 22% or 80% of the peak flux in a 0.20 phase width, respectively, in the 2 - 300 keV band. The values become 25% or 110% for main or inter-pulse GRPs, respectively, when the phase width is restricted into the 0.03 phase. Among the upper limits from the Hitomi satellite, those in the 4.5-10 keV and the 70-300 keV are obtained for the first time, and those in other bands are consistent with previous reports. Numerically, the upper limits of main- and inter-pulse GRPs in the 0.20 phase width are about (2.4 and 9.3) ×10-11 erg cm-2, respectively. No significant variability in pulse profiles implies that the GRPs originated from a local place within the magnetosphere and the number of photon-emitting particles temporally increases. However, the results do not statistically rule out variations correlated with the GRPs, because the possible X-ray enhancement may appear due to a > 0.02% brightening of the pulse-peak flux under such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felix Aharonian
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Hiroki Akamatsu
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fumie Akimoto
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601
| | - Steven W. Allen
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Lorella Angelini
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Marc Audard
- Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Écogia 16, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland
| | - Hisamitsu Awaki
- Department of Physics, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577
| | - Magnus Axelsson
- Department of Physics and Oskar Klein Center, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm,Sweden
| | - Aya Bamba
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033
| | - Marshall W. Bautz
- Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Roger Blandford
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Laura W. Brenneman
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Gregory V. Brown
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Esra Bulbul
- Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Edward M. Cackett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, 666 W. Hancock St, Detroit,MI 48201, USA
| | - Maria Chernyakova
- Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Meng P. Chiao
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Paolo S. Coppi
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8120, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8101, USA
| | - Elisa Costantini
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle De Plaa
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cor P. De Vries
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem Den Herder
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Done
- Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Tadayasu Dotani
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Ken Ebisawa
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Megan E. Eckart
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Teruaki Enoto
- Department of Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502
- The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8302
| | - Yuichiro Ezoe
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397
| | - Andrew C. Fabian
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK
| | - Carlo Ferrigno
- Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Écogia 16, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland
| | - Adam R. Foster
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ryuichi Fujimoto
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192
| | - Yasushi Fukazawa
- School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526
| | | | - Massimiliano Galeazzi
- Physics Department, University of Miami, 1320 Campo Sano Dr., Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Luigi C. Gallo
- Department of Astronomy and Physics, Saint Mary’s University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 3C3, Canada
| | - Poshak Gandhi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Margherita Giustini
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Goldwurm
- Laboratoire APC, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
- CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Liyi Gu
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Guainazzi
- European Space Research and Technology Center, Keplerlaan 1 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Yoshito Haba
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aichi University of Education, 1 Hirosawa,Igaya-cho, Kariya, Aichi 448-8543
| | - Kouichi Hagino
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Kenji Hamaguchi
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle,Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Ilana M. Harrus
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle,Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Isamu Hatsukade
- Department of Applied Physics and Electronic Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192
| | - Katsuhiro Hayashi
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Takayuki Hayashi
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602
| | - Kiyoshi Hayashida
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho,Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043
| | - Junko S. Hiraga
- Department of Physics, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337
| | - Ann Hornschemeier
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Akio Hoshino
- Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501
| | - John P. Hughes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Yuto Ichinohe
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397
| | - Ryo Iizuka
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Hajime Inoue
- Meisei University, 2-1-1 Hodokubo, Hino, Tokyo 191-8506
| | - Yoshiyuki Inoue
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Manabu Ishida
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Kumi Ishikawa
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Yoshitaka Ishisaki
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397
| | - Masachika Iwai
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Jelle Kaastra
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Kallman
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Tsuneyoshi Kamae
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033
| | - Jun Kataoka
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555
| | - Satoru Katsuda
- Department of Physics, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8551
| | - Nobuyuki Kawai
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo152-8550
| | - Richard L. Kelley
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | | | - Takao Kitaguchi
- School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526
| | - Shunji Kitamoto
- Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501
| | - Tetsu Kitayama
- Department of Physics, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510
| | - Takayoshi Kohmura
- Department of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510
| | - Motohide Kokubun
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Katsuji Koyama
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-Cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502
| | - Shu Koyama
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Peter Kretschmar
- European Space Astronomy Center, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hans A. Krimm
- Universities Space Research Association, 7178 Columbia Gateway Drive, Columbia, MD 21046, USA
- National Science Foundation, 4201 Wilson Blvd, Arlington, VA 22230, USA
| | - Aya Kubota
- Department of Electronic Information Systems, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama, Saitama 337-8570
| | - Hideyo Kunieda
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602
| | - Philippe Laurent
- Laboratoire APC, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
- CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Shiu-Hang Lee
- Department of Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502
| | | | | | - Michael Loewenstein
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Knox S. Long
- Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - David Lumb
- European Space Research and Technology Center, Keplerlaan 1 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Greg Madejski
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yoshitomo Maeda
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Daniel Maier
- Laboratoire APC, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, 75013 Paris, France
- CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Kazuo Makishima
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198
| | - Maxim Markevitch
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Hironori Matsumoto
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho,Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043
| | - Kyoko Matsushita
- Department of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601
| | - Dan Mccammon
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Brian R. Mcnamara
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Missagh Mehdipour
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbonnelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eric D. Miller
- Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jon M. Miller
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, 1085 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shin Mineshige
- Department of Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502
| | - Kazuhisa Mitsuda
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Ikuyuki Mitsuishi
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602
| | - Takuya Miyazawa
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son Okinawa, 904-0495
| | - Tsunefumi Mizuno
- School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526
| | - Hideyuki Mori
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Koji Mori
- Department of Applied Physics and Electronic Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192
| | - Koji Mukai
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle,Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Hiroshi Murakami
- Faculty of Liberal Arts, Tohoku Gakuin University, 2-1-1 Tenjinzawa, Izumi-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-3193
| | | | - Takao Nakagawa
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Hiroshi Nakajima
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho,Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043
| | - Takeshi Nakamori
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-8560
| | - Shinya Nakashima
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198
| | - Kazuhiro Nakazawa
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033
| | - Kumiko K. Nobukawa
- Department of Physics, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoyanishi-machi, Nara, Nara 630-8506
| | - Masayoshi Nobukawa
- Department of Teacher Training and School Education, Nara University of Education, Takabatake-cho, Nara, Nara 630-8528
| | - Hirofumi Noda
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramakiazaaoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578
- Astronomical Institute, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramakiazaaoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578
| | - Hirokazu Odaka
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Takaya Ohashi
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397
| | - Masanori Ohno
- School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526
| | - Takashi Okajima
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Kenya Oshimizu
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570
| | - Naomi Ota
- Department of Physics, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoyanishi-machi, Nara, Nara 630-8506
| | - Masanobu Ozaki
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Frits Paerels
- Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, 550 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Stéphane Paltani
- Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d’Écogia 16, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland
| | - Robert Petre
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Ciro Pinto
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA, UK
| | - Frederick S. Porter
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Katja Pottschmidt
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle,Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | | | - Samar Safi-Harb
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Shinya Saito
- Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501
| | - Kazuhiro Sakai
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Toru Sasaki
- Department of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601
| | - Goro Sato
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Kosuke Sato
- Department of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601
| | - Rie Sato
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Makoto Sawada
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258
| | - Norbert Schartel
- European Space Astronomy Center, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter J. Serlemtsos
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Hiromi Seta
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397
| | - Megumi Shidatsu
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198
| | - Aurora Simionescu
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Randall K. Smith
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yang Soong
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Łukasz Stawarz
- Astronomical Observatory of Jagiellonian University, ul. Orla 171, 30-244 Kraków, Poland
| | - Yasuharu Sugawara
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Satoshi Sugita
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo152-8550
| | - Andrew Szymkowiak
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8120, USA
| | - Hiroyasu Tajima
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601
| | - Hiromitsu Takahashi
- School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526
| | - Tadayuki Takahashi
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Shiníchiro Takeda
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son Okinawa, 904-0495
| | - Yoh Takei
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Toru Tamagawa
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198
| | - Takayuki Tamura
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Takaaki Tanaka
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-Cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502
| | - Yasuo Tanaka
- Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse 1, 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Yasuyuki T. Tanaka
- School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526
| | - Makoto S. Tashiro
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570
| | - Yuzuru Tawara
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602
| | - Yukikatsu Terada
- Department of Physics, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570
| | - Yuichi Terashima
- Department of Physics, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577
| | - Francesco Tombesi
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Hiroshi Tomida
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Yohko Tsuboi
- Department of Physics, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8551
| | - Masahiro Tsujimoto
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Hiroshi Tsunemi
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho,Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043
| | - Takeshi Go Tsuru
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-Cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502
| | - Hiroyuki Uchida
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-Cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502
| | - Hideki Uchiyama
- Faculty of Education, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529
| | - Yasunobu Uchiyama
- Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501
| | - Shutaro Ueda
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Yoshihiro Ueda
- Department of Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502
| | - Shiníchiro Uno
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Nihon Fukushi University , 26-2 Higashi Haemi-cho, Handa,Aichi 475-0012
| | - C. Megan Urry
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8120, USA
| | - Eugenio Ursino
- Physics Department, University of Miami, 1320 Campo Sano Dr., Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Shin Watanabe
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Norbert Werner
- School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526
- MTA-Eötvös University Lendület Hot Universe Research Group, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Department of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Dan R. Wilkins
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brian J. Williams
- Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Shinya Yamada
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397
| | - Hiroya Yamaguchi
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Kazutaka Yamaoka
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601
| | - Noriko Y. Yamasaki
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshino-dai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210
| | - Makoto Yamauchi
- Department of Applied Physics and Electronic Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192
| | - Shigeo Yamauchi
- Department of Physics, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoyanishi-machi, Nara, Nara 630-8506
| | - Tahir Yaqoob
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle,Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Yoichi Yatsu
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo152-8550
| | - Daisuke Yonetoku
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192
| | - Irina Zhuravleva
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, 452 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, 382 Via Pueblo Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Abderahmen Zoghbi
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, 1085 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Toshio Terasawa
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198
| | - Mamoru Sekido
- Kashima Space Technology Center, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kashima, Ibaraki 314-8501
| | - Kazuhiro Takefuji
- Kashima Space Technology Center, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kashima, Ibaraki 314-8501
| | - Eiji Kawai
- Kashima Space Technology Center, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kashima, Ibaraki 314-8501
| | - Hiroaki Misawa
- Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578
| | - Fuminori Tsuchiya
- Planetary Plasma and Atmospheric Research Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578
| | - Ryo Yamazaki
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258
| | - Shota Kisaka
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258
| | - Takahiro Aoki
- The Research Institute for Time Studies, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511
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Balbi A, Tombesi F. The habitability of the Milky Way during the active phase of its central supermassive black hole. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16626. [PMID: 29192275 PMCID: PMC5709466 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16110-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
During the peak of their accretion phase, supermassive black holes in galactic cores are known to emit very high levels of ionizing radiation, becoming visible over intergalactic distances as quasars or active galactic nuclei (AGN). Here, we quantify the extent to which the activity of the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, known as Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), may have affected the habitability of Earth-like planets in our Galaxy. We focus on the amount of atmospheric loss and on the possible biological damage suffered by planets exposed to X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation produced during the peak of the active phase of Sgr A*. We find that terrestrial planets could lose a total atmospheric mass comparable to that of present day Earth even at large distances (~1 kiloparsec) from the galactic center. Furthermore, we find that the direct biological damage caused by Sgr A* to surface life on planets not properly screened by an atmosphere was probably significant during the AGN phase, possibly hindering the development of complex life within a few kiloparsecs from the galactic center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Balbi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Roma, Italy.
| | - Francesco Tombesi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Roma, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
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Fukumura K, Kazanas D, Shrader C, Behar E, Tombesi F, Contopoulos I. Magnetic Origin of Black Hole Winds Across the Mass Scale. Nat Astron 2017; 1:0062. [PMID: 32851195 PMCID: PMC7446952 DOI: 10.1038/s41550-017-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Black hole accretion disks appear to produce invariably plasma outflows that result in blue-shifted absorption features in their spectra1. The X-ray absorption-line properties of these outflows are quite diverse, ranging in velocity from non-relativistic2 (~ 300 km/sec) to sub-relativistic3 (~ 0.1c where c is the speed of light) and a similarly broad range in the ionization states of the wind plasma2,4. We report here that semi-analytic, self-similar magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) wind models that have successfully accounted for the X-ray absorber properties of supermassive black holes5,6, also fit well the high-resolution X-ray spectrum of the accreting stellar-mass black hole, GRO J1655-40. This provides an explicit theoretical argument of their MHD origin (aligned with earlier observational claims)7 and supports the notion of a universal magnetic structure of the observed winds across all known black hole sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chris Shrader
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771
- Universities Space Research Association, 10211 Wincopin Cir, Suite 500, Columbia, MD 21044, USA
| | - Ehud Behar
- Physics Department, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
- Astronomy Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Francesco Tombesi
- NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771
- Astronomy Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita'di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133 Roma, Italy
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10
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Giusti M, Sibilla F, Cappi C, Dellepiane M, Tombesi F, Ceresola E, Augeri C, Rasore E, Minuto F. A case-controlled study on the quality of life in a cohort of patients with history of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Endocrinol Invest 2005; 28:599-608. [PMID: 16218042 DOI: 10.1007/bf03347258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although quality of life (QoL) has become an important aspect of cancer rehabilitation, psychometric studies on thyroid cancer patients are rare. We performed a case-controlled study on QoL in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). QoL was evaluated in 61 patients with a history of DTC diagnosed from < 1 to 23 yr earlier. An undetectable thyroglobulin (Tg) level after recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) testing was considered the best predictor of cure. QoL was evaluated by means of a general psychiatric interview, the self-rating Kellner Symptoms Questionnaire (KSQ) and the Hamilton Depression Scale (HDS). QoL was also evaluated in a control group of subjects on L-T4 therapy with a non-toxic multinodular goiter diagnosed from < 1 to 25 yr earlier. DTC and control subjects were similar in age, male-female distribution and concomitant psychiatric therapies. Per-week dosage of L-T4 was higher in DTC patients than in controls (p < 0.01). In neither group of subjects was there any correlation between current TSH levels or interval from diagnosis and KSQ or HDS scores. Only in DTC patients was there a positive correlation between age and KSQ (p < 0.05) or HDS (p < 0.01) scores. There was a significant difference in overall KSQ scores between DTC (33.4 +/- 2.1) and control (24.5 +/- 1.9; p < 0.01) subjects. The subscales of KSQ showed a significant inter-group difference. HDS scores were higher in DTC subjects (35.8 +/- 1.0) than in controls (30.0 +/- 1.1; p < 0.01). HDS score was significantly (p = 0.02) higher in female than in male DTC patients. In patients with papillary carcinoma there was a positive correlation between the MACIS (metastases, age, completeness, invasiveness, size) score and KSQ (p = 0.01) or HDS (p < 0.01) scores. After rhTSH testing, detectable Tg levels were found in 13% of DTC patients. In Tg-positive patients, KSQ and HDS scores were not different from those of Tg-negative patients. After an 8-14 month period, a significant decrease in the KSQ scale somatization (p = 0.02) was found in a sub-set of 31 DTC patients. In conclusion, even in the age of rhTSH testing, DTC patients suffer an impairment of their QoL, as noted when short-term L-T4 withdrawal was the gold standard. Longitudinal evaluation seems to indicate a slight improvement in QoL when safe rhTSH testing is extensively used in the management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Giusti
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
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11
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Martella S, Cicconetti P, Tafaro L, Zannino G, Tedeschi G, Lorido A, Tombesi F, Casagrande Raffi I, Marigliano V. Causes of death in over-85-year-old hospitalized patients: a retrospective study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2002; 8:199-207. [PMID: 14764392 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4943(02)00134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Martella
- Department of Aging Science, Policlinico Umberto I, University La Sapienza of Rome, Italy.
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Tafaro L, Cicconetti P, Tedeschi G, Tombolillo MT, Tombesi F, Marigliano V. Longevity and diabetes: a multidimensional assessment. J Endocrinol Invest 2002; 25:113-4. [PMID: 12508942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Tafaro
- Department of Aging Science, Policlinico Umberto I, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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