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Marin F, Churazov E, Khabibullin I, Ferrazzoli R, Di Gesu L, Barnouin T, Di Marco A, Middei R, Vikhlinin A, Costa E, Soffitta P, Muleri F, Sunyaev R, Forman W, Kraft R, Bianchi S, Donnarumma I, Petrucci PO, Enoto T, Agudo I, Antonelli LA, Bachetti M, Baldini L, Baumgartner WH, Bellazzini R, Bongiorno SD, Bonino R, Brez A, Bucciantini N, Capitanio F, Castellano S, Cavazzuti E, Chen CT, Ciprini S, De Rosa A, Del Monte E, Di Lalla N, Doroshenko V, Dovčiak M, Ehlert SR, Evangelista Y, Fabiani S, Garcia JA, Gunji S, Hayashida K, Heyl J, Ingram A, Iwakiri W, Jorstad SG, Kaaret P, Karas V, Kitaguchi T, Kolodziejczak JJ, Krawczynski H, La Monaca F, Latronico L, Liodakis I, Maldera S, Manfreda A, Marinucci A, Marscher AP, Marshall HL, Massaro F, Matt G, Mitsuishi I, Mizuno T, Negro M, Ng CY, O'Dell SL, Omodei N, Oppedisano C, Papitto A, Pavlov GG, Peirson AL, Perri M, Pesce-Rollins M, Pilia M, Possenti A, Poutanen J, Puccetti S, Ramsey BD, Rankin J, Ratheesh A, Roberts OJ, Romani RW, Sgrò C, Slane P, Spandre G, Swartz D, Tamagawa T, Tavecchio F, Taverna R, Tawara Y, Tennant AF, Thomas NE, Tombesi F, Trois A, Tsygankov SS, Turolla R, Vink J, Weisskopf MC, Wu K, Xie F, Zane S. X-ray polarization evidence for a 200-year-old flare of Sgr A . Nature 2023:10.1038/s41586-023-06064-x. [PMID: 37344593 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The centre of the Milky Way Galaxy hosts a black hole with a solar mass of about 4 million (Sagittarius A* (Sgr A)) that is very quiescent at present with a luminosity many orders of magnitude below those of active galactic nuclei1. Reflection of X-rays from Sgr A* by dense gas in the Galactic Centre region offers a means to study its past flaring activity on timescales of hundreds and thousands of years2. The shape of the X-ray continuum and the strong fluorescent iron line observed from giant molecular clouds in the vicinity of Sgr A* are consistent with the reflection scenario3-5. If this interpretation is correct, the reflected continuum emission should be polarized6. Here we report observations of polarized X-ray emission in the direction of the molecular clouds in the Galactic Centre using the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer. We measure a polarization degree of 31% ± 11%, and a polarization angle of -48° ± 11°. The polarization angle is consistent with Sgr A* being the primary source of the emission, and the polarization degree implies that some 200 years ago, the X-ray luminosity of Sgr A* was briefly comparable to that of a Seyfert galaxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Marin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Eugene Churazov
- Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Garching, Germany
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ildar Khabibullin
- Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Garching, Germany
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Universitäts-Sternwarte, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Thibault Barnouin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Riccardo Middei
- Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Rome, Italy
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
| | - Alexey Vikhlinin
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Enrico Costa
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Soffitta
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Muleri
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | - Rashid Sunyaev
- Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Garching, Germany
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - William Forman
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ralph Kraft
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stefano Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Iván Agudo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Lucio A Antonelli
- Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Rome, Italy
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
| | | | - Luca Baldini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Raffaella Bonino
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Brez
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Niccolò Bucciantini
- INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Florence, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Fiamma Capitanio
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Chien-Ting Chen
- Science and Technology Institute, Universities Space Research Association, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Stefano Ciprini
- Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ettore Del Monte
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | - Niccolò Di Lalla
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Victor Doroshenko
- Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michal Dovčiak
- Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | | | - Yuri Evangelista
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Fabiani
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Jeremy Heyl
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adam Ingram
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Wataru Iwakiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
- International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Svetlana G Jorstad
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Astrophysics, St. Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Philip Kaaret
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Vladimir Karas
- Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Henric Krawczynski
- Physics Department and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fabio La Monaca
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Ioannis Liodakis
- Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Simone Maldera
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Manfreda
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Alan P Marscher
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Herman L Marshall
- MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Francesco Massaro
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgio Matt
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Ikuyuki Mitsuishi
- Graduate School of Science, Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tsunefumi Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Michela Negro
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - C-Y Ng
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | | | - Nicola Omodei
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chiara Oppedisano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - George G Pavlov
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Abel L Peirson
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matteo Perri
- Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Rome, Italy
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy
| | | | - Maura Pilia
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Selargius, Italy
| | | | - Juri Poutanen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - John Rankin
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | - Ajay Ratheesh
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
| | - Oliver J Roberts
- Science and Technology Institute, Universities Space Research Association, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Roger W Romani
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Carmelo Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrick Slane
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gloria Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Doug Swartz
- Science and Technology Institute, Universities Space Research Association, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | | | | | - Roberto Taverna
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Yuzuru Tawara
- Graduate School of Science, Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | - Francesco Tombesi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Alessio Trois
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Selargius, Italy
| | - Sergey S Tsygankov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Roberto Turolla
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
| | - Jacco Vink
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy & GRAPPA, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kinwah Wu
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
| | - Fei Xie
- INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Silvia Zane
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
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2
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Taverna R, Turolla R, Muleri F, Heyl J, Zane S, Baldini L, González-Caniulef D, Bachetti M, Rankin J, Caiazzo I, Di Lalla N, Doroshenko V, Errando M, Gau E, Kırmızıbayrak D, Krawczynski H, Negro M, Ng M, Omodei N, Possenti A, Tamagawa T, Uchiyama K, Weisskopf MC, Agudo I, Antonelli LA, Baumgartner WH, Bellazzini R, Bianchi S, Bongiorno SD, Bonino R, Brez A, Bucciantini N, Capitanio F, Castellano S, Cavazzuti E, Ciprini S, Costa E, De Rosa A, Del Monte E, Di Gesu L, Di Marco A, Donnarumma I, Dovčiak M, Ehlert SR, Enoto T, Evangelista Y, Fabiani S, Ferrazzoli R, Garcia JA, Gunji S, Hayashida K, Iwakiri W, Jorstad SG, Karas V, Kitaguchi T, Kolodziejczak JJ, La Monaca F, Latronico L, Liodakis I, Maldera S, Manfreda A, Marin F, Marinucci A, Marscher AP, Marshall HL, Matt G, Mitsuishi I, Mizuno T, Ng SCY, O’Dell SL, Oppedisano C, Papitto A, Pavlov GG, Peirson AL, Perri M, Pesce-Rollins M, Pilia M, Poutanen J, Puccetti S, Ramsey BD, Ratheesh A, Romani RW, Sgrò C, Slane P, Soffitta P, Spandre G, Tavecchio F, Tawara Y, Tennant AF, Thomas NE, Tombesi F, Trois A, Tsygankov SS, Vink J, Wu K, Xie F. Polarized x-rays from a magnetar. Science 2022; 378:646-650. [DOI: 10.1126/science.add0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Magnetars are neutron stars with ultra-strong magnetic fields, which can be observed in x-rays. Polarization measurements could provide information on their magnetic fields and surface properties. We observe polarized x-rays from the magnetar 4U 0142+61 using the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer, finding a linear polarization degree of 13.5 ± 0.8% averaged over the 2 to 8 keV band. The polarization changes with energy: the degree is 15.0 ± 1.0% at 2 to 4 keV, drops below the instrumental sensitivity around 4 to 5 keV, and rises to 35.2 ± 7.1% at 5.5 to 8 keV. The polarization angle also changes by 90° around 4 to 5 keV. These results are consistent with a model in which thermal radiation from the magnetar surface is reprocessed by scattering off charged particles in the magnetosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Taverna
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Padova I-35131, Italy
| | - Roberto Turolla
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Padova I-35131, Italy
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary Dorking RH5 6NT, UK
| | - Fabio Muleri
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | - Jeremy Heyl
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Silvia Zane
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary Dorking RH5 6NT, UK
| | - Luca Baldini
- Dipartimento di Fisica Enrico Fermi, Università di Pisa, Pisa I-56127, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sezione di Pisa, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | - Denis González-Caniulef
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Matteo Bachetti
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, INAF, Selargius I-09047, Italy
| | - John Rankin
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | - Ilaria Caiazzo
- Theoretical AstroPhysics Including Relativity and Cosmology, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Niccolò Di Lalla
- Deparment of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Victor Doroshenko
- Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Manel Errando
- Physics Department and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Ephraim Gau
- Physics Department and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Demet Kırmızıbayrak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Henric Krawczynski
- Physics Department and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Michela Negro
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Mason Ng
- Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nicola Omodei
- Deparment of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrea Possenti
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, INAF, Selargius I-09047, Italy
| | - Toru Tamagawa
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Keisuke Uchiyama
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | | | - Ivan Agudo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Lucio A. Antonelli
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, INAF, Monte Porzio Catone 00040, Italy
- Space Science Data Center (SSDC), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Roma 00133, Italy
| | | | - Ronaldo Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sezione di Pisa, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | - Stefano Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
| | | | - Raffaella Bonino
- INFN Sezione di Torino, Torino 10125, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Alessandro Brez
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sezione di Pisa, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | - Niccolò Bucciantini
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, INAF, Firenze 50125, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
- INFN Sezione di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Fiamma Capitanio
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | - Simone Castellano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sezione di Pisa, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Ciprini
- Space Science Data Center (SSDC), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Roma 00133, Italy
- INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma 00133, Italy
| | - Enrico Costa
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Rosa
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | - Ettore Del Monte
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Di Marco
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | | | - Michal Dovčiak
- Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14100 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Steven R. Ehlert
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
| | - Teruaki Enoto
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yuri Evangelista
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | - Sergio Fabiani
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ferrazzoli
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | | | - Shuichi Gunji
- Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata-shi 990-8560, Japan
| | | | - Wataru Iwakiri
- Department of Physics, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Svetlana G. Jorstad
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Laboratory of Observational Astrophysics, St. Petersburg University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Vladimir Karas
- Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14100 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Takao Kitaguchi
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | | | - Fabio La Monaca
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | | | - Ioannis Liodakis
- Finnish Centre for Astronomy with the European Southern Observatory, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Alberto Manfreda
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sezione di Pisa, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | - Frédéric Marin
- Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Alan P. Marscher
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Herman L. Marshall
- Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Giorgio Matt
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
| | - Ikuyuki Mitsuishi
- Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tsunefumi Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Stephen C.-Y. Ng
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | | | | | - Alessandro Papitto
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, INAF, Monte Porzio Catone 00040, Italy
| | - George G. Pavlov
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA
| | - Abel L. Peirson
- Deparment of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matteo Perri
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, INAF, Monte Porzio Catone 00040, Italy
- Space Science Data Center (SSDC), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Roma 00133, Italy
| | | | - Maura Pilia
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, INAF, Selargius I-09047, Italy
| | - Juri Poutanen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Simonetta Puccetti
- Space Science Data Center (SSDC), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Roma 00133, Italy
| | - Brian D. Ramsey
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
| | - Ajay Ratheesh
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | - Roger W. Romani
- Deparment of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carmelo Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sezione di Pisa, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | - Patrick Slane
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Paolo Soffitta
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Roma I-00133, Italy
| | - Gloria Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) Sezione di Pisa, Pisa I-56127, Italy
| | | | - Yuzuru Tawara
- Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Allyn F. Tennant
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
| | | | - Francesco Tombesi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma 00133, Italy
| | - Alessio Trois
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, INAF, Selargius I-09047, Italy
| | - Sergey S. Tsygankov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Jacco Vink
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kinwah Wu
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary Dorking RH5 6NT, UK
| | - Fei Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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3
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Krawczynski H, Muleri F, Dovčiak M, Veledina A, Rodriguez Cavero N, Svoboda J, Ingram A, Matt G, Garcia JA, Loktev V, Negro M, Poutanen J, Kitaguchi T, Podgorný J, Rankin J, Zhang W, Berdyugin A, Berdyugina SV, Bianchi S, Blinov D, Capitanio F, Di Lalla N, Draghis P, Fabiani S, Kagitani M, Kravtsov V, Kiehlmann S, Latronico L, Lutovinov AA, Mandarakas N, Marin F, Marinucci A, Miller JM, Mizuno T, Molkov SV, Omodei N, Petrucci PO, Ratheesh A, Sakanoi T, Semena AN, Skalidis R, Soffitta P, Tennant AF, Thalhammer P, Tombesi F, Weisskopf MC, Wilms J, Zhang S, Agudo I, Antonelli LA, Bachetti M, Baldini L, Baumgartner WH, Bellazzini R, Bongiorno SD, Bonino R, Brez A, Bucciantini N, Castellano S, Cavazzuti E, Ciprini S, Costa E, De Rosa A, Del Monte E, Di Gesu L, Di Marco A, Donnarumma I, Doroshenko V, Ehlert SR, Enoto T, Evangelista Y, Ferrazzoli R, Gunji S, Hayashida K, Heyl J, Iwakiri W, Jorstad SG, Karas V, Kolodziejczak JJ, La Monaca F, Liodakis I, Maldera S, Manfreda A, Marscher AP, Marshall HL, Mitsuishi I, Ng CY, O’Dell SL, Oppedisano C, Papitto A, Pavlov GG, Peirson AL, Perri M, Pesce-Rollins M, Pilia M, Possenti A, Puccetti S, Ramsey BD, Romani RW, Sgrò C, Slane P, Spandre G, Tamagawa T, Tavecchio F, Taverna R, Tawara Y, Thomas NE, Trois A, Tsygankov S, Turolla R, Vink J, Wu K, Xie F, Zane S. Polarized x-rays constrain the disk-jet geometry in the black hole x-ray binary Cygnus X-1. Science 2022; 378:650-654. [DOI: 10.1126/science.add5399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A black hole x-ray binary (XRB) system forms when gas is stripped from a normal star and accretes onto a black hole, which heats the gas sufficiently to emit x-rays. We report a polarimetric observation of the XRB Cygnus X-1 using the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer. The electric field position angle aligns with the outflowing jet, indicating that the jet is launched from the inner x-ray emitting region. The polarization degree is 4.01 ± 0.20% at 2 to 8 kiloelectronvolts, implying that the accretion disk is viewed closer to edge-on than the binary orbit. The observations reveal that hot x-ray emitting plasma is spatially extended in a plane perpendicular to the jet axis, not parallel to the jet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henric Krawczynski
- Department of Physics and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Fabio Muleri
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Michal Dovčiak
- Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14100 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Veledina
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics (Nordita), Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH) Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Nicole Rodriguez Cavero
- Department of Physics and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jiri Svoboda
- Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14100 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Ingram
- School of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Giorgio Matt
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Javier A. Garcia
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Vladislav Loktev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Michela Negro
- Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Juri Poutanen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Takao Kitaguchi
- Rikagaku Kenkyūjyo (RIKEN) Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jakub Podgorný
- Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14100 Praha 4, Czech Republic
- Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7550, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Astronomical Institute, Charles University, 18000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - John Rankin
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Wenda Zhang
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Andrei Berdyugin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Svetlana V. Berdyugina
- Leibniz-Institut für Sonnenphysik, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Istituto Ricerche Solari (IRSOL) Aldo e Cele Daccò, Faculty of Informatics, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6605 Locarno, Switzerland
- Euler Institute, Faculty of Informatics, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6962 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - Dmitry Blinov
- Institute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Fiamma Capitanio
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Niccolò Di Lalla
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paul Draghis
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sergio Fabiani
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Masato Kagitani
- School of Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, 980-8578 Sendai, Japan
| | - Vadim Kravtsov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sebastian Kiehlmann
- Institute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Luca Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Nikos Mandarakas
- Institute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Frédéric Marin
- Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7550, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Jon M. Miller
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tsunefumi Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Sergey V. Molkov
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Nicola Omodei
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pierre-Olivier Petrucci
- Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ajay Ratheesh
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Takeshi Sakanoi
- School of Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, 980-8578 Sendai, Japan
| | - Andrei N. Semena
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Raphael Skalidis
- Institute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology–Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Paolo Soffitta
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Phillipp Thalhammer
- Dr. Karl Remeis Observatory, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 96049 Bamberg, Germany
| | - Francesco Tombesi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata,” 00133 Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” 00133 Roma, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | | | - Joern Wilms
- Dr. Karl Remeis Observatory, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 96049 Bamberg, Germany
| | - Sixuan Zhang
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Iván Agudo
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Lucio A. Antonelli
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Roma, Italy
- Space Science Data Center, ASI, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Matteo Bachetti
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, 09047 Selargius, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luca Baldini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Ronaldo Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Raffaella Bonino
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Brez
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Niccolò Bucciantini
- INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, 50125 Firenze, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Simone Castellano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Ciprini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” 00133 Roma, Italy
- Space Science Data Center, ASI, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Enrico Costa
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Rosa
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Ettore Del Monte
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Di Marco
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Victor Doroshenko
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Teruaki Enoto
- Rikagaku Kenkyūjyo (RIKEN) Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yuri Evangelista
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ferrazzoli
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Shuichi Gunji
- Department of Physics, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata-shi 990-8560, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hayashida
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jeremy Heyl
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wataru Iwakiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Svetlana G. Jorstad
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Astrophysics, St. Petersburg State University, Petrodvoretz, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir Karas
- Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14100 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | | | - Fabio La Monaca
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Ioannis Liodakis
- Finnish Centre for Astronomy with the European Southern Observatory (ESO), 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Simone Maldera
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Manfreda
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alan P. Marscher
- Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Herman L. Marshall
- Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ikuyuki Mitsuishi
- Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Chi-Yung Ng
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | | | - Chiara Oppedisano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Papitto
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Roma, Italy
| | - George G. Pavlov
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Abel L. Peirson
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matteo Perri
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Roma, Italy
- Space Science Data Center, ASI, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Maura Pilia
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, 09047 Selargius, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Possenti
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, 09047 Selargius, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Brian D. Ramsey
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
| | - Roger W. Romani
- Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carmelo Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrick Slane
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Gloria Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Toru Tamagawa
- Astronomical Institute, Charles University, 18000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Roberto Taverna
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Yuzuru Tawara
- Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | | | - Alessio Trois
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, 09047 Selargius, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sergey Tsygankov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, 20014 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Roberto Turolla
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - Jacco Vink
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kinwah Wu
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
| | - Fei Xie
- Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), 00133 Roma, Italy
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Silvia Zane
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK
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4
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Liodakis I, Marscher AP, Agudo I, Berdyugin AV, Bernardos MI, Bonnoli G, Borman GA, Casadio C, Casanova V, Cavazzuti E, Rodriguez Cavero N, Di Gesu L, Di Lalla N, Donnarumma I, Ehlert SR, Errando M, Escudero J, García-Comas M, Agís-González B, Husillos C, Jormanainen J, Jorstad SG, Kagitani M, Kopatskaya EN, Kravtsov V, Krawczynski H, Lindfors E, Larionova EG, Madejski GM, Marin F, Marchini A, Marshall HL, Morozova DA, Massaro F, Masiero JR, Mawet D, Middei R, Millar-Blanchaer MA, Myserlis I, Negro M, Nilsson K, O’Dell SL, Omodei N, Pacciani L, Paggi A, Panopoulou GV, Peirson AL, Perri M, Petrucci PO, Poutanen J, Puccetti S, Romani RW, Sakanoi T, Savchenko SS, Sota A, Tavecchio F, Tinyanont S, Vasilyev AA, Weaver ZR, Zhovtan AV, Antonelli LA, Bachetti M, Baldini L, Baumgartner WH, Bellazzini R, Bianchi S, Bongiorno SD, Bonino R, Brez A, Bucciantini N, Capitanio F, Castellano S, Ciprini S, Costa E, De Rosa A, Del Monte E, Di Marco A, Doroshenko V, Dovčiak M, Enoto T, Evangelista Y, Fabiani S, Ferrazzoli R, Garcia JA, Gunji S, Hayashida K, Heyl J, Iwakiri W, Karas V, Kitaguchi T, Kolodziejczak JJ, La Monaca F, Latronico L, Maldera S, Manfreda A, Marinucci A, Matt G, Mitsuishi I, Mizuno T, Muleri F, Ng SCY, Oppedisano C, Papitto A, Pavlov GG, Pesce-Rollins M, Pilia M, Possenti A, Ramsey BD, Rankin J, Ratheesh A, Sgró C, Slane P, Soffitta P, Spandre G, Tamagawa T, Taverna R, Tawara Y, Tennant AF, Thomas NE, Tombesi F, Trois A, Tsygankov S, Turolla R, Vink J, Weisskopf MC, Wu K, Xie F, Zane S. Polarized blazar X-rays imply particle acceleration in shocks. Nature 2022; 611:677-681. [PMID: 36418451 PMCID: PMC9684068 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05338-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Most of the light from blazars, active galactic nuclei with jets of magnetized plasma that point nearly along the line of sight, is produced by high-energy particles, up to around 1 TeV. Although the jets are known to be ultimately powered by a supermassive black hole, how the particles are accelerated to such high energies has been an unanswered question. The process must be related to the magnetic field, which can be probed by observations of the polarization of light from the jets. Measurements of the radio to optical polarization-the only range available until now-probe extended regions of the jet containing particles that left the acceleration site days to years earlier1-3, and hence do not directly explore the acceleration mechanism, as could X-ray measurements. Here we report the detection of X-ray polarization from the blazar Markarian 501 (Mrk 501). We measure an X-ray linear polarization degree ΠX of around 10%, which is a factor of around 2 higher than the value at optical wavelengths, with a polarization angle parallel to the radio jet. This points to a shock front as the source of particle acceleration and also implies that the plasma becomes increasingly turbulent with distance from the shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Liodakis
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, FI-20014, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Alan P. Marscher
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Iván Agudo
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - Andrei V. Berdyugin
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria I. Bernardos
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - Giacomo Bonnoli
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain ,grid.450217.5INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Merate (LC), Italy
| | - George A. Borman
- Crimean Astrophysical Observatory RAS, P/O Nauchny, Nauchnij, Crimea
| | - Carolina Casadio
- grid.4834.b0000 0004 0635 685XInstitute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Voutes, Heraklion, Greece ,grid.8127.c0000 0004 0576 3437Department of Physics, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Víctor Casanova
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - Elisabetta Cavazzuti
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, Roma, Italy
| | - Nicole Rodriguez Cavero
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Physics Department and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Laura Di Gesu
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, Roma, Italy
| | - Niccoló Di Lalla
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Immacolata Donnarumma
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, Roma, Italy
| | - Steven R. Ehlert
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Manel Errando
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Physics Department and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Juan Escudero
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - Maya García-Comas
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Agís-González
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - César Husillos
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | - Jenni Jormanainen
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, FI-20014, University of Turku, Turku, Finland ,grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Svetlana G. Jorstad
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA USA ,grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Laboratory of Observational Astrophysics, St Petersburg University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Masato Kagitani
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Graduate School of Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Evgenia N. Kopatskaya
- grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Astronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vadim Kravtsov
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Henric Krawczynski
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Physics Department and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO USA
| | - Elina Lindfors
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, FI-20014, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Elena G. Larionova
- grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Astronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Grzegorz M. Madejski
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University and SLAC, Menlo Park, CA USA
| | - Frédéric Marin
- grid.440483.f0000 0000 9383 4469Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg, UMR 7550, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alessandro Marchini
- grid.9024.f0000 0004 1757 4641Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, Astronomical Observatory, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Herman L. Marshall
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Daria A. Morozova
- grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Astronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Francesco Massaro
- grid.470222.10000 0004 7471 9712Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, , Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy ,grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Dimitri Mawet
- grid.20861.3d0000000107068890California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Riccardo Middei
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Roma, Italy ,grid.463298.20000 0001 2168 8201INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | | | | | - Michela Negro
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST), Greenbelt, MD USA ,grid.266673.00000 0001 2177 1144Department of Physics and Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Kari Nilsson
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO, FI-20014, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Stephen L. O’Dell
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Nicola Omodei
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Luigi Pacciani
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Paggi
- grid.470222.10000 0004 7471 9712Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, , Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy ,grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy ,grid.436940.cINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese, Italy
| | | | - Abel L. Peirson
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Matteo Perri
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Roma, Italy ,grid.463298.20000 0001 2168 8201INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | | | - Juri Poutanen
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland ,grid.426428.e0000 0004 0405 8736Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Simonetta Puccetti
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, Roma, Italy
| | - Roger W. Romani
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Takeshi Sakanoi
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Graduate School of Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sergey S. Savchenko
- grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Astronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia ,grid.4886.20000 0001 2192 9124Special Astrophysical Observatory, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhnii Arkhyz, Russia ,grid.437494.90000 0000 9168 8058Pulkovo Observatory, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alfredo Sota
- grid.450285.e0000 0004 1793 7043Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, IAA-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Samaporn Tinyanont
- grid.205975.c0000 0001 0740 6917University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA USA
| | - Andrey A. Vasilyev
- grid.15447.330000 0001 2289 6897Astronomical Institute, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Zachary R. Weaver
- grid.189504.10000 0004 1936 7558Institute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - Alexey V. Zhovtan
- Crimean Astrophysical Observatory RAS, P/O Nauchny, Nauchnij, Crimea
| | - Lucio A. Antonelli
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Roma, Italy ,grid.463298.20000 0001 2168 8201INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | - Matteo Bachetti
- grid.437052.70000 0001 0096 8079INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Selargius (CA), Italy
| | - Luca Baldini
- grid.470216.6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy ,grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Wayne H. Baumgartner
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Ronaldo Bellazzini
- grid.470216.6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Bianchi
- grid.8509.40000000121622106Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Universitá degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
| | - Stephen D. Bongiorno
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Raffaella Bonino
- grid.470222.10000 0004 7471 9712Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, , Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy ,grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Brez
- grid.470216.6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Niccoló Bucciantini
- grid.426239.80000 0000 9176 4495INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Firenze, Italy ,grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universitá degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy ,grid.470204.5Q30265285Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Fiamma Capitanio
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Simone Castellano
- grid.470216.6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Ciprini
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Space Science Data Center, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Roma, Italy ,grid.470219.9Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Enrico Costa
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Rosa
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Ettore Del Monte
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Di Marco
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Victor Doroshenko
- grid.426428.e0000 0004 0405 8736Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia ,grid.10392.390000 0001 2190 1447Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michal Dovčiak
- grid.423799.20000 0004 0385 3578Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ondřejov, Czech Republic
| | - Teruaki Enoto
- grid.7597.c0000000094465255RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuri Evangelista
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Sergio Fabiani
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ferrazzoli
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Javier A. Garcia
- grid.20861.3d0000000107068890California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Shuichi Gunji
- grid.268394.20000 0001 0674 7277Yamagata University, Yamagata-shi, Japan
| | | | - Jeremy Heyl
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
| | - Wataru Iwakiri
- grid.443595.a0000 0001 2323 0843Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Vladimir Karas
- grid.423799.20000 0004 0385 3578Astronomical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ondřejov, Czech Republic
| | - Takao Kitaguchi
- grid.7597.c0000000094465255RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Fabio La Monaca
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Luca Latronico
- grid.470222.10000 0004 7471 9712Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, , Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Maldera
- grid.470222.10000 0004 7471 9712Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, , Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Manfreda
- grid.470216.6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Marinucci
- grid.423784.e0000 0000 9801 3133Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, Roma, Italy
| | - Giorgio Matt
- grid.8509.40000000121622106Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Universitá degli Studi Roma Tre, Roma, Italy
| | - Ikuyuki Mitsuishi
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XGraduate School of Science, Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tsunefumi Mizuno
- grid.257022.00000 0000 8711 3200Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Fabio Muleri
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Stephen C.-Y. Ng
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Chiara Oppedisano
- grid.470222.10000 0004 7471 9712Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, , Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Papitto
- grid.463298.20000 0001 2168 8201INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy
| | - George G. Pavlov
- grid.29857.310000 0001 2097 4281Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA USA
| | | | - Maura Pilia
- grid.437052.70000 0001 0096 8079INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Selargius (CA), Italy
| | - Andrea Possenti
- grid.437052.70000 0001 0096 8079INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Selargius (CA), Italy
| | - Brian D. Ramsey
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - John Rankin
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Ajay Ratheesh
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Carmelo Sgró
- grid.470216.6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrick Slane
- grid.455754.20000 0001 1781 4754Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Paolo Soffitta
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy
| | - Gloria Spandre
- grid.470216.6Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Toru Tamagawa
- grid.7597.c0000000094465255RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan
| | - Roberto Taverna
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Yuzuru Tawara
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XGraduate School of Science, Division of Particle and Astrophysical Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Allyn F. Tennant
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Nicolas E. Thomas
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Francesco Tombesi
- grid.6530.00000 0001 2300 0941Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessio Trois
- grid.437052.70000 0001 0096 8079INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Selargius (CA), Italy
| | - Sergey Tsygankov
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland ,grid.426428.e0000 0004 0405 8736Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roberto Turolla
- grid.5608.b0000 0004 1757 3470Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
| | - Jacco Vink
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy & GRAPPA, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin C. Weisskopf
- grid.419091.40000 0001 2238 4912NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL USA
| | - Kinwah Wu
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
| | - Fei Xie
- grid.466835.a0000 0004 1776 2255INAF Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy ,grid.256609.e0000 0001 2254 5798Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Silvia Zane
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Dorking, UK
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5
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Ackermann M, Ajello M, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bellazzini R, Bissaldi E, Blandford RD, Bonino R, Bottacini E, Bregeon J, Bruel P, Buehler R, Burns E, Buson S, Cameron RA, Caputo R, Caraveo PA, Cavazzuti E, Chen S, Chiaro G, Ciprini S, Costantin D, Cuoco A, Cutini S, D'Ammando F, de la Torre Luque P, de Palma F, Desai A, Digel SW, Di Lalla N, Di Mauro M, Di Venere L, Fana Dirirsa F, Favuzzi C, Franckowiak A, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Green D, Grenier IA, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Horan D, Jóhannesson G, Kuss M, Larsson S, Latronico L, Li J, Liodakis I, Longo F, Loparco F, Lubrano P, Magill JD, Maldera S, Malyshev D, Manfreda A, Mazziotta MN, Mereu I, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Negro M, Nuss E, Orienti M, Orlando E, Palatiello M, Paliya VS, Paneque D, Persic M, Pesce-Rollins M, Petrosian V, Piron F, Porter TA, Principe G, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Razzaque S, Reimer A, Reimer O, Serini D, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Suson DJ, Tajima H, Takahashi M, Thayer JB, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Troja E, Venters TM, Vianello G, Wood K, Yassine M, Zaharijas G, Ammazzalorso S, Fornengo N, Regis M. Unresolved Gamma-Ray Sky through its Angular Power Spectrum. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:241101. [PMID: 30608723 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.241101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The gamma-ray sky has been observed with unprecedented accuracy in the last decade by the Fermi -large area telescope (LAT), allowing us to resolve and understand the high-energy Universe. The nature of the remaining unresolved emission [unresolved gamma-ray background (UGRB)] below the LAT source detection threshold can be uncovered by characterizing the amplitude and angular scale of the UGRB fluctuation field. This Letter presents a measurement of the UGRB autocorrelation angular power spectrum based on eight years of Fermi-LAT Pass 8 data products. The analysis is designed to be robust against contamination from resolved sources and noise systematics. The sensitivity to subthreshold sources is greatly enhanced with respect to previous measurements. We find evidence (with ∼3.7σ significance) that the scenario in which two classes of sources contribute to the UGRB signal is favored over a single class. A double power law with exponential cutoff can explain the anisotropy energy spectrum well, with photon indices of the two populations being 2.55±0.23 and 1.86±0.15.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - S Ammazzalorso
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - N Fornengo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - M Regis
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
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6
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Aartsen M, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Al Samarai I, Altmann D, Andeen K, Anderson T, Ansseau I, Anton G, Argüelles C, Auffenberg J, Axani S, Bagherpour H, Bai X, Barron J, Barwick S, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty J, Becker KH, Tjus J, BenZvi S, Berley D, Bernardini E, Besson D, Binder G, Bindig D, Blaufuss E, Blot S, Bohm C, Boerner M, Bos F, Boeser S, Botner O, Bourbeau E, Bourbeau J, Bradascio F, Braun J, Brenzke M, Bretz HP, Bron S, Brostean-Kaiser J, Burgman A, Busse R, Carver T, Cheng E, Chirkin D, Christov A, Clark K, Classen L, Coenders S, Collin G, Conrad J, Coppin P, Correa P, Cowen D, Cross R, Dave P, Day M, de Andre JPAM, De Clercq C, Delaunay J, Dembinski H, DeRidder S, Desiati P, de Vries K, DeWasseige G, DeWith M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, Di Lorenzo V, Dujmovic H, Dumm J, Dunkman M, Dvorak E, Eberhardt B, Ehrhardt T, Eichmann B, Eller P, Evenson P, Fahey S, Fazely A, Felde J, Filimonov K, Finley C, Flis S, Franckowiak A, Friedman E, Fritz A, Gaisser T, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Ghorbani K, Glauch T, Gluesenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Gonzalez J, Grant D, Griffith Z, Haack C, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hanson K, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill G, Hoffman K, Hoffmann R, Hoinka T, Hokanson-Fasig B, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Hultqvist K, Huennefeld M, Hussain R, In S, Iovine N, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Japaridze G, Jeong M, Jero K, Jones B, Kalaczynski P, Kang W, Kappes A, Kappesser D, Karg T, Karle A, Katz U, Kauer M, Keivani A, Kelley J, Kheirandish A, Kim J, Kim M, Kintscher T, Kiryluk J, Kittler T, Klein S, Koirala R, Kolanoski H, Koepke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koschinsky JP, Koskinen J, Kowalski M, Krings K, Kroll M, Krueckl G, Kunwar S, Kurahashi Neilson N, Kuwabara T, Kyriacou A, Labare M, Lanfranchi J, Larson M, Lauber F, Leonard K, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Liu Q, Lozano Mariscal CJ, Lu L, Luenemann J, Luszczak W, Madsen J, Maggi G, Mahn K, Mancina S, Maruyama R, Mase K, Maunu R, Meagher K, Medici M, Meier M, Menne T, Merino G, Meures T, Miarecki S, Micallef J, Momente G, Montaruli T, Moore R, Morse R, Moulai M, Nahnhauer R, Nakarmi P, Naumann U, Neer G, Niederhausen H, Nowicki S, Nygren D, Pollmann A, Olivas A, Murchadha AÓ, O'Sullivan E, Palczewski T, Pandya H, Pankova D, Peiffer P, Pepper J, de los Heros C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Plum M, Price B, Przybylski G, Raab C, Raedel L, Rameez M, Rauch L, Rawlins K, Rea IC, Reimann R, Relethford B, Relich M, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Robertson S, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ryckbosch D, Rysewyk D, Safa I, Saelzer T, Sanchez S, Sandrock A, Sandroos J, Santander M, Sarkar S, Sarkar S, Satalecka K, Schlunder P, Schmidt T, Schneider A, Schoenen S, Schoneberg S, Schumacher L, Sclanfani S, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Soedingrekso J, Soldin D, Song M, Spiczak G, Spiering C, Stachurska J, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stasik A, Stein R, Stettner J, Steuer A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad R, Stoessl A, Strotjohann NL, Stuttard T, Sullivan G, Sutherland M, Taboada I, Tatar J, Tenholt F, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tilav S, Toale P, Tobin M, Toennis C, Toscano S, Tosi D, Tselengidou M, Tung C, Turcati A, Turley C, Ty B, Unger L, Usner M, Van Driessche W, Van Eijk D, van Eijndhoven N, Vandenbroucke J, Vanheule S, van Santen J, Vogel E, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallace A, Wallraff M, Wandler F, Wandkowsky N, Waza A, Weaver C, Weiss M, Wendt C, Werthebach J, Westerhoff S, Whelan B, Whitehorn N, Wiebe K, Wiebusch C, Wille L, Williams D, Wills L, Wolf M, Wood J, Wood T, Woschnagg K, Xu D, Xu X, Xu Y, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Yuan T, Abdollahi S, Ajello M, Angioni R, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Bissaldi E, Blandford R, Bonino R, Bottacini E, Bregeon J, Bruel P, Büehler R, Burnett T, Burns E, Buson S, Cameron R, Caputo R, Caraveo PA, Cavazzuti E, Charles E, Chen S, Cheung T, Chiang J, Chiaro G, Ciprini S, Cohen-Tanugi J, Conrad J, Costantin D, Cutini S, D'Ammando F, de Palma F, Digel S, Di Lalla N, Di Mauro M, Di Venere L, Domínguez A, Favuzzi C, Franckowiak A, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Giglietto N, Giomi M, Giommi P, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Glanzman T, Green D, Grenier I, Grondin MH, Guiriec S, Harding A, Hayashida M, Hays L, Hewitt J, Horan D, Jóhannesson G, Kadler M, Kensei S, Kocevski D, Krauss F, Kreter M, Kuss M, La Mura G, Larsson S, Latronico L, Lemoine-Goumard M, Li J, Longo F, Loparco F, Lovellette M, Lubrano P, Magill J, Maldera S, Malyshev D, Manfreda A, Mazziotta MN, McEnery J, Meyer M, Michelson P, Mizuno T, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko I, Negro M, Nuss E, Ojha R, Omodei N, Orienti M, Orlando E, Palatiello M, Paliya V, Perkins J, Persic M, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Porter T, Principe G, Rainò S, Rando R, Rani B, Razzano M, Razzaque S, Reimer A, Reimer O, Renault-Tinacci N, Ritz S, Rochester L, Parkinson PS, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Suson D, Tajima H, Takahashi M, Tanaka Y, Thayer J, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Torresi E, Tosti G, Troja E, Valverde JV, Vianello G, Vogel M, Wood K, Wood M, Zaharijas G, Ahnen ML, Ansoldi S, Antonelli LA, Arcaro C, Baack D, Babić A, Banerjee B, Bangale P, Barres de Almeida U, Barrio JA, González JB, Bednarek W, Bernardini E, Berti A, Bhattacharyya W, Biland A, Blanch O, Bonnoli G, Carosi R, Carosi A, Ceribella G, Chatterjee A, Colak SM, Colin P, Colombo E, Contreras JL, Cortina J, Covino S, Cumani P, Da Vela P, Dazzi F, De Angelis A, De Lotto B, Delfino M, Delgado J, Di Pierro F, Domínguez A, Dominis Prester D, Dorner D, Doro M, Einecke S, Elsaesser D, Fallah Ramazani V, Fernández-Barral A, Fidalgo D, Foffano L, Pfrang K, Fonseca MV, Font L, Fruck C, Galindo D, Gallozzi S, García López RJ, Garczarczyk M, Gaug M, Giammaria P, Godinović N, Gora D, Guberman D, Hadasch D, Hahn A, Hassan T, Hayashida M, Herrera J, Hose J, Hrupec D, Inoue S, Ishio K, Konno Y, Kubo H, Kushida J, Lelas D, Lindfors E, Lombardi S, Longo F, López M, Maggio C, Majumdar P, Makariev M, Maneva G, Manganaro M, Mannheim K, Maraschi L, Mariotti M, Martínez M, Masuda S, Mazin D, Minev M, Miranda JM, Mirzoyan R, Moralejo A, Moreno V, Moretti E, Nagayoshi T, Neustroev V, Niedzwiecki A, Nievas Rosillo M, Nigro C, Nilsson K, Ninci D, Nishijima K, Noda K, Nogués L, Paiano S, Palacio J, Paneque D, Paoletti R, Paredes JM, Pedaletti G, Peresano M, Persic M, Prada Moroni PG, Prandini E, Puljak I, Rodriguez J, Reichardt I, Rhode W, Ribó M, Rico J, Righi C, Rugliancich A, Saito T, Satalecka K, Schweizer T, Sitarek J, Šnidarić I, Sobczynska D, Stamerra A, Strzys M, Surić T, Takahashi M, Tavecchio F, Temnikov P, Terzić T, Teshima M, Torres-Albà N, Treves A, Tsujimoto S, Vanzo G, Vazquez Acosta M, Vovk I, Ward JE, Will M, Zarić D, Franceschini A, Lucarelli F, Tavani M, Piano G, Donnarumma I, Pittori C, Verrecchia F, Barbiellini G, Bulgarelli A, Caraveo P, Cattaneo PW, Colafrancesco S, Costa E, Di Cocco G, Ferrari A, Gianotti F, Giuliani A, Lipari P, Mereghetti S, Morselli 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Barbosa E, Mostafa M, Nayerhoda A, Nellen L, Newbold M, Nisa MU, Noriega-Papaqui R, Pelayo R, Pretz J, Pérez Pérez EG, Ren Z, Rho CD, Rivière C, González DR, Rosenberg M, Ruiz-Velasco E, Ruiz-Velasco E, Greus FS, Sandoval A, Schneider M, Schoorlemmer H, Sinnis G, Smith AJ, Springer W, Surajbali P, Tibolla O, Tollefson K, Torres I, Villaseñor L, Weisgarber T, Werner F, Yapici T, Yodh G, Zepeda A, Zhou H, Álvarez Romero JDD, Abdalla H, Angüner EO, Armand C, Backes M, Becherini Y, Berge D, Böttcher M, Boisson C, Bolmont J, Bonnefoy S, Bordas P, Brun F, Büchele M, Bulik T, Caroff S, Carosi A, Casanova S, Cerruti M, Chakraborty N, Chandra S, Chen A, Colafrancesco S, Davids ID, Deil C, Devin J, Djannati-Ataï A, Egberts K, Emery G, Eschbach S, Fiasson A, Fontaine G, Funk S, Füßling M, Gallant YA, Gaté F, Giavitto G, Glawion D, Glicenstein JF, Gottschall D, Grondin MH, Haupt M, Henri G, Hinton JA, Hoischen C, Holch TL, Huber D, Jamrozy M, Jankowsky D, Jankowsky F, Jouvin L, Jung-Richardt I, 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Tyler J, Vassiliev V, Wakely S, Weinstein A, Wells R, Wilcox P, Wilhelm A, Williams D, Zitzer B, Tetarenko A, Kimball A, Miller-Jones J, Sivakoff G. Multimessenger observations of a flaring blazar coincident with high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A. Science 2018; 361:science.aat1378. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aat1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Previous detections of individual astrophysical sources of neutrinos are limited to the Sun and the supernova 1987A, whereas the origins of the diffuse flux of high-energy cosmic neutrinos remain unidentified. On 22 September 2017, we detected a high-energy neutrino, IceCube-170922A, with an energy of ~290 tera–electron volts. Its arrival direction was consistent with the location of a known γ-ray blazar, TXS 0506+056, observed to be in a flaring state. An extensive multiwavelength campaign followed, ranging from radio frequencies to γ-rays. These observations characterize the variability and energetics of the blazar and include the detection of TXS 0506+056 in very-high-energy γ-rays. This observation of a neutrino in spatial coincidence with a γ-ray–emitting blazar during an active phase suggests that blazars may be a source of high-energy neutrinos.
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Clark CJ, Pletsch HJ, Wu J, Guillemot L, Kerr M, Johnson TJ, Camilo F, Salvetti D, Allen B, Anderson D, Aulbert C, Beer C, Bock O, Cuéllar A, Eggenstein HB, Fehrmann H, Kramer M, Kwang SA, Machenschalk B, Nieder L, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bellazzini R, Bissaldi E, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonino R, Bottacini E, Brandt TJ, Bregeon J, Bruel P, Buehler R, Burnett TH, Buson S, Cameron RA, Caputo R, Caraveo PA, Cavazzuti E, Cecchi C, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Ciprini S, Cominsky LR, Costantin D, Cutini S, D’Ammando F, De Luca A, Desiante R, Di Venere L, Di Mauro M, Di Lalla N, Digel SW, Favuzzi C, Ferrara EC, Franckowiak A, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Gomez-Vargas GA, Green D, Grenier IA, Guiriec S, Harding AK, Hewitt JW, Horan D, Jóhannesson G, Kensei S, Kuss M, La Mura G, Larsson S, Latronico L, Li J, Longo F, Loparco F, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Magill JD, Maldera S, Manfreda A, Mazziotta MN, McEnery JE, Michelson PF, Mirabal N, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Orienti M, Orlando E, Palatiello M, Paliya VS, de Palma F, Paneque D, Perkins JS, Persic M, Pesce-Rollins M, Porter TA, Principe G, Rainò S, Rando R, Ray PS, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Romani RW, Saz Parkinson PM, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Smith DA, Spada F, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Thayer JB, Thompson DJ, Torres DF, Troja E, Vianello G, Wood K, Wood M. Einstein@Home discovers a radio-quiet gamma-ray millisecond pulsar. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaao7228. [PMID: 29503868 PMCID: PMC5829974 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao7228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Millisecond pulsars (MSPs) are old neutron stars that spin hundreds of times per second and appear to pulsate as their emission beams cross our line of sight. To date, radio pulsations have been detected from all rotation-powered MSPs. In an attempt to discover radio-quiet gamma-ray MSPs, we used the aggregated power from the computers of tens of thousands of volunteers participating in the Einstein@Home distributed computing project to search for pulsations from unidentified gamma-ray sources in Fermi Large Area Telescope data. This survey discovered two isolated MSPs, one of which is the only known rotation-powered MSP to remain undetected in radio observations. These gamma-ray MSPs were discovered in completely blind searches without prior constraints from other observations, raising hopes for detecting MSPs from a predicted Galactic bulge population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J. Clark
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Holger J. Pletsch
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jason Wu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lucas Guillemot
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l’Environnement et de l’Espace–Université d’Orléans/CNRS, F-45071 Orléans Cedex 02, France
- Station de radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, F-18330 Nançay, France
| | - Matthew Kerr
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375–5352, USA
| | - Tyrel J. Johnson
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Fernando Camilo
- Square Kilometre Array South Africa, Pinelands 7405, South Africa
| | - David Salvetti
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)–Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica Milano, via E. Bassini 15, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Bruce Allen
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - David Anderson
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Carsten Aulbert
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Beer
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Bock
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andres Cuéllar
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Heinz-Bernd Eggenstein
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsam-Golm, Germany
| | - Henning Fehrmann
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Kramer
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Shawn A. Kwang
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Bernd Machenschalk
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lars Nieder
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Ackermann
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - Marco Ajello
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Kinard Laboratory of Physics, Clemson, SC 29634–0978, USA
| | - Luca Baldini
- Università di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Jean Ballet
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Guido Barbiellini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Denis Bastieri
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Ronaldo Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bissaldi
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Roger D. Blandford
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elliott D. Bloom
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Raffaella Bonino
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Eugenio Bottacini
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Johan Bregeon
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Bruel
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Rolf Buehler
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - Toby H. Burnett
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195–1560, USA
| | - Sara Buson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Rob A. Cameron
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Regina Caputo
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Patrizia A. Caraveo
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)–Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica Milano, via E. Bassini 15, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Cecchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Eric Charles
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Stefano Ciprini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Space Science Data Center–Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, I-00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Lynn R. Cominsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928–3609, USA
| | - Denise Costantin
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Cutini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Space Science Data Center–Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, I-00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Filippo D’Ammando
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Bologna, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea De Luca
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)–Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica Milano, via E. Bassini 15, I-20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori (IUSS), I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Rachele Desiante
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Università di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Leonardo Di Venere
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Mattia Di Mauro
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Niccolò Di Lalla
- Università di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Seth W. Digel
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cecilia Favuzzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Elizabeth C. Ferrara
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Sciences and Technology II, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Anna Franckowiak
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - Yasushi Fukazawa
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Stefan Funk
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Piergiorgio Fusco
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Gargano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Dario Gasparrini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Space Science Data Center–Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, I-00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Nico Giglietto
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Giordano
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Germán A. Gomez-Vargas
- Instituto de Astrofísica, Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 22, Chile
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - David Green
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Isabelle A. Grenier
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Sylvain Guiriec
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics, The George Washington University, 725 21st Street, NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | | | - John W. Hewitt
- Department of Physics, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Deirdre Horan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Guðlaugur Jóhannesson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
- NORDITA, Roslagstullsbacken 23, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shiki Kensei
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Michael Kuss
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni La Mura
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefan Larsson
- Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luca Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Jian Li
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Magrans s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesco Longo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Loparco
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Pasquale Lubrano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Jeffrey D. Magill
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Simone Maldera
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Manfreda
- Università di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario N. Mazziotta
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Julie E. McEnery
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Peter F. Michelson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nestor Mirabal
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Warit Mitthumsiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Tsunefumi Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Maria Elena Monzani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aldo Morselli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Igor V. Moskalenko
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eric Nuss
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Takashi Ohsugi
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Nicola Omodei
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Monica Orienti
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Orlando
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michele Palatiello
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Vaidehi S. Paliya
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Kinard Laboratory of Physics, Clemson, SC 29634–0978, USA
| | - Francesco de Palma
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Università Telematica Pegaso, Piazza Trieste e Trento, 48, I-80132 Napoli, Italy
| | - David Paneque
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | | | - Massimo Persic
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, I-34143 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Troy A. Porter
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Giacomo Principe
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silvia Rainò
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Riccardo Rando
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Paul S. Ray
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375–5352, USA
| | | | - Anita Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Olaf Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Roger W. Romani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pablo M. Saz Parkinson
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
- Laboratory for Space Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carmelo Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Eric J. Siskind
- NYCB Real-Time Computing Inc., Lattingtown, NY 11560–1025, USA
| | - David A. Smith
- Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, IN2P3/CNRS, Université Bordeaux 1, BP120, F-33175 Gradignan Cedex, France
| | - Francesca Spada
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gloria Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Jana B. Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Diego F. Torres
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Magrans s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eleonora Troja
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Giacomo Vianello
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kent Wood
- Praxis Inc., Alexandria, VA 22303, USA
| | - Matthew Wood
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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8
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Abdollahi S, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Albert A, Atwood WB, Baldini L, Barbiellini G, Bellazzini R, Bissaldi E, Bloom ED, Bonino R, Bottacini E, Brandt TJ, Bruel P, Buson S, Caragiulo M, Cavazzuti E, Chekhtman A, Ciprini S, Costanza F, Cuoco A, Cutini S, D'Ammando F, de Palma F, Desiante R, Digel SW, Di Lalla N, Di Mauro M, Di Venere L, Donaggio B, Drell PS, Favuzzi C, Focke WB, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Green D, Guiriec S, Harding AK, Jogler T, Jóhannesson G, Kamae T, Kuss M, Larsson S, Latronico L, Li J, Longo F, Loparco F, Lubrano P, Magill JD, Malyshev D, Manfreda A, Mazziotta MN, Meehan M, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Negro M, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Paneque D, Perkins JS, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Pivato G, Principe G, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Sgrò C, Simone D, Siskind EJ, Spada F, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Strong AW, Tajima H, Thayer JB, Torres DF, Troja E, Vandenbroucke J, Zaharijas G, Zimmer S. Search for Cosmic-Ray Electron and Positron Anisotropies with Seven Years of Fermi Large Area Telescope Data. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 118:091103. [PMID: 28306280 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.091103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Large Area Telescope on board the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope has collected the largest ever sample of high-energy cosmic-ray electron and positron events since the beginning of its operation. Potential anisotropies in the arrival directions of cosmic-ray electrons or positrons could be a signature of the presence of nearby sources. We use almost seven years of data with energies above 42 GeV processed with the Pass 8 reconstruction. The present data sample can probe dipole anisotropies down to a level of 10^{-3}. We take into account systematic effects that could mimic true anisotropies at this level. We present a detailed study of the event selection optimization of the cosmic-ray electrons and positrons to be used for anisotropy searches. Since no significant anisotropies have been detected on any angular scale, we present upper limits on the dipole anisotropy. The present constraints are among the strongest to date probing the presence of nearby young and middle-aged sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Abdollahi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - M Ackermann
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Ajello
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Kinard Lab of Physics, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0978, USA
| | - A Albert
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - W B Atwood
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - L Baldini
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Enrico Fermi" dell'Università di Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - G Barbiellini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - R Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E Bissaldi
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - E D Bloom
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - R Bonino
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - E Bottacini
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - T J Brandt
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - P Bruel
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - S Buson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - M Caragiulo
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - E Cavazzuti
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - A Chekhtman
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA resident at Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - S Ciprini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - F Costanza
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - A Cuoco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology, (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Cutini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - F D'Ammando
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Bologna, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - F de Palma
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Università Telematica Pegaso, Piazza Trieste e Trento, 48, I-80132 Napoli, Italy
| | - R Desiante
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Università di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - S W Digel
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - N Di Lalla
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Enrico Fermi" dell'Università di Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M Di Mauro
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - L Di Venere
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - B Donaggio
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - P S Drell
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - C Favuzzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - W B Focke
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Y Fukazawa
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - S Funk
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - P Fusco
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F Gargano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D Gasparrini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - N Giglietto
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F Giordano
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M Giroletti
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - D Green
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Guiriec
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - A K Harding
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - T Jogler
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - G Jóhannesson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - T Kamae
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - M Kuss
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S Larsson
- Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - J Li
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Longo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - F Loparco
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P Lubrano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - J D Magill
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Malyshev
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Manfreda
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Enrico Fermi" dell'Università di Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M N Mazziotta
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M Meehan
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - P F Michelson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - W Mitthumsiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - T Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - A A Moiseev
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - M E Monzani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A Morselli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata", I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - M Negro
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - E Nuss
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - T Ohsugi
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - N Omodei
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - D Paneque
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - J S Perkins
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - M Pesce-Rollins
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - F Piron
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - G Pivato
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - G Principe
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Rainò
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R Rando
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M Razzano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - A Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - O Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - D Simone
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - E J Siskind
- NYCB Real-Time Computing Inc., Lattingtown, New York 11560-1025, USA
| | - F Spada
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - G Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - P Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - A W Strong
- Max-Planck Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - H Tajima
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - J B Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - D F Torres
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Troja
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - J Vandenbroucke
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - G Zaharijas
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, and Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - S Zimmer
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpuscolaire (DPNC), University of Geneva, CH-1211 Genéve 4, Switzerland
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9
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Ajello M, Albert A, Anderson B, Baldini L, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bellazzini R, Bissaldi E, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonino R, Bottacini E, Bregeon J, Bruel P, Buehler R, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caragiulo M, Caraveo PA, Cecchi C, Chekhtman A, Ciprini S, Cohen-Tanugi J, Conrad J, Costanza F, D'Ammando F, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Desiante R, Di Mauro M, Di Venere L, Domínguez A, Drell PS, Favuzzi C, Focke WB, Franckowiak A, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Giglietto N, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Guiriec S, Horan D, Jóhannesson G, Katsuragawa M, Kensei S, Kuss M, Larsson S, Latronico L, Li J, Li L, Longo F, Loparco F, Lubrano P, Madejski GM, Maldera S, Manfreda A, Mayer M, Mazziotta MN, Meyer M, Michelson PF, Mirabal N, Mizuno T, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Negro M, Nuss E, Okada C, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Paneque D, Perkins JS, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Pivato G, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Reimer A, Sánchez-Conde M, Sgrò C, Simone D, Siskind EJ, Spada F, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Takahashi H, Thayer JB, Torres DF, Tosti G, Troja E, Uchiyama Y, Wood KS, Wood M, Zaharijas G, Zimmer S. Search for Spectral Irregularities due to Photon-Axionlike-Particle Oscillations with the Fermi Large Area Telescope. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 116:161101. [PMID: 27152783 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.161101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report on the search for spectral irregularities induced by oscillations between photons and axionlike-particles (ALPs) in the γ-ray spectrum of NGC 1275, the central galaxy of the Perseus cluster. Using 6 years of Fermi Large Area Telescope data, we find no evidence for ALPs and exclude couplings above 5×10^{-12} GeV^{-1} for ALP masses 0.5≲m_{a}≲5 neV at 95% confidence. The limits are competitive with the sensitivity of planned laboratory experiments, and, together with other bounds, strongly constrain the possibility that ALPs can reduce the γ-ray opacity of the Universe.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ajello
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Kinard Lab of Physics, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0978, USA
| | - A Albert
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - B Anderson
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Baldini
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Università di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - G Barbiellini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - D Bastieri
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei," Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - R Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E Bissaldi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R D Blandford
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - E D Bloom
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - R Bonino
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica Generale "Amadeo Avogadro," Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - E Bottacini
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J Bregeon
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - P Bruel
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - R Buehler
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - G A Caliandro
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS), I-10133 Torino, Italy
| | - R A Cameron
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - M Caragiulo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P A Caraveo
- INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - C Cecchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - A Chekhtman
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA and Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA
| | - S Ciprini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - J Cohen-Tanugi
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - J Conrad
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Costanza
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F D'Ammando
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Bologna, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - A de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I-33100 Udine
| | - F de Palma
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Università Telematica Pegaso, Piazza Trieste e Trento, 48, I-80132 Napoli, Italy
| | - R Desiante
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Università di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - M Di Mauro
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - L Di Venere
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - A Domínguez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Kinard Lab of Physics, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0978, USA
| | - P S Drell
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - C Favuzzi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - W B Focke
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A Franckowiak
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Y Fukazawa
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - S Funk
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - P Fusco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F Gargano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D Gasparrini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - N Giglietto
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - T Glanzman
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - G Godfrey
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - S Guiriec
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - D Horan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - G Jóhannesson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - M Katsuragawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
| | - S Kensei
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - M Kuss
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S Larsson
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - J Li
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Li
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Longo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - F Loparco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P Lubrano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - G M Madejski
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - S Maldera
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - A Manfreda
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M Mayer
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M N Mazziotta
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M Meyer
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P F Michelson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - N Mirabal
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - T Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - M E Monzani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A Morselli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata," I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - I V Moskalenko
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - S Murgia
- Center for Cosmology, Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2575, USA
| | - M Negro
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica Generale "Amadeo Avogadro," Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - E Nuss
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - C Okada
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - E Orlando
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J F Ormes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, USA
| | - D Paneque
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - J S Perkins
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - M Pesce-Rollins
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - F Piron
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - G Pivato
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - T A Porter
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - S Rainò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R Rando
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei," Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M Razzano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - A Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M Sánchez-Conde
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - D Simone
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - E J Siskind
- NYCB Real-Time Computing Inc., Lattingtown, New York 11560-1025, USA
| | - F Spada
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - G Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - P Spinelli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - H Takahashi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - J B Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - D F Torres
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Tosti
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - E Troja
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Y Uchiyama
- Department of Physics, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - K S Wood
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5352, USA
| | - M Wood
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - G Zaharijas
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, and Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - S Zimmer
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Ackermann M, Ajello M, Albert A, Atwood WB, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Bissaldi E, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonino R, Bregeon J, Britto RJ, Bruel P, Buehler R, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caragiulo M, Caraveo PA, Cavazzuti E, Cecchi C, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Chiang J, Chiaro G, Ciprini S, Cohen-Tanugi J, Cominsky LR, Costanza F, Cutini S, D'Ammando F, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Desiante R, Digel SW, Di Mauro M, Di Venere L, Domínguez A, Drell PS, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Ferrara EC, Franckowiak A, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Giglietto N, Giommi P, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Godfrey G, Green D, Grenier IA, Guiriec S, Hays E, Horan D, Iafrate G, Jogler T, Jóhannesson G, Kuss M, La Mura G, Larsson S, Latronico L, Li J, Li L, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Madejski GM, Magill J, Maldera S, Manfreda A, Mayer M, Mazziotta MN, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Negro M, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Okada C, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Paneque D, Perkins JS, Pesce-Rollins M, Petrosian V, Piron F, Pivato G, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Razzaque S, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Romani RW, Sánchez-Conde M, Schmid J, Schulz A, Sgrò C, Simone D, Siskind EJ, Spada F, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Suson DJ, Takahashi H, Thayer JB, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Troja E, Vianello G, Yassine M, Zimmer S. Resolving the Extragalactic γ-Ray Background above 50 GeV with the Fermi Large Area Telescope. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 116:151105. [PMID: 27127954 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.151105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) Collaboration has recently released a catalog of 360 sources detected above 50 GeV (2FHL). This catalog was obtained using 80 months of data re-processed with Pass 8, the newest event-level analysis, which significantly improves the acceptance and angular resolution of the instrument. Most of the 2FHL sources at high Galactic latitude are blazars. Using detailed Monte Carlo simulations, we measure, for the first time, the source count distribution, dN/dS, of extragalactic γ-ray sources at E>50 GeV and find that it is compatible with a Euclidean distribution down to the lowest measured source flux in the 2FHL (∼8×10^{-12} ph cm^{-2} s^{-1}). We employ a one-point photon fluctuation analysis to constrain the behavior of dN/dS below the source detection threshold. Overall, the source count distribution is constrained over three decades in flux and found compatible with a broken power law with a break flux, S_{b}, in the range [8×10^{-12},1.5×10^{-11}] ph cm^{-2} s^{-1} and power-law indices below and above the break of α_{2}∈[1.60,1.75] and α_{1}=2.49±0.12, respectively. Integration of dN/dS shows that point sources account for at least 86_{-14}^{+16}% of the total extragalactic γ-ray background. The simple form of the derived source count distribution is consistent with a single population (i.e., blazars) dominating the source counts to the minimum flux explored by this analysis. We estimate the density of sources detectable in blind surveys that will be performed in the coming years by the Cherenkov Telescope Array.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ackermann
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Ajello
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Kinard Lab of Physics, Clemson, SC 29634-0978, USA
| | - A Albert
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - W B Atwood
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - L Baldini
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Università di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J Ballet
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - G Barbiellini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - D Bastieri
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - K Bechtol
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - R Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E Bissaldi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R D Blandford
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E D Bloom
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R Bonino
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica Generale "Amadeo Avogadro", Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - J Bregeon
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - R J Britto
- Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - P Bruel
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - R Buehler
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - G A Caliandro
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS), I-10133 Torino, Italy
| | - R A Cameron
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M Caragiulo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P A Caraveo
- INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - E Cavazzuti
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - C Cecchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - E Charles
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A Chekhtman
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, resident at Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - J Chiang
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - G Chiaro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - S Ciprini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - J Cohen-Tanugi
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - L R Cominsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928-3609, USA
| | - F Costanza
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S Cutini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone (Roma), Italy
| | - F D'Ammando
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Bologna, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - A de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I-33100 Udine
| | - F de Palma
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Università Telematica Pegaso, Piazza Trieste e Trento, 48, I-80132 Napoli, Italy
| | - R Desiante
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Università di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - S W Digel
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M Di Mauro
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - L Di Venere
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - A Domínguez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Kinard Lab of Physics, Clemson, SC 29634-0978, USA
| | - P S Drell
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - C Favuzzi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S J Fegan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - E C Ferrara
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - A Franckowiak
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Y Fukazawa
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - S Funk
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - P Fusco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F Gargano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D Gasparrini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - N Giglietto
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P Giommi
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - F Giordano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M Giroletti
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - G Godfrey
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D Green
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - I A Grenier
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - S Guiriec
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow, USA
| | - E Hays
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - D Horan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - G Iafrate
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, I-34143 Trieste, Italy
| | - T Jogler
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - G Jóhannesson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - M Kuss
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - G La Mura
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S Larsson
- Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - J Li
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Li
- Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Longo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - F Loparco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - B Lott
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, IN2P3/CNRS, Université Bordeaux 1, BP120, F-33175 Gradignan Cedex, France
| | - M N Lovellette
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5352, USA
| | - P Lubrano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - G M Madejski
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J Magill
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - S Maldera
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - A Manfreda
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M Mayer
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M N Mazziotta
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P F Michelson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - W Mitthumsiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - T Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - A A Moiseev
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - M E Monzani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A Morselli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata", I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - I V Moskalenko
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S Murgia
- Center for Cosmology, Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2575, USA
| | - M Negro
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica Generale "Amadeo Avogadro", Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - E Nuss
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - T Ohsugi
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - C Okada
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - N Omodei
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E Orlando
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J F Ormes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, USA
| | - D Paneque
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - J S Perkins
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - M Pesce-Rollins
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - V Petrosian
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - F Piron
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - G Pivato
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - T A Porter
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S Rainò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R Rando
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M Razzano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- Funded by contract FIRB-2012-RBFR12PM1F from the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR)
| | - S Razzaque
- Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - A Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - O Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T Reposeur
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, IN2P3/CNRS, Université Bordeaux 1, BP120, F-33175 Gradignan Cedex, France
| | - R W Romani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M Sánchez-Conde
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Schmid
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - A Schulz
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - C Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - D Simone
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - E J Siskind
- NYCB Real-Time Computing Inc., Lattingtown, New York 11560-1025, USA
| | - F Spada
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - G Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - P Spinelli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D J Suson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, Indiana 46323-2094, USA
| | - H Takahashi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - J B Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - L Tibaldo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D F Torres
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Troja
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - G Vianello
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M Yassine
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - S Zimmer
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Ackermann M, Ajello M, Albert A, Atwood WB, Baldini L, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bellazzini R, Bissaldi E, Blandford RD, Bonino R, Bottacini E, Bregeon J, Bruel P, Buehler R, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caragiulo M, Caraveo PA, Cavazzuti E, Cecchi C, Chekhtman A, Chiang J, Chiaro G, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Costanza F, Cuoco A, Cutini S, D’Ammando F, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Desiante R, Digel SW, Di Venere L, Drell PS, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Focke WB, Franckowiak A, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grove JE, Guiriec S, Harding AK, Hewitt JW, Horan D, Hou X, Iafrate G, Jóhannesson G, Kamae T, Kuss M, Larsson S, Latronico L, Li J, Li L, Longo F, Loparco F, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Magill J, Maldera S, Manfreda A, Mayer M, Mazziotta MN, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Murgia S, Nuss E, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Paneque D, Perkins JS, Pesce-Rollins M, Petrosian V, Piron F, Pivato G, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Spada F, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Takahashi H, Thayer JB, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Tosti G, Troja E, Vianello G, Winer BL, Wood KS, Yassine M, Cerutti F, Ferrari A, Sala PR. Measurement of the high-energy gamma-ray emission from the Moon with the Fermi Large Area Telescope. Phys Rev D 2016; 93:082001. [PMID: 32743154 PMCID: PMC7394319 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.93.082001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We have measured the gamma-ray emission spectrum of the Moon using the data collected by the Large Area Telescope onboard the Fermi satellite during its first seven years of operation, in the energy range from 30 MeV up to a few GeV. We have also studied the time evolution of the flux, finding a correlation with the solar activity. We have developed a full Monte Carlo simulation describing the interactions of cosmic rays with the lunar surface. The results of the present analysis can be explained in the framework of this model, where the production of gamma rays is due to the interactions of cosmic-ray proton and helium nuclei with the surface of the Moon. Finally, we have used our simulation to derive the cosmic-ray proton and helium spectra near Earth from the Moon gamma-ray data.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ackermann
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M. Ajello
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Kinard Lab of Physics, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0978, USA
| | - A. Albert
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - W. B. Atwood
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - L. Baldini
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Università di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - G. Barbiellini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - D. Bastieri
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - R. Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E. Bissaldi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R. D. Blandford
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - R. Bonino
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica Generale “AmadeoAvogadro”, Università degli Studidi Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - E. Bottacini
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J. Bregeon
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - P. Bruel
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - R. Buehler
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - G. A. Caliandro
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS), I-10133 Torino, Italy
| | - R. A. Cameron
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - M. Caragiulo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P. A. Caraveo
- INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - E. Cavazzuti
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - C. Cecchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - A. Chekhtman
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA and resident at Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, USA
| | - J. Chiang
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - G. Chiaro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - S. Ciprini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - R. Claus
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J. Cohen-Tanugi
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - F. Costanza
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - A. Cuoco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica Generale “AmadeoAvogadro”, Università degli Studidi Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - S. Cutini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone (Roma), Italy
| | - F. D’Ammando
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Bologna, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - A. de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I-33100 Udine
| | - F. de Palma
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Università Telematica Pegaso, Piazza Trieste e Trento, 48, I-80132 Napoli, Italy
| | - R. Desiante
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Università di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - S. W. Digel
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - L. Di Venere
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P. S. Drell
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - C. Favuzzi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. J. Fegan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - W. B. Focke
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A. Franckowiak
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - S. Funk
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - P. Fusco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F. Gargano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D. Gasparrini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - N. Giglietto
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F. Giordano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. Giroletti
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - T. Glanzman
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - G. Godfrey
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - I. A. Grenier
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - J. E. Grove
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375-5352, USA
| | - S. Guiriec
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow, USA
| | - A. K. Harding
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - J. W. Hewitt
- Department of Physics, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
| | - D. Horan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - X. Hou
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650216, China
- Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650216, China
| | - G. Iafrate
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, I-34143 Trieste, Italy
| | - G. Jóhannesson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - T. Kamae
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - M. Kuss
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S. Larsson
- Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L. Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - J. Li
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - L. Li
- Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F. Longo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - F. Loparco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. N. Lovellette
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375-5352, USA
| | - P. Lubrano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - J. Magill
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S. Maldera
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - A. Manfreda
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Mayer
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M. N. Mazziotta
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P. F. Michelson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - W. Mitthumsiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - T. Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - M. E. Monzani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A. Morselli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata”, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - S. Murgia
- Center for Cosmology, Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2575, USA
| | - E. Nuss
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - N. Omodei
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - E. Orlando
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J. F. Ormes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, USA
| | - D. Paneque
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - J. S. Perkins
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - M. Pesce-Rollins
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - V. Petrosian
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - F. Piron
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - G. Pivato
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S. Rainò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R. Rando
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M. Razzano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- Funded by contract FIRB-2012-RBFR12PM1F from the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR)
| | - A. Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - O. Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T. Reposeur
- Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, IN2P3/CNRS, Université Bordeaux 1, BP120, F-33175 Gradignan Cedex, France
| | - C. Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E. J. Siskind
- NYCB Real-Time Computing Inc., Lattingtown, New York 11560-1025, USA
| | - F. Spada
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - G. Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - P. Spinelli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - H. Takahashi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - J. B. Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - D. J. Thompson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - L. Tibaldo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D. F. Torres
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - G. Tosti
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - E. Troja
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - G. Vianello
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - B. L. Winer
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - K. S. Wood
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375-5352, USA
| | - M. Yassine
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | | | - F. Cerutti
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A. Ferrari
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - P. R. Sala
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy
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Ackermann M, Albert A, Anderson B, Atwood WB, Baldini L, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Bissaldi E, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonino R, Bottacini E, Brandt TJ, Bregeon J, Bruel P, Buehler R, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caputo R, Caragiulo M, Caraveo PA, Cecchi C, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Chiang J, Chiaro G, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Conrad J, Cuoco A, Cutini S, D'Ammando F, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Desiante R, Digel SW, Di Venere L, Drell PS, Drlica-Wagner A, Essig R, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Ferrara EC, Focke WB, Franckowiak A, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Gomez-Vargas GA, Grenier IA, Guiriec S, Gustafsson M, Hays E, Hewitt JW, Horan D, Jogler T, Jóhannesson G, Kuss M, Larsson S, Latronico L, Li J, Li L, Llena Garde M, Longo F, Loparco F, Lubrano P, Malyshev D, Mayer M, Mazziotta MN, McEnery JE, Meyer M, Michelson PF, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Murgia S, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Orienti M, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Paneque D, Perkins JS, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Pivato G, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Ritz S, Sánchez-Conde M, Schulz A, Sehgal N, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Spada F, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Strigari L, Tajima H, Takahashi H, Thayer JB, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Troja E, Vianello G, Werner M, Winer BL, Wood KS, Wood M, Zaharijas G, Zimmer S. Searching for Dark Matter Annihilation from Milky Way Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies with Six Years of Fermi Large Area Telescope Data. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 115:231301. [PMID: 26684107 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.231301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The dwarf spheroidal satellite galaxies (dSphs) of the Milky Way are some of the most dark matter (DM) dominated objects known. We report on γ-ray observations of Milky Way dSphs based on six years of Fermi Large Area Telescope data processed with the new Pass8 event-level analysis. None of the dSphs are significantly detected in γ rays, and we present upper limits on the DM annihilation cross section from a combined analysis of 15 dSphs. These constraints are among the strongest and most robust to date and lie below the canonical thermal relic cross section for DM of mass ≲100 GeV annihilating via quark and τ-lepton channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ackermann
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - A Albert
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - B Anderson
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - W B Atwood
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - L Baldini
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Università di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - G Barbiellini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - D Bastieri
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - K Bechtol
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - R Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E Bissaldi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R D Blandford
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - E D Bloom
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - R Bonino
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica Generale "Amadeo Avogadro", Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - E Bottacini
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - T J Brandt
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - J Bregeon
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - P Bruel
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - R Buehler
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - G A Caliandro
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS), I-10133 Torino, Italy
| | - R A Cameron
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - R Caputo
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - M Caragiulo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P A Caraveo
- INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - C Cecchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - E Charles
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A Chekhtman
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA
| | - J Chiang
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - G Chiaro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - S Ciprini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone (Roma), Italy
| | - R Claus
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J Cohen-Tanugi
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - J Conrad
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Academy Fellow
| | - A Cuoco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica Generale "Amadeo Avogadro", Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - S Cutini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone (Roma), Italy
| | - F D'Ammando
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Bologna, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - A de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I-33100 Udine
| | - F de Palma
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Università Telematica Pegaso, Piazza Trieste e Trento, 48, I-80132 Napoli, Italy
| | - R Desiante
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Università di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - S W Digel
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - L Di Venere
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P S Drell
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A Drlica-Wagner
- Center for Particle Astrophysics, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - R Essig
- C.N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3840, USA
| | - C Favuzzi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S J Fegan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - E C Ferrara
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - W B Focke
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A Franckowiak
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Y Fukazawa
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - S Funk
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - P Fusco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F Gargano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D Gasparrini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone (Roma), Italy
| | - N Giglietto
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F Giordano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M Giroletti
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - T Glanzman
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - G Godfrey
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - G A Gomez-Vargas
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata", I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Departamento de Fisíca, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile
| | - I A Grenier
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - S Guiriec
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow, USA
| | - M Gustafsson
- Georg-August University Göttingen, Institute for theoretical Physics-Faculty of Physics, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - E Hays
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - J W Hewitt
- University of North Florida, Department of Physics, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
| | - D Horan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - T Jogler
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - G Jóhannesson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - M Kuss
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S Larsson
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - J Li
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Li
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Llena Garde
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Longo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - F Loparco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P Lubrano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - D Malyshev
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - M Mayer
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M N Mazziotta
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - J E McEnery
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Meyer
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P F Michelson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - T Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - A A Moiseev
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - M E Monzani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A Morselli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata", I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - S Murgia
- Center for Cosmology, Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2575, USA
| | - E Nuss
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - T Ohsugi
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - M Orienti
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - E Orlando
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J F Ormes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - D Paneque
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - J S Perkins
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - M Pesce-Rollins
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - F Piron
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - G Pivato
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - T A Porter
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - S Rainò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R Rando
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M Razzano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - A Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - O Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S Ritz
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - M Sánchez-Conde
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Schulz
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - N Sehgal
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - C Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E J Siskind
- NYCB Real-Time Computing Inc., Lattingtown, New York 11560-1025, USA
| | - F Spada
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - G Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - P Spinelli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - L Strigari
- Texas A&M University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, College Station, Texas 77843-4242, USA
| | - H Tajima
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - H Takahashi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - J B Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - L Tibaldo
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - D F Torres
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Troja
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - G Vianello
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - M Werner
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B L Winer
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - K S Wood
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5352, USA
| | - M Wood
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - G Zaharijas
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, and Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - S Zimmer
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Ackermann M, Albert A, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Barbieri C, Bastieri D, Bellazzini R, Bissaldi E, Bonino R, Bottacini E, Brandt TJ, Bregeon J, Bruel P, Buehler R, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Cecchi C, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Chiaro G, Ciprini S, Cohen-Tanugi J, Cuoco A, Cutini S, D’Ammando F, Desiante FDPR, Digel SW, Di Venere L, Drell PS, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Ferrara EC, Franckowiak A, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grondin MH, Grove JE, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Hagiwara K, Harding AK, Hays E, Hewitt JW, Hill AB, Horan D, Johnson TJ, Knödlseder J, Kuss M, Larsson S, Latronico L, Lemoine-Goumard M, Li J, Li L, Longo F, Loparco F, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Maldera S, Manfreda A, Marshall F, Martin P, Mayer M, Mazziotta MN, Michelson PF, Mirabal N, Mizuno T, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Naletto G, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Orienti M, Orlando E, Paneque D, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Pivato G, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Romani RW, Parkinson PMS, Schulz A, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Smith DA, Spada F, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Suson DJ, Takahashi H, Thayer JB, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Uchiyama Y, Vianello G, Wood KS, Wood M, Zampieri L. An extremely bright gamma-ray pulsar in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Science 2015; 350:801-5. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aac7400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Ackermann M, Ajello M, Atwood WB, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Gonzalez JB, Bellazzini R, Bissaldi E, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonino R, Bottacini E, Brandt TJ, Bregeon J, Britto RJ, Bruel P, Buehler R, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caragiulo M, Caraveo PA, Carpenter B, Casandjian JM, Cavazzuti E, Cecchi C, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Chiaro G, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Cominsky LR, Conrad J, Cutini S, D’Abrusco R, D’Ammando F, Angelis AD, Desiante R, Digel SW, Venere LD, Drell PS, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Ferrara EC, Finke J, Focke WB, Franckowiak A, Fuhrmann L, Fukazawa Y, Furniss AK, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Giglietto N, Giommi P, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grove JE, Guiriec S, Hewitt JW, Hill AB, Horan D, Itoh R, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Johnson WN, Kataoka J, Kawano T, Krauss F, Kuss M, Mura GL, Larsson S, Latronico L, Leto C, Li J, Li L, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Madejski GM, Mayer M, Mazziotta MN, McEnery JE, Michelson PF, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nuss E, Ohno M, Ohsugi T, Ojha R, Omodei N, Orienti M, Orlando E, Paggi A, Paneque D, Perkins JS, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Pivato G, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Razzaque S, Reimer A, Reimer O, Romani RW, Salvetti D, Schaal M, Schinzel FK, Schulz A, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Sokolovsky KV, Spada F, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Stawarz L, Suson DJ, Takahashi H, Takahashi T, Tanaka Y, Thayer JG, Thayer JB, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Torresi E, Tosti G, Troja E, Uchiyama Y, Vianello G, Winer BL, Wood KS, Zimmer S. THE THIRD CATALOG OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI DETECTED BY THEFERMILARGE AREA TELESCOPE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/810/1/14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Clark CJ, Pletsch HJ, Wu J, Guillemot L, Ackermann M, Allen B, Angelis AD, Aulbert C, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bellazzini R, Bissaldi E, Bock O, Bonino R, Bottacini E, Brandt TJ, Bregeon J, Bruel P, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caragiulo M, Caraveo PA, Cecchi C, Champion DJ, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Chiang J, Chiaro G, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Cuéllar A, Cutini S, D’Ammando F, Desiante R, Drell PS, Eggenstein HB, Favuzzi C, Fehrmann H, Ferrara EC, Focke WB, Franckowiak A, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grove JE, Guiriec S, Harding AK, Hays E, Hewitt JW, Hill AB, Horan D, Hou X, Jogler T, Johnson AS, Jóhannesson G, Kramer M, Krauss F, Kuss M, Laffon H, Larsson S, Latronico L, Li J, Li L, Longo F, Loparco F, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Machenschalk B, Manfreda A, Marelli M, Mayer M, Mazziotta MN, Michelson PF, Mizuno T, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Orienti M, Orlando E, Palma FD, Paneque D, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Pivato G, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Reimer A, Parkinson PMS, Schaal M, Schulz A, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Spada F, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Suson DJ, Takahashi H, Thayer JB, Tibaldo L, Torne P, Torres DF, Tosti G, Troja E, Vianello G, Wood KS, Wood M, Yassine M. PSR J1906+0722: AN ELUSIVE GAMMA-RAY PULSAR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/809/1/l2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Acero F, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Albert A, Atwood WB, Axelsson M, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Belfiore A, Bellazzini R, Bissaldi E, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bogart JR, Bonino R, Bottacini E, Bregeon J, Britto RJ, Bruel P, Buehler R, Burnett TH, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caputo R, Caragiulo M, Caraveo PA, Casandjian JM, Cavazzuti E, Charles E, Chaves RCG, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Chiaro G, Ciprini S, Claus R, Tanugi JC, Cominsky LR, Conrad J, Cutini S, D’Ammando F, Angelis AD, DeKlotz M, Palma FD, Desiante R, Digel SW, Venere LD, Drell PS, Dubois R, Dumora D, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Ferrara EC, Finke J, Franckowiak A, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Giebels B, Giglietto N, Giommi P, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grondin MH, Grove JE, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Hadasch D, Harding AK, Hays E, Hewitt JW, Hill AB, Horan D, Iafrate G, Jogler T, Jóhannesson G, Johnson RP, Johnson AS, Johnson TJ, Johnson WN, Kamae T, Kataoka J, Katsuta J, Kuss M, Mura GL, Landriu D, Larsson S, Latronico L, Goumard ML, Li J, Li L, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Madejski GM, Massaro F, Mayer M, Mazziotta MN, McEnery JE, Michelson PF, Mirabal N, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Mongelli M, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nuss E, Ohno M, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Orienti M, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Paneque D, Panetta JH, Perkins JS, Rollins MP, Piron F, Pivato G, Porter TA, Racusin JL, Rando R, Razzano M, Razzaque S, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Rochester LS, Romani RW, Salvetti D, Conde MS, Parkinson PMS, Schulz A, Siskind EJ, Smith DA, Spada F, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Stephens TE, Strong AW, Suson DJ, Takahashi H, Takahashi T, Tanaka Y, Thayer JG, Thayer JB, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Tibolla O, Torres DF, Torresi E, Tosti G, Troja E, Klaveren BV, Vianello G, Winer BL, Wood KS, Wood M, Zimmer S. FERMI
LARGE AREA TELESCOPE THIRD SOURCE CATALOG. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0067-0049/218/2/23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1146] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ackermann M, Albert A, Atwood WB, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bellazzini R, Bissaldi E, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bottacini E, Brandt TJ, Bregeon J, Bruel P, Buehler R, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caragiulo M, Caraveo PA, Cavazzuti E, Cecchi C, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Chiang J, Chiaro G, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Conrad J, Cutini S, D'Ammando F, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Dermer CD, Digel SW, Venere LD, do Couto e Silva E, Drell PS, Favuzzi C, Ferrara EC, Focke WB, Franckowiak A, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Germani S, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Godfrey G, Gomez-Vargas GA, Grenier IA, Guiriec S, Hadasch D, Harding AK, Hays E, Hewitt JW, Hou X, Jogler T, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Johnson WN, Kamae T, Kataoka J, Knödlseder J, Kocevski D, Kuss M, Larsson S, Latronico L, Longo F, Loparco F, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Malyshev D, Manfreda A, Massaro F, Mayer M, Mazziotta MN, McEnery JE, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nemmen R, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Orienti M, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Paneque D, Panetta JH, Perkins JS, Pesce-Rollins M, Petrosian V, Piron F, Pivato G, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Razzaque S, Reimer A, Reimer O, Sánchez-Conde M, Schaal M, Schulz A, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Stawarz Ł, Strong AW, Suson DJ, Tahara M, Takahashi H, Thayer JB, Tibaldo L, Tinivella M, Torres DF, Tosti G, Troja E, Uchiyama Y, Vianello G, Werner M, Winer BL, Wood KS, Wood M, Zaharijas G. THE SPECTRUM AND MORPHOLOGY OF THEFERMIBUBBLES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/793/1/64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ackermann M, Ajello M, Albert A, Allafort A, Baldini L, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonamente E, Bottacini E, Bouvier A, Brandt TJ, Brigida M, Bruel P, Buehler R, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Cecchi C, Charles E, Chaves RCG, Chekhtman A, Chiang J, Chiaro G, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Conrad J, Cutini S, Dalton M, D'Ammando F, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Dermer CD, Digel SW, Di Venere L, do Couto e Silva E, Drell PS, Drlica-Wagner A, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Ferrara EC, Focke WB, Franckowiak A, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Germani S, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Gomez-Vargas GA, Grenier IA, Grove JE, Guiriec S, Gustafsson M, Hadasch D, Hanabata Y, Harding AK, Hayashida M, Hayashi K, Hewitt JW, Horan D, Hou X, Hughes RE, Inoue Y, Jackson MS, Jogler T, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Kamae T, Kawano T, Knödlseder J, Kuss M, Lande J, Larsson S, Latronico L, Longo F, Loparco F, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Mayer M, Mazziotta MN, McEnery JE, Mehault J, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nemmen R, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Okumura A, Orienti M, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Paneque D, Panetta JH, Perkins JS, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Pivato G, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Razzaque S, Reimer A, Reimer O, Ritz S, Roth M, Schaal M, Schulz A, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Strong AW, Takahashi H, Takeuchi Y, Thayer JG, Thayer JB, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Tinivella M, Torres DF, Tosti G, Troja E, Tronconi V, Usher TL, Vandenbroucke J, Vasileiou V, Vianello G, Vitale V, Werner M, Winer BL, Wood KS, Wood M, Yang Z. Inferred cosmic-ray spectrum from Fermi large area telescope γ-ray observations of Earth's limb. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:151103. [PMID: 24785023 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.151103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent accurate measurements of cosmic-ray (CR) species by ATIC-2, CREAM, and PAMELA reveal an unexpected hardening in the proton and He spectra above a few hundred GeV, a gradual softening of the spectra just below a few hundred GeV, and a harder spectrum of He compared to that of protons. These newly discovered features may offer a clue to the origin of high-energy CRs. We use the Fermi Large Area Telescope observations of the γ-ray emission from Earth's limb for an indirect measurement of the local spectrum of CR protons in the energy range ∼90 GeV-6 TeV (derived from a photon energy range 15 GeV-1 TeV). Our analysis shows that single power law and broken power law spectra fit the data equally well and yield a proton spectrum with index 2.68±0.04 and 2.61±0.08 above ∼200 GeV, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ackermann
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Ajello
- Space Sciences Laboratory, 7 Gauss Way, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7450, USA
| | - A Albert
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A Allafort
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - L Baldini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - G Barbiellini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - D Bastieri
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - K Bechtol
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - R Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - R D Blandford
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - E D Bloom
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - E Bonamente
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - E Bottacini
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A Bouvier
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - T J Brandt
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - M Brigida
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P Bruel
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - R Buehler
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - S Buson
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - G A Caliandro
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA and Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS), I-10133 Torino, Italy
| | - R A Cameron
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - P A Caraveo
- INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - C Cecchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - E Charles
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - R C G Chaves
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - A Chekhtman
- Center for Earth Observing and Space Research, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA
| | - J Chiang
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - G Chiaro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - S Ciprini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy and Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone (Roma), Italy
| | - R Claus
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J Cohen-Tanugi
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3 Montpellier, France
| | - J Conrad
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden and The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden and The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Cutini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy and Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone (Roma), Italy
| | - M Dalton
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, IN2P3/CNRS, Université Bordeaux 1, BP120, F-33175 Gradignan Cedex, France
| | - F D'Ammando
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - A de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - F de Palma
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - C D Dermer
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5352, USA
| | - S W Digel
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - L Di Venere
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - E do Couto e Silva
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - P S Drell
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | - C Favuzzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S J Fegan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - E C Ferrara
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - W B Focke
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A Franckowiak
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Y Fukazawa
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - S Funk
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - P Fusco
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F Gargano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D Gasparrini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy and Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone (Roma), Italy
| | - S Germani
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - N Giglietto
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F Giordano
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M Giroletti
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - T Glanzman
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - G Godfrey
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - G A Gomez-Vargas
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata", I-00133 Roma, Italy and Departamento de Física Teórica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain and Instituto de Física Teórica IFT-UAM/CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - I A Grenier
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - J E Grove
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5352, USA
| | - S Guiriec
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - M Gustafsson
- Service de Physique Theorique, Universite Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bld du Triomphe, CP225, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Hadasch
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Y Hanabata
- Institute for Cosmic-Ray Research, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
| | - A K Harding
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - M Hayashida
- Institute for Cosmic-Ray Research, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
| | - K Hayashi
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
| | - J W Hewitt
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - D Horan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - X Hou
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, IN2P3/CNRS, Université Bordeaux 1, BP120, F-33175 Gradignan Cedex, France
| | - R E Hughes
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Y Inoue
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - M S Jackson
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden and Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Jogler
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - G Jóhannesson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - A S Johnson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - T Kamae
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - T Kawano
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - J Knödlseder
- CNRS, IRAP, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France and GAHEC, Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, 31028 Toulouse, France
| | - M Kuss
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J Lande
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - S Larsson
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden and The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden and Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - F Longo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - F Loparco
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M N Lovellette
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5352, USA
| | - P Lubrano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - M Mayer
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M N Mazziotta
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - J E McEnery
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA and Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - J Mehault
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, IN2P3/CNRS, Université Bordeaux 1, BP120, F-33175 Gradignan Cedex, France
| | - P F Michelson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - W Mitthumsiri
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA and Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - T Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - A A Moiseev
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA and Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - C Monte
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M E Monzani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A Morselli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata", I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - I V Moskalenko
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - S Murgia
- Center for Cosmology, Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2575, USA
| | - R Nemmen
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA and Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA and Department of Physics and Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - E Nuss
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3 Montpellier, France
| | - T Ohsugi
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - A Okumura
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA and Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - M Orienti
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - E Orlando
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J F Ormes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, USA
| | - D Paneque
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA and Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - J H Panetta
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J S Perkins
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - M Pesce-Rollins
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - F Piron
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3 Montpellier, France
| | - G Pivato
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - T A Porter
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - S Rainò
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R Rando
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M Razzano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S Razzaque
- Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - A Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA and Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - O Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA and Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S Ritz
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - M Roth
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - M Schaal
- National Research Council Research Associate, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. 20001, USA
| | - A Schulz
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - C Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E J Siskind
- NYCB Real-Time Computing Inc., Lattingtown, New York 11560-1025, USA
| | - G Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - P Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - A W Strong
- Max-Planck Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - H Takahashi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Y Takeuchi
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1, Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - J G Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J B Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - D J Thompson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - L Tibaldo
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - M Tinivella
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - D F Torres
- Institut de Ciències de l'Espai (IEEE-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Tosti
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - E Troja
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA and Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - V Tronconi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - T L Usher
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J Vandenbroucke
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - V Vasileiou
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3 Montpellier, France
| | - G Vianello
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - V Vitale
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata", I-00133 Roma, Italy and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - M Werner
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B L Winer
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - K S Wood
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5352, USA
| | - M Wood
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Z Yang
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden and The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Blandford RD, Borgland AW, Bregeon J, Bruel P, Buehler R, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Cavazzuti E, Cecchi C, Chaves RCG, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, D'Ammando F, de Angelis A, Dermer CD, Digel SW, do Couto E Silva E, Drell PS, Drlica-Wagner A, Favuzzi C, Focke WB, Franckowiak A, Fukazawa Y, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Germani S, Giglietto N, Giommi P, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grove JE, Guiriec S, Hadasch D, Hayashida M, Hays E, Hughes RE, Jackson MS, Jogler T, Knödlseder J, Kuss M, Lande J, Larsson S, Longo F, Loparco F, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Mazziotta MN, Mehault J, Michelson PF, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nemmen R, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Orienti M, Orlando E, Paneque D, Perkins JS, Piron F, Pivato G, Prokhorov D, Rainò S, Razzano M, Razzaque S, Reimer A, Reimer O, Ritz S, Romoli C, Sánchez-Conde M, Sanchez DA, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Takahashi H, Tanaka T, Tibaldo L, Tinivella M, Tosti G, Troja E, Usher TL, Vandenbroucke J, Vasileiou V, Vianello G, Vitale V, Waite AP, Winer BL, Wood KS, Yang Z. Fermi LARGE AREA TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS OF BLAZAR 3C 279 OCCULTATIONS BY THE SUN. Astrophys J 2014; 784:118. [PMID: 34646038 PMCID: PMC8506895 DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/784/2/118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Observations of occultations of bright γ-ray sources by the Sun may reveal predicted pair halos around blazars and/or new physics, such as, e.g., hypothetical light dark matter particles-axions. We use Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope (Fermi) data to analyze four occultations of blazar 3C 279 by the Sun on October 8 each year from 2008 to 2011. A combined analysis of the observations of these occultations allows a point-like source at the position of 3C 279 to be detected with significance of ≈3σ, but does not reveal any significant excess over the flux expected from the quiescent Sun. The likelihood ratio test rules out complete transparency of the Sun to the blazar γ-ray emission at a 3σ confidence level.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Barbiellini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - D Bastieri
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei," Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - K Bechtol
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - R D Blandford
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A W Borgland
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J Bregeon
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - P Bruel
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - R Buehler
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S Buson
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei," Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - G A Caliandro
- Institut de Ciències de l'Espai (IEEE-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - R A Cameron
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P A Caraveo
- INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - E Cavazzuti
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
| | - C Cecchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - R C G Chaves
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - A Chekhtman
- Center for Earth Observing and Space Research, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
- Resident at Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - C C Cheung
- National Research Council Research Associate, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC 20001, USA
- Current address: Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, D-85741 München, Germany
| | - J Chiang
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S Ciprini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - R Claus
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J Cohen-Tanugi
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - F D'Ammando
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- IASF Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy
- INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - A de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - C D Dermer
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5352, USA
| | - S W Digel
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E do Couto E Silva
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P S Drell
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A Drlica-Wagner
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - C Favuzzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - W B Focke
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A Franckowiak
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Y Fukazawa
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - P Fusco
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F Gargano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D Gasparrini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
| | - S Germani
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - N Giglietto
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P Giommi
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
| | - F Giordano
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M Giroletti
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - T Glanzman
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - G Godfrey
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - I A Grenier
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - J E Grove
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5352, USA
| | - S Guiriec
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - D Hadasch
- Institut de Ciències de l'Espai (IEEE-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Hayashida
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - E Hays
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - R E Hughes
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - M S Jackson
- Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Jogler
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J Knödlseder
- CNRS, IRAP, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
- GAHEC, Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, Toulouse, France
| | - M Kuss
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J Lande
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S Larsson
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Longo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - F Loparco
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M N Lovellette
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5352, USA
| | - P Lubrano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - M N Mazziotta
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | | | - P F Michelson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - A A Moiseev
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - C Monte
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M E Monzani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A Morselli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata," I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - I V Moskalenko
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S Murgia
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R Nemmen
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - E Nuss
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - T Ohsugi
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - N Omodei
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M Orienti
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - E Orlando
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D Paneque
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - J S Perkins
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - F Piron
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - G Pivato
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei," Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - D Prokhorov
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Current address: Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, D-85741 München, Germany
| | - S Rainò
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M Razzano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Physics, Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - S Razzaque
- Center for Earth Observing and Space Research, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - A Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro-und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - O Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro-und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S Ritz
- Department of Physics, Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - C Romoli
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei," Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M Sánchez-Conde
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D A Sanchez
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E J Siskind
- NYCB Real-Time Computing Inc., Lattingtown, NY 11560-1025, USA
| | - G Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - P Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - H Takahashi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - T Tanaka
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - L Tibaldo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei," Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M Tinivella
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - G Tosti
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - E Troja
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow, USA
| | - T L Usher
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J Vandenbroucke
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - V Vasileiou
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - G Vianello
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS), I-10133 Torino, Italy
| | - V Vitale
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata," I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata," I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - A P Waite
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - B L Winer
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - K S Wood
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5352, USA
| | - Z Yang
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- CNRS, IRAP, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
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Ackermann M, Ajello M, Asano K, Atwood WB, Axelsson M, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Baring MG, Bastieri D, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Bissaldi E, Bonamente E, Bregeon J, Brigida M, Bruel P, Buehler R, Burgess JM, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Cecchi C, Chaplin V, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Chiaro G, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cleveland W, Cohen-Tanugi J, Collazzi A, Cominsky LR, Connaughton V, Conrad J, Cutini S, D’Ammando F, de Angelis A, DeKlotz M, de Palma F, Dermer CD, Desiante R, Diekmann A, Di Venere L, Drell PS, Drlica-Wagner A, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Ferrara EC, Finke J, Fitzpatrick G, Focke WB, Franckowiak A, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gehrels N, Germani S, Gibby M, Giglietto N, Giles M, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Godfrey G, Granot J, Grenier IA, Grove JE, Gruber D, Guiriec S, Hadasch D, Hanabata Y, Harding AK, Hayashida M, Hays E, Horan D, Hughes RE, Inoue Y, Jogler T, Jóhannesson G, Johnson WN, Kawano T, Knödlseder J, Kocevski D, Kuss M, Lande J, Larsson S, Latronico L, Longo F, Loparco F, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Mayer M, Mazziotta MN, McEnery JE, Michelson PF, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monzani ME, Moretti E, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nemmen R, Nuss E, Ohno M, Ohsugi T, Okumura A, Omodei N, Orienti M, Paneque D, Pelassa V, Perkins JS, Pesce-Rollins M, Petrosian V, Piron F, Pivato G, Porter TA, Racusin JL, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Razzaque S, Reimer A, Reimer O, Ritz S, Roth M, Ryde F, Sartori A, Parkinson PMS, Scargle JD, Schulz A, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Sonbas E, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Tajima H, Takahashi H, Thayer JG, Thayer JB, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Tinivella M, Torres DF, Tosti G, Troja E, Usher TL, Vandenbroucke J, Vasileiou V, Vianello G, Vitale V, Winer BL, Wood KS, Yamazaki R, Younes G, Yu HF, Zhu SJ, Bhat PN, Briggs MS, Byrne D, Foley S, Goldstein A, Jenke P, Kippen RM, Kouveliotou C, McBreen S, Meegan C, Paciesas WS, Preece R, Rau A, Tierney D, van der Horst AJ, von Kienlin A, Wilson-Hodge C, Xiong S, Cusumano G, La Parola V, Cummings JR. Fermi-LAT Observations of the Gamma-Ray Burst GRB 130427A. Science 2014; 343:42-7. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1242353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ackermann
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M. Ajello
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - K. Asano
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
| | - W. B. Atwood
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics, and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - M. Axelsson
- Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L. Baldini
- Università di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J. Ballet
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - G. Barbiellini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - M. G. Baring
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, USA
| | - D. Bastieri
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - K. Bechtol
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E. Bissaldi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, and Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - E. Bonamente
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - J. Bregeon
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Brigida
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P. Bruel
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - R. Buehler
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J. Michael Burgess
- Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - S. Buson
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - G. A. Caliandro
- Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (IEEE-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - R. A. Cameron
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. A. Caraveo
- INAF–Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - C. Cecchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - V. Chaplin
- Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - E. Charles
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Chekhtman
- Center for Earth Observing and Space Research, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; resident at Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - C. C. Cheung
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - J. Chiang
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - G. Chiaro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - S. Ciprini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica–Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone (Roma), Italy
| | - R. Claus
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - W. Cleveland
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD 21044, USA
| | - J. Cohen-Tanugi
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | | | - L. R. Cominsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA
| | - V. Connaughton
- Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - J. Conrad
- Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Research Fellow, funded by a grant from the K. A. Wallenberg Foundation
- Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S. Cutini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica–Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone (Roma), Italy
| | - F. D’Ammando
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - A. de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Udine, and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - M. DeKlotz
- Stellar Solutions Inc., 250 Cambridge Avenue, Suite 204, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA
| | - F. de Palma
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - C. D. Dermer
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - R. Desiante
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - A. Diekmann
- Jacobs Technology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - L. Di Venere
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. S. Drell
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Drlica-Wagner
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - C. Favuzzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. J. Fegan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - E. C. Ferrara
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - J. Finke
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | | | - W. B. Focke
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Franckowiak
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Y. Fukazawa
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - S. Funk
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. Fusco
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F. Gargano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - N. Gehrels
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - S. Germani
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - M. Gibby
- Jacobs Technology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - N. Giglietto
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. Giles
- Jacobs Technology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - F. Giordano
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. Giroletti
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - G. Godfrey
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. Granot
- Department of Natural Sciences, Open University of Israel, Ra’anana 43537, Israel
| | - I. A. Grenier
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - J. E. Grove
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - D. Gruber
- Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S. Guiriec
- NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - D. Hadasch
- Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (IEEE-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Y. Hanabata
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - A. K. Harding
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - M. Hayashida
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - E. Hays
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - D. Horan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - R. E. Hughes
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Y. Inoue
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. Jogler
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - G. Jóhannesson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - W. N. Johnson
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - T. Kawano
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - J. Knödlseder
- CNRS, IRAP, F-31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- GAHEC, Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, Toulouse, France
| | - D. Kocevski
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Kuss
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J. Lande
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Larsson
- Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L. Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - F. Longo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - F. Loparco
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. N. Lovellette
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - P. Lubrano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - M. Mayer
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M. N. Mazziotta
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - J. E. McEnery
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - P. F. Michelson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - A. A. Moiseev
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - M. E. Monzani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. Moretti
- Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A. Morselli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - I. V. Moskalenko
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Murgia
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. Nemmen
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - E. Nuss
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - M. Ohno
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - T. Ohsugi
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - A. Okumura
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - N. Omodei
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Orienti
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - D. Paneque
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - V. Pelassa
- Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - J. S. Perkins
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - M. Pesce-Rollins
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - V. Petrosian
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - F. Piron
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - G. Pivato
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - T. A. Porter
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. L. Racusin
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - S. Rainò
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R. Rando
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M. Razzano
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics, and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S. Razzaque
- Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - A. Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - O. Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S. Ritz
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics, and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - M. Roth
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - F. Ryde
- Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A. Sartori
- INAF–Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - P. M. Saz Parkinson
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics, and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - J. D. Scargle
- Space Sciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - A. Schulz
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - C. Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E. J. Siskind
- NYCB Real-Time Computing Inc., Lattingtown, NY 11560, USA
| | - E. Sonbas
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD 21044, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Adyaman University, 02040 Adyaman, Turkey
| | - G. Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - P. Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - H. Tajima
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - H. Takahashi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - J. G. Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. B. Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D. J. Thompson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - L. Tibaldo
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Tinivella
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - D. F. Torres
- Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (IEEE-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - G. Tosti
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - E. Troja
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - T. L. Usher
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. Vandenbroucke
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - V. Vasileiou
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - G. Vianello
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS), I-10133 Torino, Italy
| | - V. Vitale
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - B. L. Winer
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - K. S. Wood
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - R. Yamazaki
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - G. Younes
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD 21044, USA
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
| | - H.-F. Yu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S. J. Zhu
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - P. N. Bhat
- Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - M. S. Briggs
- Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - D. Byrne
- University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - S. Foley
- University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A. Goldstein
- Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - P. Jenke
- Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - R. M. Kippen
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - C. Kouveliotou
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
| | - S. McBreen
- University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C. Meegan
- Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - W. S. Paciesas
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD 21044, USA
| | - R. Preece
- Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - A. Rau
- Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D. Tierney
- University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - A. J. van der Horst
- Astronomical Institute Änton Pannekoek, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - A. von Kienlin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C. Wilson-Hodge
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
| | - S. Xiong
- Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - G. Cusumano
- INAF–Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Via U. La Malfa 153, I-90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - V. La Parola
- INAF–Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Via U. La Malfa 153, I-90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - J. R. Cummings
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science & Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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Preece R, Burgess JM, von Kienlin A, Bhat PN, Briggs MS, Byrne D, Chaplin V, Cleveland W, Collazzi AC, Connaughton V, Diekmann A, Fitzpatrick G, Foley S, Gibby M, Giles M, Goldstein A, Greiner J, Gruber D, Jenke P, Kippen RM, Kouveliotou C, McBreen S, Meegan C, Paciesas WS, Pelassa V, Tierney D, van der Horst AJ, Wilson-Hodge C, Xiong S, Younes G, Yu HF, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Axelsson M, Baldini L, Barbiellini G, Baring MG, Bastieri D, Bellazzini R, Bissaldi E, Bonamente E, Bregeon J, Brigida M, Bruel P, Buehler R, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Cecchi C, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Chiang J, Chiaro G, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Cominsky LR, Conrad J, D'Ammando F, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Dermer CD, Desiante R, Digel SW, Di Venere L, Drell PS, Drlica-Wagner A, Favuzzi C, Franckowiak A, Fukazawa Y, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Godfrey G, Granot J, Grenier IA, Guiriec S, Hadasch D, Hanabata Y, Harding AK, Hayashida M, Iyyani S, Jogler T, Jóhannesson G, Kawano T, Knödlseder J, Kocevski D, Kuss M, Lande J, Larsson J, Larsson S, Latronico L, Longo F, Loparco F, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Mayer M, Mazziotta MN, Michelson PF, Mizuno T, Monzani ME, Moretti E, Morselli A, Murgia S, Nemmen R, Nuss E, Nymark T, Ohno M, Ohsugi T, Okumura A, Omodei N, Orienti M, Paneque D, Perkins JS, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Pivato G, Porter TA, Racusin JL, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Razzaque S, Reimer A, Reimer O, Ritz S, Roth M, Ryde F, Sartori A, Scargle JD, Schulz A, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Suson DJ, Tajima H, Takahashi H, Thayer JG, Thayer JB, Tibaldo L, Tinivella M, Torres DF, Tosti G, Troja E, Usher TL, Vandenbroucke J, Vasileiou V, Vianello G, Vitale V, Werner M, Winer BL, Wood KS, Zhu S. The First Pulse of the Extremely Bright GRB 130427A: A Test Lab for Synchrotron Shocks. Science 2014; 343:51-4. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1242302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Preece
- Department of Space Science, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
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Ackermann M, Ajello M, Allafort A, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Baring MG, Bastieri D, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Bottacini E, Brandt TJ, Bregeon J, Brigida M, Bruel P, Buehler R, Busetto G, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Casandjian JM, Cecchi C, Celik O, Charles E, Chaty S, Chaves RCG, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Chiaro G, Cillis AN, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Cominsky LR, Conrad J, Corbel S, Cutini S, D'Ammando F, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Dermer CD, do Couto e Silva E, Drell PS, Drlica-Wagner A, Falletti L, Favuzzi C, Ferrara EC, Franckowiak A, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Germani S, Giglietto N, Giommi P, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grondin MH, Grove JE, Guiriec S, Hadasch D, Hanabata Y, Harding AK, Hayashida M, Hayashi K, Hays E, Hewitt JW, Hill AB, Hughes RE, Jackson MS, Jogler T, Johannesson G, Johnson AS, Kamae T, Kataoka J, Katsuta J, Knodlseder J, Kuss M, Lande J, Larsson S, Latronico L, Lemoine-Goumard M, Longo F, Loparco F, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Madejski GM, Massaro F, Mayer M, Mazziotta MN, McEnery JE, Mehault J, Michelson PF, Mignani RP, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nakamori T, Nemmen R, Nuss E, Ohno M, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Orienti M, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Paneque D, Perkins JS, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Pivato G, Raino S, Rando R, Razzano M, Razzaque S, Reimer A, Reimer O, Ritz S, Romoli C, Sanchez-Conde M, Schulz A, Sgro C, Simeon PE, Siskind EJ, Smith DA, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Stecker FW, Strong AW, Suson DJ, Tajima H, Takahashi H, Takahashi T, Tanaka T, Thayer JG, Thayer JB, Thompson DJ, Thorsett SE, Tibaldo L, Tibolla O, Tinivella M, Troja E, Uchiyama Y, Usher TL, Vandenbroucke J, Vasileiou V, Vianello G, Vitale V, Waite AP, Werner M, Winer BL, Wood KS, Wood M, Yamazaki R, Yang Z, Zimmer S. Detection of the Characteristic Pion-Decay Signature in Supernova Remnants. Science 2013; 339:807-11. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1231160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Pletsch HJ, Guillemot L, Fehrmann H, Allen B, Kramer M, Aulbert C, Ackermann M, Ajello M, de Angelis A, Atwood WB, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Borgland AW, Bottacini E, Brandt TJ, Bregeon J, Brigida M, Bruel P, Buehler R, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Casandjian JM, Cecchi C, Çelik Ö, Charles E, Chaves RCG, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Conrad J, Cutini S, D’Ammando F, Dermer CD, Digel SW, Drell PS, Drlica-Wagner A, Dubois R, Dumora D, Favuzzi C, Ferrara EC, Franckowiak A, Fukazawa Y, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grondin MH, Grove JE, Guiriec S, Hadasch D, Hanabata Y, Harding AK, den Hartog PR, Hayashida M, Hays E, Hill AB, Hou X, Hughes RE, Jóhannesson G, Jackson MS, Jogler T, Johnson AS, Johnson WN, Kataoka J, Kerr M, Knödlseder J, Kuss M, Lande J, Larsson S, Latronico L, Lemoine-Goumard M, Longo F, Loparco F, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Massaro F, Mayer M, Mazziotta MN, McEnery JE, Mehault J, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nakamori T, Nemmen R, Nuss E, Ohno M, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Orienti M, Orlando E, de Palma F, Paneque D, Perkins JS, Piron F, Pivato G, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Ray PS, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Ritz S, Romani RW, Romoli C, Sanchez DA, Parkinson PMS, Schulz A, Sgrò C, do Couto e Silva E, Siskind EJ, Smith DA, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Suson DJ, Takahashi H, Tanaka T, Thayer JB, Thayer JG, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Tinivella M, Troja E, Usher TL, Vandenbroucke J, Vasileiou V, Vianello G, Vitale V, Waite AP, Winer BL, Wood KS, Wood M, Yang Z, Zimmer S. Binary Millisecond Pulsar Discovery via Gamma-Ray Pulsations. Science 2012; 338:1314-7. [PMID: 23112297 DOI: 10.1126/science.1229054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. J. Pletsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - L. Guillemot
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - H. Fehrmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - B. Allen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - M. Kramer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - C. Aulbert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik (Albert-Einstein-Institut), D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - M. Ackermann
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M. Ajello
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - W. B. Atwood
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics, and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - L. Baldini
- Università di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J. Ballet
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - G. Barbiellini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - D. Bastieri
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - K. Bechtol
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - A. W. Borgland
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. Bottacini
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. J. Brandt
- CNRS, IRAP, F-31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- GAHEC, Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, Toulouse, France
| | - J. Bregeon
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Brigida
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P. Bruel
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - R. Buehler
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Buson
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - G. A. Caliandro
- Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (IEEE-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - R. A. Cameron
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. A. Caraveo
- INAF–Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - J. M. Casandjian
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - C. Cecchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ö. Çelik
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - E. Charles
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. C. G. Chaves
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - C. C. Cheung
- National Research Council Research Associate, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC 20001, resident at Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - J. Chiang
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Ciprini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- ASI Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
| | - R. Claus
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. Cohen-Tanugi
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - J. Conrad
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S. Cutini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
| | - F. D’Ammando
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- IASF Palermo, I-90146 Palermo, Italy
- INAF–Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - C. D. Dermer
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - S. W. Digel
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. S. Drell
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Drlica-Wagner
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. Dubois
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D. Dumora
- Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS/IN2p3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, F-33175 Gradignan, France
| | - C. Favuzzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - E. C. Ferrara
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - A. Franckowiak
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Y. Fukazawa
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - P. Fusco
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F. Gargano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - N. Gehrels
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - S. Germani
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - N. Giglietto
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F. Giordano
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. Giroletti
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - G. Godfrey
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - I. A. Grenier
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - M.-H. Grondin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J. E. Grove
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - S. Guiriec
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - D. Hadasch
- Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (IEEE-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Y. Hanabata
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - A. K. Harding
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - P. R. den Hartog
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Hayashida
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - E. Hays
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - A. B. Hill
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - X. Hou
- Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, IN2P3/CNRS, Université Bordeaux 1, BP120, F-33175 Gradignan Cedex, France
| | - R. E. Hughes
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - G. Jóhannesson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - M. S. Jackson
- Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T. Jogler
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. S. Johnson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - W. N. Johnson
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - J. Kataoka
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1, Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - M. Kerr
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. Knödlseder
- CNRS, IRAP, F-31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- GAHEC, Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, Toulouse, France
| | - M. Kuss
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J. Lande
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Larsson
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L. Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - M. Lemoine-Goumard
- Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS/IN2p3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, F-33175 Gradignan, France
| | - F. Longo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - F. Loparco
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. N. Lovellette
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - P. Lubrano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - F. Massaro
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Mayer
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M. N. Mazziotta
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - J. E. McEnery
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - J. Mehault
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - P. F. Michelson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - W. Mitthumsiri
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - M. E. Monzani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Morselli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - I. V. Moskalenko
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Murgia
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. Nakamori
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1, Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - R. Nemmen
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - E. Nuss
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - M. Ohno
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
| | - T. Ohsugi
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - N. Omodei
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Orienti
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - E. Orlando
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - F. de Palma
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D. Paneque
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - J. S. Perkins
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - F. Piron
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - G. Pivato
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - T. A. Porter
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Rainò
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R. Rando
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - P. S. Ray
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - M. Razzano
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics, and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - A. Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - O. Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T. Reposeur
- Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS/IN2p3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, F-33175 Gradignan, France
| | - S. Ritz
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics, and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - R. W. Romani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - C. Romoli
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - D. A. Sanchez
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P. M. Saz Parkinson
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics, and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - A. Schulz
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - C. Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E. do Couto e Silva
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. J. Siskind
- NYCB Real-Time Computing Inc., Lattingtown, NY 11560, USA
| | - D. A. Smith
- Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS/IN2p3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, F-33175 Gradignan, France
| | - G. Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - P. Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D. J. Suson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, IN 46323, USA
| | - H. Takahashi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - T. Tanaka
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. B. Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. G. Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D. J. Thompson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - L. Tibaldo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M. Tinivella
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E. Troja
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - T. L. Usher
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. Vandenbroucke
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - V. Vasileiou
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - G. Vianello
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS), I-10133 Torino, Italy
| | - V. Vitale
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - A. P. Waite
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - B. L. Winer
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - K. S. Wood
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - M. Wood
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Z. Yang
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S. Zimmer
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Ackermann M, Ajello M, Allafort A, Schady P, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bellazzini R, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Borgland AW, Bottacini E, Bouvier A, Bregeon J, Brigida M, Bruel P, Buehler R, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Cavazzuti E, Cecchi C, Charles E, Chaves RCG, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Chiaro G, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Conrad J, Cutini S, D’Ammando F, de Palma F, Dermer CD, Digel SW, do Couto e Silva E, Domínguez A, Drell PS, Drlica-Wagner A, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Focke WB, Franckowiak A, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grove JE, Guiriec S, Gustafsson M, Hadasch D, Hayashida M, Hays E, Jackson MS, Jogler T, Kataoka J, Knödlseder J, Kuss M, Lande J, Larsson S, Latronico L, Longo F, Loparco F, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Mazziotta MN, McEnery JE, Mehault J, Michelson PF, Mizuno T, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Tramacere A, Nuss E, Greiner J, Ohno M, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Orienti M, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Paneque D, Perkins JS, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Pivato G, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Razzaque S, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reyes LC, Ritz S, Rau A, Romoli C, Roth M, Sánchez-Conde M, Sanchez DA, Scargle JD, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Stawarz Ł, Suson DJ, Takahashi H, Tanaka T, Thayer JG, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Tinivella M, Torres DF, Tosti G, Troja E, Usher TL, Vandenbroucke J, Vasileiou V, Vianello G, Vitale V, Waite AP, Winer BL, Wood KS, Wood M. The Imprint of the Extragalactic Background Light in the Gamma-Ray Spectra of Blazars. Science 2012; 338:1190-2. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1227160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ackermann
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M. Ajello
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Space Sciences Laboratory, 7 Gauss Way, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–7450, USA
| | - A. Allafort
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. Schady
- Max-Planck Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - L. Baldini
- Università di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J. Ballet
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - G. Barbiellini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - D. Bastieri
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - R. Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - R. D. Blandford
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. D. Bloom
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. W. Borgland
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. Bottacini
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Bouvier
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - J. Bregeon
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Brigida
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P. Bruel
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - R. Buehler
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Buson
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - G. A. Caliandro
- Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (IEEE-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - R. A. Cameron
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. A. Caraveo
- INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - E. Cavazzuti
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
| | - C. Cecchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - E. Charles
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. C. G. Chaves
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - A. Chekhtman
- Center for Earth Observing and Space Research, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - C. C. Cheung
- National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC 20001
| | - J. Chiang
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - G. Chiaro
- INFN and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - S. Ciprini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- ASI Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
| | - R. Claus
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. Cohen-Tanugi
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - J. Conrad
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Research Fellow, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S. Cutini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
| | - F. D’Ammando
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- IASF Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy
- INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - F. de Palma
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - C. D. Dermer
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375–5352, USA
| | - S. W. Digel
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. do Couto e Silva
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Domínguez
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - P. S. Drell
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Drlica-Wagner
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - C. Favuzzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. J. Fegan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - W. B. Focke
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Franckowiak
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Y. Fukazawa
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - S. Funk
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. Fusco
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F. Gargano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D. Gasparrini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
| | - N. Gehrels
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - S. Germani
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - N. Giglietto
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F. Giordano
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. Giroletti
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - T. Glanzman
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - G. Godfrey
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - I. A. Grenier
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - J. E. Grove
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375–5352, USA
| | - S. Guiriec
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - M. Gustafsson
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - D. Hadasch
- Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (IEEE-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Hayashida
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - E. Hays
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - M. S. Jackson
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T. Jogler
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. Kataoka
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1, Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - J. Knödlseder
- CNRS, IRAP, F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
- GAHEC, Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, Toulouse, France
| | - M. Kuss
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J. Lande
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Larsson
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L. Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - F. Longo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - F. Loparco
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. N. Lovellette
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375–5352, USA
| | - P. Lubrano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - M. N. Mazziotta
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - J. E. McEnery
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - J. Mehault
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - P. F. Michelson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - C. Monte
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. E. Monzani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Morselli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - I. V. Moskalenko
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Murgia
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Tramacere
- INTEGRAL Science Data Centre, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland
| | - E. Nuss
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - J. Greiner
- Max-Planck Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M. Ohno
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
| | - T. Ohsugi
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - N. Omodei
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Orienti
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - E. Orlando
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. F. Ormes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - D. Paneque
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - J. S. Perkins
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - M. Pesce-Rollins
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - F. Piron
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - G. Pivato
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - T. A. Porter
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - S. Rainò
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R. Rando
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M. Razzano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - S. Razzaque
- Center for Earth Observing and Space Research, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - A. Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - O. Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - L. C. Reyes
- Department of Physics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401, USA
| | - S. Ritz
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - A. Rau
- Max-Planck Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C. Romoli
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M. Roth
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195–1560, USA
| | - M. Sánchez-Conde
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D. A. Sanchez
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J. D. Scargle
- Space Sciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035–1000, USA
| | - C. Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E. J. Siskind
- NYCB Real-Time Computing Inc., Lattingtown, NY 11560–1025, USA
| | - G. Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - P. Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Łukasz Stawarz
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
- Astronomical Observatory, Jagiellonian University, 30-244 Kraków, Poland
| | - D. J. Suson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, IN 46323–2094, USA
| | - H. Takahashi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - T. Tanaka
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. G. Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D. J. Thompson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - L. Tibaldo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M. Tinivella
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - D. F. Torres
- Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (IEEE-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - G. Tosti
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - E. Troja
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - T. L. Usher
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. Vandenbroucke
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - V. Vasileiou
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - G. Vianello
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS), I-10133 Torino, Italy
| | - V. Vitale
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - A. P. Waite
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - B. L. Winer
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - K. S. Wood
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375–5352, USA
| | - M. Wood
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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25
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Ackermann M, Ajello M, Allafort A, Atwood WB, Baldini L, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Bouvier A, Bregeon J, Brigida M, Bruel P, Buehler R, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Casandjian JM, Cecchi C, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Conrad J, Cutini S, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Dermer CD, Digel SW, do Couto E Silva E, Drell PS, Drlica-Wagner A, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Ferrara EC, Focke WB, Fortin P, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Germani S, Giglietto N, Giommi P, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grove JE, Guiriec S, Gustafsson M, Hadasch D, Harding AK, Hayashida M, Hughes RE, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kataoka J, Knödlseder J, Kuss M, Lande J, Latronico L, Lemoine-Goumard M, Llena Garde M, Longo F, Loparco F, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Madejski GM, Mazziotta MN, McEnery JE, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nakamori T, Nolan PL, Norris JP, Nuss E, Ohno M, Ohsugi T, Okumura A, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Ozaki M, Paneque D, Parent D, Pesce-Rollins M, Pierbattista M, Piron F, Pivato G, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Razzaque S, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Ritz S, Romani RW, Roth M, Sadrozinski HFW, Sbarra C, Schalk TL, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Strong AW, Takahashi H, Takahashi T, Tanaka T, Thayer JG, Thayer JB, Tibaldo L, Tinivella M, Torres DF, Tosti G, Troja E, Uchiyama Y, Usher TL, Vandenbroucke J, Vasileiou V, Vianello G, Vitale V, Waite AP, Winer BL, Wood KS, Wood M, Yang Z, Zimmer S. Measurement of separate cosmic-ray electron and positron spectra with the fermi large area telescope. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:011103. [PMID: 22304252 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.011103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We measured separate cosmic-ray electron and positron spectra with the Fermi Large Area Telescope. Because the instrument does not have an onboard magnet, we distinguish the two species by exploiting Earth's shadow, which is offset in opposite directions for opposite charges due to Earth's magnetic field. We estimate and subtract the cosmic-ray proton background using two different methods that produce consistent results. We report the electron-only spectrum, the positron-only spectrum, and the positron fraction between 20 and 200 GeV. We confirm that the fraction rises with energy in the 20-100 GeV range. The three new spectral points between 100 and 200 GeV are consistent with a fraction that is continuing to rise with energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ackermann
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.
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26
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Ackermann M, Ajello M, Albert A, Atwood WB, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Bregeon J, Brigida M, Bruel P, Buehler R, Burnett TH, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Cañadas B, Caraveo PA, Casandjian JM, Cecchi C, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Conrad J, Cutini S, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Dermer CD, Digel SW, do Couto e Silva E, Drell PS, Drlica-Wagner A, Falletti L, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Ferrara EC, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Guiriec S, Gustafsson M, Hadasch D, Hayashida M, Hays E, Hughes RE, Jeltema TE, Jóhannesson G, Johnson RP, Johnson AS, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kataoka J, Knödlseder J, Kuss M, Lande J, Latronico L, Lionetto AM, Llena Garde M, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Madejski GM, Mazziotta MN, McEnery JE, Mehault J, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Naumann-Godo M, Norris JP, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Okumura A, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Ozaki M, Paneque D, Parent D, Pesce-Rollins M, Pierbattista M, Piron F, Pivato G, Porter TA, Profumo S, Rainò S, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Ritz S, Roth M, Sadrozinski HFW, Sbarra C, Scargle JD, Schalk TL, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Strigari L, Suson DJ, Tajima H, Takahashi H, Tanaka T, Thayer JG, Thayer JB, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Tinivella M, Torres DF, Troja E, Uchiyama Y, Vandenbroucke J, Vasileiou V, Vianello G, Vitale V, Waite AP, Wang P, Winer BL, Wood KS, Wood M, Yang Z, Zimmer S, Kaplinghat M, Martinez GD. Constraining dark matter models from a combined analysis of Milky Way satellites with the Fermi Large Area Telescope. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 107:241302. [PMID: 22242987 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.241302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way are among the most promising targets for dark matter searches in gamma rays. We present a search for dark matter consisting of weakly interacting massive particles, applying a joint likelihood analysis to 10 satellite galaxies with 24 months of data of the Fermi Large Area Telescope. No dark matter signal is detected. Including the uncertainty in the dark matter distribution, robust upper limits are placed on dark matter annihilation cross sections. The 95% confidence level upper limits range from about 10(-26) cm3 s(-1) at 5 GeV to about 5×10(-23) cm3 s(-1) at 1 TeV, depending on the dark matter annihilation final state. For the first time, using gamma rays, we are able to rule out models with the most generic cross section (∼3×10(-26) cm3 s(-1) for a purely s-wave cross section), without assuming additional boost factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ackermann
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Freire PCC, Abdo AA, Ajello M, Allafort A, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Brigida M, Bruel P, Buehler R, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Camilo F, Caraveo PA, Cecchi C, Çelik Ö, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cognard I, Cohen-Tanugi J, Cominsky LR, de Palma F, Dermer CD, do Couto e Silva E, Dormody M, Drell PS, Dubois R, Dumora D, Espinoza CM, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Ferrara EC, Focke WB, Fortin P, Fukazawa Y, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grondin MH, Grove JE, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Hadasch D, Harding AK, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Johnson TJ, Johnston S, Katagiri H, Kataoka J, Keith M, Kerr M, Knödlseder J, Kramer M, Kuss M, Lande J, Latronico L, Lee SH, Lemoine-Goumard M, Longo F, Loparco F, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Lyne AG, Manchester RN, Marelli M, Mazziotta MN, McEnery JE, Michelson PF, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nakamori T, Nolan PL, Norris JP, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Okumura A, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ozaki M, Paneque D, Parent D, Pesce-Rollins M, Pierbattista M, Piron F, Porter TA, Rainò S, Ransom SM, Ray PS, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Ritz S, Romani RW, Roth M, Sadrozinski HFW, Parkinson PMS, Sgrò C, Shannon R, Siskind EJ, Smith DA, Smith PD, Spinelli P, Stappers BW, Suson DJ, Takahashi H, Tanaka T, Tauris TM, Thayer JB, Theureau G, Thompson DJ, Thorsett SE, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Tosti G, Troja E, Vandenbroucke J, Van Etten A, Vasileiou V, Venter C, Vianello G, Vilchez N, Vitale V, Waite AP, Wang P, Wood KS, Yang Z, Ziegler M, Zimmer S. Fermi Detection of a Luminous γ-Ray Pulsar in a Globular Cluster. Science 2011; 334:1107-10. [PMID: 22052973 DOI: 10.1126/science.1207141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - P. C. C. Freire
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - A. A. Abdo
- Center for Earth Observing and Space Research, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - M. Ajello
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Allafort
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. Ballet
- Laboratoire AIM (Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation), CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - G. Barbiellini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - D. Bastieri
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - K. Bechtol
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - R. D. Blandford
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. D. Bloom
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. Bonamente
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - A. W. Borgland
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Brigida
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P. Bruel
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - R. Buehler
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Buson
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - G. A. Caliandro
- Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (IEEE-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - R. A. Cameron
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - F. Camilo
- Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - P. A. Caraveo
- INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - C. Cecchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ö. Çelik
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - E. Charles
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Chekhtman
- Artep Inc., 2922 Excelsior Springs Court, Ellicott City, MD 21042, USA
| | - C. C. Cheung
- National Research Council Research Associate, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | - J. Chiang
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Ciprini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
| | - R. Claus
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - I. Cognard
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l’Environnement, LPCE UMR 6115 CNRS, F-45071 Orléans Cedex 02, and Station de radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, F-18330 Nançay, France
| | - J. Cohen-Tanugi
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - L. R. Cominsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928–3609, USA
| | - F. de Palma
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - C. D. Dermer
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375–5352, USA
| | - E. do Couto e Silva
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Dormody
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - P. S. Drell
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. Dubois
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D. Dumora
- Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS/IN2p3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - C. M. Espinoza
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - C. Favuzzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. J. Fegan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - E. C. Ferrara
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - W. B. Focke
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. Fortin
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - Y. Fukazawa
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - P. Fusco
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F. Gargano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D. Gasparrini
- ASI Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
| | - N. Gehrels
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - S. Germani
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - N. Giglietto
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F. Giordano
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. Giroletti
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - T. Glanzman
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - G. Godfrey
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - I. A. Grenier
- Laboratoire AIM (Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation), CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - M.-H. Grondin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
- Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J. E. Grove
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375–5352, USA
| | - L. Guillemot
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - S. Guiriec
- Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research (CSPAR), University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - D. Hadasch
- Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (IEEE-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A. K. Harding
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - G. Jóhannesson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - A. S. Johnson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. J. Johnson
- Center for Earth Observing and Space Research, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- National Research Council Research Associate, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC 20001, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - S. Johnston
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Astronomy and Space Science, Australia Telescope National Facility, Epping NSW 1710, Australia
| | - H. Katagiri
- College of Science, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1, Bunkyo, Mito 310-8512, Japan
| | - J. Kataoka
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1, Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - M. Keith
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Astronomy and Space Science, Australia Telescope National Facility, Epping NSW 1710, Australia
| | - M. Kerr
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. Knödlseder
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- CNRS, Research Institute in Astrophysics and Planetology (IRAP), F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - M. Kramer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - M. Kuss
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J. Lande
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - L. Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezioine di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - S.-H. Lee
- Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - M. Lemoine-Goumard
- Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS/IN2p3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - F. Longo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - F. Loparco
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. N. Lovellette
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375–5352, USA
| | - P. Lubrano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - A. G. Lyne
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - R. N. Manchester
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Astronomy and Space Science, Australia Telescope National Facility, Epping NSW 1710, Australia
| | - M. Marelli
- INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - M. N. Mazziotta
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - J. E. McEnery
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - P. F. Michelson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. Mizuno
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - A. A. Moiseev
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - C. Monte
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. E. Monzani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Morselli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - I. V. Moskalenko
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Murgia
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. Nakamori
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1, Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - P. L. Nolan
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. P. Norris
- Department of Physics, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
| | - E. Nuss
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - T. Ohsugi
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - A. Okumura
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
| | - N. Omodei
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. Orlando
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M. Ozaki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
| | - D. Paneque
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - D. Parent
- Center for Earth Observing and Space Research, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - M. Pesce-Rollins
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Pierbattista
- Laboratoire AIM (Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation), CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - F. Piron
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - T. A. Porter
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Rainò
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. M. Ransom
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - P. S. Ray
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375–5352, USA
| | - A. Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - O. Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T. Reposeur
- Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS/IN2p3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - S. Ritz
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - R. W. Romani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Roth
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195–1560, USA
| | - H. F.-W. Sadrozinski
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - P. M. Saz Parkinson
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - C. Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - R. Shannon
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Astronomy and Space Science, Australia Telescope National Facility, Epping NSW 1710, Australia
| | - E. J. Siskind
- NYCB Real-Time Computing Inc., Lattingtown, NY 11560–1025, USA
| | - D. A. Smith
- Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS/IN2p3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - P. D. Smith
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - P. Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - B. W. Stappers
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - D. J. Suson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, IN 46323-2094, USA
| | - H. Takahashi
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - T. Tanaka
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. M. Tauris
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany
- Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Universität Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - J. B. Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - G. Theureau
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l’Environnement, LPCE UMR 6115 CNRS, F-45071 Orléans Cedex 02, and Station de radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, F-18330 Nançay, France
| | - D. J. Thompson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - S. E. Thorsett
- Department of Physics, Willamette University, Salem, OR 97031, USA
| | - L. Tibaldo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - D. F. Torres
- Institut de Ciències de l’Espai (IEEE-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - G. Tosti
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - E. Troja
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - J. Vandenbroucke
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Van Etten
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - V. Vasileiou
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - C. Venter
- Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, 2520 Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - G. Vianello
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS), I-10133 Torino, Italy
| | - N. Vilchez
- CNRS, Research Institute in Astrophysics and Planetology (IRAP), F-31028 Toulouse cedex 4, France
- Galaxies, Astrophysique des Hautes Energies et Cosmologie, Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, Toulouse, France
| | - V. Vitale
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - A. P. Waite
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. Wang
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - K. S. Wood
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375–5352, USA
| | - Z. Yang
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M. Ziegler
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - S. Zimmer
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Ackermann M, Ajello M, Allafort A, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Belfiore A, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Bottacini E, Brigida M, Bruel P, Buehler R, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Casandjian JM, Cecchi C, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Dermer CD, do Couto e Silva E, Drell PS, Dumora D, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Focke WB, Fortin P, Fukazawa Y, Fusco P, Gargano F, Germani S, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Hadasch D, Hanabata Y, Harding AK, Hayashida M, Hayashi K, Hays E, Johannesson G, Johnson AS, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kataoka J, Kerr M, Knodlseder J, Kuss M, Lande J, Latronico L, Lee SH, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Martin P, Mazziotta MN, McEnery JE, Mehault J, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Naumann-Godo M, Nolan PL, Norris JP, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Okumura A, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Ozaki M, Paneque D, Parent D, Pesce-Rollins M, Pierbattista M, Piron F, Pohl M, Prokhorov D, Raino S, Rando R, Razzano M, Reposeur T, Ritz S, Parkinson PMS, Sgro C, Siskind EJ, Smith PD, Spinelli P, Strong AW, Takahashi H, Tanaka T, Thayer JG, Thayer JB, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Tosti G, Tramacere A, Troja E, Uchiyama Y, Vandenbroucke J, Vasileiou V, Vianello G, Vitale V, Waite AP, Wang P, Winer BL, Wood KS, Yang Z, Zimmer S, Bontemps S. A Cocoon of Freshly Accelerated Cosmic Rays Detected by Fermi in the Cygnus Superbubble. Science 2011; 334:1103-7. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1210311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Ajello M, Atwood WB, Baldini L, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Bottacini E, Bouvier A, Bregeon J, Brigida M, Bruel P, Buehler R, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Cecchi C, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Cutini S, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Dermer CD, Digel SW, do Couto e Silva E, Drell PS, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Focke WB, Fukazawa Y, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Guiriec S, Gustafsson M, Hadasch D, Iafrate G, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kataoka J, Kuss M, Latronico L, Lionetto AM, Longo F, Loparco F, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Mazziotta MN, McEnery JE, Michelson PF, Mizuno T, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Naumann-Godo M, Norris JP, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Ozaki M, Paneque D, Panetta JH, Pesce-Rollins M, Pierbattista M, Piron F, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Ritz S, Schalk TL, Sgrò C, Siegal-Gaskins J, Siskind EJ, Smith PD, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Suson DJ, Takahashi H, Tanaka T, Thayer JG, Thayer JB, Tibaldo L, Tosti G, Troja E, Usher TL, Vandenbroucke J, Vasileiou V, Vianello G, Vilchez N, Waite AP, Wang P, Winer BL, Wood KS, Yang Z, Zimmer S. Constraints on dark matter models from a Fermi LAT search for high-energy cosmic-ray electrons from the Sun. Int J Clin Exp Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.84.032007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abdo AA, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Allafort A, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Bouvier A, Brandt TJ, Bregeon J, Brez A, Brigida M, Bruel P, Buehler R, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Cannon A, Caraveo PA, Casandjian JM, Çelik Ö, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Costamante L, Cutini S, D’Ammando F, Dermer CD, de Angelis A, de Luca A, de Palma F, Digel SW, do Couto e Silva E, Drell PS, Drlica-Wagner A, Dubois R, Dumora D, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Ferrara EC, Focke WB, Fortin P, Frailis M, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grondin MH, Grove JE, Guiriec S, Hadasch D, Hanabata Y, Harding AK, Hayashi K, Hayashida M, Hays E, Horan D, Itoh R, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Johnson TJ, Khangulyan D, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kataoka J, Kerr M, Knödlseder J, Kuss M, Lande J, Latronico L, Lee SH, Lemoine-Goumard M, Longo F, Loparco F, Lubrano P, Madejski GM, Makeev A, Marelli M, Mazziotta MN, McEnery JE, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nakamori T, Naumann-Godo M, Nolan PL, Norris JP, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Okumura A, Omodei N, Ormes JF, Ozaki M, Paneque D, Parent D, Pelassa V, Pepe M, Pesce-Rollins M, Pierbattista M, Piron F, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Ray PS, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Ritz S, Romani RW, Sadrozinski HFW, Sanchez D, Parkinson PMS, Scargle JD, Schalk TL, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Smith PD, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Strickman MS, Suson DJ, Takahashi H, Takahashi T, Tanaka T, Thayer JB, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Tosti G, Tramacere A, Troja E, Uchiyama Y, Vandenbroucke J, Vasileiou V, Vianello G, Vitale V, Wang P, Wood KS, Yang Z, Ziegler M. Gamma-Ray Flares from the Crab Nebula. Science 2011; 331:739-42. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1199705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Abdo
- National Research Council Research Associate, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC 20001, USA; Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - M. Ackermann
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Ajello
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Allafort
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - L. Baldini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J. Ballet
- Laboratoire AIM, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA)– Institute of Research into the Fundamental Laws of the Universe (IRFU)/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - G. Barbiellini
- INFN, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - D. Bastieri
- INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - K. Bechtol
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - B. Berenji
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. D. Blandford
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. D. Bloom
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. Bonamente
- INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - A. W. Borgland
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Bouvier
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. J. Brandt
- Centre d’Étude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, BP 44346, F-30128 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - J. Bregeon
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - A. Brez
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Brigida
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P. Bruel
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - R. Buehler
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Buson
- INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - G. A. Caliandro
- Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai, Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - R. A. Cameron
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Cannon
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - P. A. Caraveo
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica–Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica (INAF-IASF), I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - J. M. Casandjian
- Laboratoire AIM, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA)– Institute of Research into the Fundamental Laws of the Universe (IRFU)/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Ö. Çelik
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - E. Charles
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Chekhtman
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - C. C. Cheung
- National Research Council Research Associate, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC 20001, USA; Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - J. Chiang
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Ciprini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - R. Claus
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. Cohen-Tanugi
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - L. Costamante
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Cutini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
| | - F. D’Ammando
- IASF Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy
- INAF-IASF, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - C. D. Dermer
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - A. de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - A. de Luca
- Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori (IUSS), I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - F. de Palma
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. W. Digel
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. do Couto e Silva
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. S. Drell
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Drlica-Wagner
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. Dubois
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D. Dumora
- Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS/IN2p3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - C. Favuzzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. J. Fegan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - E. C. Ferrara
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - W. B. Focke
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. Fortin
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - M. Frailis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, I-34143 Trieste, Italy
| | - Y. Fukazawa
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - S. Funk
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. Fusco
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F. Gargano
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D. Gasparrini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
| | - N. Gehrels
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - S. Germani
- INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - N. Giglietto
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F. Giordano
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. Giroletti
- INAF–Istituto di Radioastronomia, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - T. Glanzman
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - G. Godfrey
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - I. A. Grenier
- Laboratoire AIM, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA)– Institute of Research into the Fundamental Laws of the Universe (IRFU)/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - M.-H. Grondin
- Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS/IN2p3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - J. E. Grove
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - S. Guiriec
- Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research (CSPAR), University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - D. Hadasch
- Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai, Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Y. Hanabata
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - A. K. Harding
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - K. Hayashi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - M. Hayashida
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. Hays
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - D. Horan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - R. Itoh
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - G. Jóhannesson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - A. S. Johnson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. J. Johnson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - D. Khangulyan
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
| | - T. Kamae
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - H. Katagiri
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - J. Kataoka
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1, Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8555 Japan
| | - M. Kerr
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195–1560, USA
| | - J. Knödlseder
- Centre d’Étude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, BP 44346, F-30128 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - M. Kuss
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J. Lande
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - L. Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S.-H. Lee
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Lemoine-Goumard
- Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS/IN2p3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - F. Longo
- INFN, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - F. Loparco
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P. Lubrano
- INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - G. M. Madejski
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Makeev
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - M. Marelli
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica–Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica (INAF-IASF), I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - J. E. McEnery
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - P. F. Michelson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - W. Mitthumsiri
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. Mizuno
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - A. A. Moiseev
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - C. Monte
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. E. Monzani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Morselli
- INFN, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - I. V. Moskalenko
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Murgia
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. Nakamori
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1, Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8555 Japan
| | - M. Naumann-Godo
- Laboratoire AIM, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA)– Institute of Research into the Fundamental Laws of the Universe (IRFU)/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - P. L. Nolan
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. P. Norris
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - E. Nuss
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - T. Ohsugi
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - A. Okumura
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
| | - N. Omodei
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. F. Ormes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - M. Ozaki
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
| | - D. Paneque
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D. Parent
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA; Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - V. Pelassa
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - M. Pepe
- INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - M. Pesce-Rollins
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Pierbattista
- Laboratoire AIM, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA)– Institute of Research into the Fundamental Laws of the Universe (IRFU)/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - F. Piron
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - T. A. Porter
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Rainò
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R. Rando
- INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - P. S. Ray
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - M. Razzano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - A. Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - O. Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T. Reposeur
- Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS/IN2p3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - S. Ritz
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - R. W. Romani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - H. F.-W. Sadrozinski
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - D. Sanchez
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - P. M. Saz Parkinson
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - J. D. Scargle
- Space Sciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035–1000, USA
| | - T. L. Schalk
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - C. Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E. J. Siskind
- NYCB Real-Time Computing, Lattingtown, NY 11560–1025, USA
| | - P. D. Smith
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - G. Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - P. Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. S. Strickman
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - D. J. Suson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, IN 46323–2094, USA
| | - H. Takahashi
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - T. Takahashi
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
| | - T. Tanaka
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. B. Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D. J. Thompson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - L. Tibaldo
- Laboratoire AIM, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA)– Institute of Research into the Fundamental Laws of the Universe (IRFU)/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
- INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - D. F. Torres
- Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai, Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - G. Tosti
- INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - A. Tramacere
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS), I-10133 Torino, Italy
- INTEGRAL Science Data Centre, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland
| | - E. Troja
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Y. Uchiyama
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. Vandenbroucke
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - V. Vasileiou
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - G. Vianello
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS), I-10133 Torino, Italy
| | - V. Vitale
- INFN, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - P. Wang
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - K. S. Wood
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - Z. Yang
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M. Ziegler
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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Abdo AA, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Atwood WB, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Bouvier A, Brandt TJ, Bregeon J, Brez A, Brigida M, Bruel P, Buehler R, Burnett TH, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Carrigan S, Casandjian JM, Cecchi C, Celik O, Charles E, Chaty S, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Conrad J, Corbel S, Corbet R, DeCesar ME, den Hartog PR, Dermer CD, de Palma F, Digel SW, Donato D, do Couto e Silva E, Drell PS, Dubois R, Dubus G, Dumora D, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Ferrara EC, Fortin P, Frailis M, Fuhrmann L, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grondin MH, Grove JE, Guiriec S, Hadasch D, Harding AK, Hayashida M, Hays E, Healey SE, Hill AB, Horan D, Hughes RE, Itoh R, Jean P, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Johnson RP, Johnson TJ, Johnson WN, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kataoka J, Kerr M, Knödlseder J, Koerding E, Kuss M, Lande J, Latronico L, Lee SH, Lemoine-Goumard M, Garde ML, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Makeev A, Mazziotta MN, McConville W, McEnery JE, Mehault J, Michelson PF, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nakamori T, Naumann-Godo M, Nestoras I, Nolan PL, Norris JP, Nuss E, Ohno M, Ohsugi T, Okumura A, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Ozaki M, Paneque D, Panetta JH, Parent D, Pelassa V, Pepe M, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Ray PS, Razzano M, Razzaque S, Rea N, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Ripken J, Ritz S, Romani RW, Roth M, Sadrozinski HFW, Sander A, Parkinson PMS, Scargle JD, Schinzel FK, Sgrò C, Shaw MS, Siskind EJ, Smith DA, Smith PD, Sokolovsky KV, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Stawarz Ł, Strickman MS, Suson DJ, Takahashi H, Takahashi T, Tanaka T, Tanaka Y, Thayer JB, Thayer JG, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Tosti G, Tramacere A, Uchiyama Y, Usher TL, Vandenbroucke J, Vasileiou V, Vilchez N, Vitale V, Waite AP, Wallace E, Wang P, Winer BL, Wolff MT, Wood KS, Yang Z, Ylinen T, Ziegler M, Maehara H, Nishiyama K, Kabashima F, Bach U, Bower GC, Falcone A, Forster JR, Henden A, Kawabata KS, Koubsky P, Mukai K, Nelson T, Oates SR, Sakimoto K, Sasada M, Shenavrin VI, Shore SN, Skinner GK, Sokoloski J, Stroh M, Tatarnikov AM, Uemura M, Wahlgren GM, Yamanaka M. Gamma-ray emission concurrent with the nova in the symbiotic binary V407 Cygni. Science 2010; 329:817-21. [PMID: 20705855 DOI: 10.1126/science.1192537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Novae are thermonuclear explosions on a white dwarf surface fueled by mass accreted from a companion star. Current physical models posit that shocked expanding gas from the nova shell can produce x-ray emission, but emission at higher energies has not been widely expected. Here, we report the Fermi Large Area Telescope detection of variable gamma-ray emission (0.1 to 10 billion electron volts) from the recently detected optical nova of the symbiotic star V407 Cygni. We propose that the material of the nova shell interacts with the dense ambient medium of the red giant primary and that particles can be accelerated effectively to produce pi(0) decay gamma-rays from proton-proton interactions. Emission involving inverse Compton scattering of the red giant radiation is also considered and is not ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
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- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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Abdo AA, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Atwood WB, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Baughman BM, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Bregeon J, Brez A, Brigida M, Bruel P, Burnett TH, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Casandjian JM, Cavazzuti E, Cecchi C, Celik O, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Colafrancesco S, Cominsky LR, Conrad J, Costamante L, Cutini S, Davis DS, Dermer CD, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Digel SW, do Couto e Silva E, Drell PS, Dubois R, Dumora D, Farnier C, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Finke J, Focke WB, Fortin P, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Gehrels N, Georganopoulos M, Germani S, Giebels B, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grove JE, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Hanabata Y, Harding AK, Hayashida M, Hays E, Hughes RE, Jackson MS, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Johnson TJ, Johnson WN, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kataoka J, Kawai N, Kerr M, Knödlseder J, Kocian ML, Kuss M, Lande J, Latronico L, Lemoine-Goumard M, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Madejski GM, Makeev A, Mazziotta MN, McConville W, McEnery JE, Meurer C, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nolan PL, Norris JP, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Paneque D, Parent D, Pelassa V, Pepe M, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Razzaque S, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Ritz S, Rochester LS, Rodriguez AY, Romani RW, Roth M, Ryde F, Sadrozinski HFW, Sambruna R, Sanchez D, Sander A, Saz Parkinson PM, Scargle JD, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Smith DA, Smith PD, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Starck JL, Stawarz Ł, Strickman MS, Suson DJ, Tajima H, Takahashi H, Takahashi T, Tanaka T, Thayer JB, Thayer JG, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Tosti G, Tramacere A, Uchiyama Y, Usher TL, Vasileiou V, Vilchez N, Vitale V, Waite AP, Wallace E, Wang P, Winer BL, Wood KS, Ylinen T, Ziegler M, Hardcastle MJ, Kazanas D. Fermi Gamma-Ray Imaging of a Radio Galaxy. Science 2010; 328:725-9. [PMID: 20360067 DOI: 10.1126/science.1184656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Abdo AA, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Atwood WB, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Baughman BM, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Bregeon J, Brez A, Brigida M, Bruel P, Burnett TH, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Casandjian JM, Cavazzuti E, Cecchi C, Celik O, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Cominsky LR, Conrad J, Cutini S, Dermer CD, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Digel SW, Di Bernardo G, do Couto e Silva E, Drell PS, Drlica-Wagner A, Dubois R, Dumora D, Farnier C, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Focke WB, Fortin P, Frailis M, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gaggero D, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giebels B, Giglietto N, Giommi P, Giordano F, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grondin MH, Grove JE, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Gustafsson M, Hanabata Y, Harding AK, Hayashida M, Hughes RE, Itoh R, Jackson MS, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Johnson RP, Johnson TJ, Johnson WN, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kataoka J, Kawai N, Kerr M, Knödlseder J, Kocian ML, Kuehn F, Kuss M, Lande J, Latronico L, Lemoine-Goumard M, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Madejski GM, Makeev A, Mazziotta MN, McConville W, McEnery JE, Meurer C, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nolan PL, Norris JP, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Paneque D, Panetta JH, Parent D, Pelassa V, Pepe M, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Ritz S, Rochester LS, Rodriguez AY, Roth M, Ryde F, Sadrozinski HFW, Sanchez D, Sander A, Saz Parkinson PM, Scargle JD, Sellerholm A, Sgrò C, Shaw MS, Siskind EJ, Smith DA, Smith PD, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Starck JL, Strickman MS, Strong AW, Suson DJ, Tajima H, Takahashi H, Takahashi T, Tanaka T, Thayer JB, Thayer JG, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Tosti G, Tramacere A, Uchiyama Y, Usher TL, Vasileiou V, Vilchez N, Vitale V, Waite AP, Wang P, Winer BL, Wood KS, Ylinen T, Ziegler M. Spectrum of the isotropic diffuse gamma-ray emission derived from first-year Fermi Large Area Telescope data. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 104:101101. [PMID: 20366411 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.101101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report on the first Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) measurements of the so-called "extragalactic" diffuse gamma-ray emission (EGB). This component of the diffuse gamma-ray emission is generally considered to have an isotropic or nearly isotropic distribution on the sky with diverse contributions discussed in the literature. The derivation of the EGB is based on detailed modeling of the bright foreground diffuse Galactic gamma-ray emission, the detected LAT sources, and the solar gamma-ray emission. We find the spectrum of the EGB is consistent with a power law with a differential spectral index gamma = 2.41 +/- 0.05 and intensity I(>100 MeV) = (1.03 +/- 0.17) x 10(-5) cm(-2) s(-1) sr(-1), where the error is systematics dominated. Our EGB spectrum is featureless, less intense, and softer than that derived from EGRET data.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Abdo
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA
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Abdo AA, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Atwood WB, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Bloom ED, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Bouvier A, Bregeon J, Brez A, Brigida M, Bruel P, Burnett TH, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Carrigan S, Casandjian JM, Cecchi C, Celik O, Chekhtman A, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Conrad J, Dermer CD, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Digel SW, do Couto E Silva E, Drell PS, Drlica-Wagner A, Dubois R, Dumora D, Edmonds Y, Essig R, Farnier C, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Focke WB, Fortin P, Frailis M, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grove JE, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Gustafsson M, Hadasch D, Harding AK, Horan D, Hughes RE, Jackson MS, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Johnson RP, Johnson WN, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kataoka J, Kawai N, Kerr M, Knödlseder J, Kuss M, Lande J, Latronico L, Llena Garde M, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Makeev A, Mazziotta MN, McEnery JE, Meurer C, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nolan PL, Norris JP, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Ozaki M, Paneque D, Panetta JH, Parent D, Pelassa V, Pepe M, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Ripken J, Ritz S, Rodriguez AY, Roth M, Sadrozinski HFW, Sander A, Parkinson PMS, Scargle JD, Schalk TL, Sellerholm A, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Smith DA, Smith PD, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Starck JL, Strickman MS, Suson DJ, Tajima H, Takahashi H, Tanaka T, Thayer JB, Thayer JG, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Uchiyama Y, Usher TL, Vasileiou V, Vilchez N, Vitale V, Waite AP, Wang P, Winer BL, Wood KS, Ylinen T, Ziegler M. Fermi large area telescope search for photon lines from 30 to 200 GeV and dark matter implications. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 104:091302. [PMID: 20366979 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.091302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Dark matter (DM) particle annihilation or decay can produce monochromatic gamma rays readily distinguishable from astrophysical sources. gamma-ray line limits from 30 to 200 GeV obtained from 11 months of Fermi Large Area Space Telescope data from 20-300 GeV are presented using a selection based on requirements for a gamma-ray line analysis, and integrated over most of the sky. We obtain gamma-ray line flux upper limits in the range 0.6-4.5x10{-9} cm{-2} s{-1}, and give corresponding DM annihilation cross-section and decay lifetime limits. Theoretical implications are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Abdo
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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Abdo AA, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Baring MG, Bastieri D, Baughman BM, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Bregeon J, Brez A, Brigida M, Bruel P, Burnett TH, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Casandjian JM, Cecchi C, Çelik Ö, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cognard I, Cohen-Tanugi J, Cominsky LR, Conrad J, Cutini S, Dermer CD, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Digel SW, do Couto e Silva E, Drell PS, Dubois R, Dumora D, Espinoza C, Farnier C, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Focke WB, Fortin P, Frailis M, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giavitto G, Giebels B, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grondin MH, Grove JE, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Hanabata Y, Harding AK, Hayashida M, Hays E, Hughes RE, Jackson MS, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Johnson TJ, Johnson WN, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kataoka J, Katsuta J, Kawai N, Kerr M, Knödlseder J, Kocian ML, Kramer M, Kuss M, Lande J, Latronico L, Lemoine-Goumard M, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Lyne AG, Madejski GM, Makeev A, Mazziotta MN, McEnery JE, Meurer C, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nakamori T, Nolan PL, Norris JP, Noutsos A, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Paneque D, Parent D, Pelassa V, Pepe M, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Rochester LS, Rodriguez AY, Romani RW, Roth M, Ryde F, Sadrozinski HFW, Sanchez D, Sander A, Parkinson PMS, Scargle JD, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Smith DA, Smith PD, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Stappers BW, Stecker FW, Strickman MS, Suson DJ, Tajima H, Takahashi H, Takahashi T, Tanaka T, Thayer JB, Thayer JG, Theureau G, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Tibolla O, Torres DF, Tosti G, Tramacere A, Uchiyama Y, Usher TL, Vasileiou V, Venter C, Vilchez N, Vitale V, Waite AP, Wang P, Winer BL, Wood KS, Yamazaki R, Ylinen T, Ziegler M. Gamma-Ray Emission from the Shell of Supernova Remnant W44 Revealed by the Fermi LAT. Science 2010; 327:1103-6. [PMID: 20056857 DOI: 10.1126/science.1182787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Abdo
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - M. Ackermann
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Ajello
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - L. Baldini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J. Ballet
- Laboratoire Astrophysique Instrumentation Modélisation, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA)–Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l’Univers (IRFU)/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - G. Barbiellini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I–34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I–34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - M. G. Baring
- Rice University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, MS–108, Post Office Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251, USA
| | - D. Bastieri
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I–35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I–35131 Padova, Italy
| | - B. M. Baughman
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - K. Bechtol
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - B. Berenji
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. D. Blandford
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. D. Bloom
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. Bonamente
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - A. W. Borgland
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. Bregeon
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - A. Brez
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Brigida
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P. Bruel
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Palaiseau, France
| | - T. H. Burnett
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195–1560, USA
| | - S. Buson
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I–35131 Padova, Italy
| | - G. A. Caliandro
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R. A. Cameron
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. A. Caraveo
- Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), I–20133 Milano, Italy
| | - J. M. Casandjian
- Laboratoire Astrophysique Instrumentation Modélisation, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA)–Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l’Univers (IRFU)/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - C. Cecchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ö. Çelik
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - A. Chekhtman
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - C. C. Cheung
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - J. Chiang
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Ciprini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - R. Claus
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - I. Cognard
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chemie de l'Environnement (LPCE), LPCE UMR 6115 CNRS, F–45071 Orléans Cedex 02, France, and Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers (INSU), F–18330 Nançay, France
| | - J. Cohen-Tanugi
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - L. R. Cominsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928–3609, USA
| | - J. Conrad
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S. Cutini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I–00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
| | - C. D. Dermer
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - A. de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I–33100 Udine, Italy
| | - F. de Palma
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. W. Digel
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. do Couto e Silva
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. S. Drell
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. Dubois
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D. Dumora
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France
| | - C. Espinoza
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - C. Farnier
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - C. Favuzzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. J. Fegan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Palaiseau, France
| | - W. B. Focke
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. Fortin
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Palaiseau, France
| | - M. Frailis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I–33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Y. Fukazawa
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739–8526, Japan
| | - S. Funk
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. Fusco
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F. Gargano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D. Gasparrini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I–00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
| | - N. Gehrels
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - S. Germani
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - G. Giavitto
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, and Università di Trieste, I–34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - B. Giebels
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Palaiseau, France
| | - N. Giglietto
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F. Giordano
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - T. Glanzman
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - G. Godfrey
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - I. A. Grenier
- Laboratoire Astrophysique Instrumentation Modélisation, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA)–Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l’Univers (IRFU)/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - M.-H. Grondin
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France
| | - J. E. Grove
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - L. Guillemot
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France
| | - S. Guiriec
- University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - Y. Hanabata
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739–8526, Japan
| | - A. K. Harding
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - M. Hayashida
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. Hays
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - R. E. Hughes
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - M. S. Jackson
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G. Jóhannesson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. S. Johnson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. J. Johnson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - W. N. Johnson
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - T. Kamae
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - H. Katagiri
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739–8526, Japan
| | - J. Kataoka
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro City, Tokyo 152–8551, Japan
- Waseda University, 1-104 Totsukamachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169–8050, Japan
| | - J. Katsuta
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229–8510, Japan
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan
| | - N. Kawai
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro City, Tokyo 152–8551, Japan
- Cosmic Radiation Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan
| | - M. Kerr
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195–1560, USA
| | - J. Knödlseder
- Centre d'Étude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), BP 44346, F–30128 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - M. L. Kocian
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Kramer
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - M. Kuss
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J. Lande
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - L. Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Lemoine-Goumard
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France
| | - F. Longo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I–34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I–34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - F. Loparco
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - B. Lott
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France
| | - M. N. Lovellette
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - P. Lubrano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - A. G. Lyne
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - G. M. Madejski
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Makeev
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - M. N. Mazziotta
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - J. E. McEnery
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - C. Meurer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928–3609, USA
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P. F. Michelson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - W. Mitthumsiri
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. Mizuno
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739–8526, Japan
| | - C. Monte
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. E. Monzani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Morselli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I–00133 Roma, Italy
| | - I. V. Moskalenko
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Murgia
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. Nakamori
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro City, Tokyo 152–8551, Japan
| | - P. L. Nolan
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. P. Norris
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - A. Noutsos
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - E. Nuss
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - T. Ohsugi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739–8526, Japan
| | - N. Omodei
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E. Orlando
- Max-Planck Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J. F. Ormes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - D. Paneque
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D. Parent
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France
| | - V. Pelassa
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - M. Pepe
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - M. Pesce-Rollins
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - F. Piron
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - T. A. Porter
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - S. Rainò
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R. Rando
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I–35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I–35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M. Razzano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - A. Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A–6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - O. Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A–6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T. Reposeur
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France
| | - L. S. Rochester
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Y. Rodriguez
- Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - R. W. Romani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Roth
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195–1560, USA
| | - F. Ryde
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H. F.-W. Sadrozinski
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - D. Sanchez
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Palaiseau, France
| | - A. Sander
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - P. M. Saz Parkinson
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - J. D. Scargle
- Space Sciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035–1000, USA
| | - C. Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E. J. Siskind
- NYCB Real-Time Computing Incorporated, Lattingtown, NY 11560–1025, USA
| | - D. A. Smith
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, CNRS/IN2P3, UMR 5797, Gradignan 33175, France
| | - P. D. Smith
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - G. Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, I–56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - P. Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I–70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - B. W. Stappers
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - F. W. Stecker
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - M. S. Strickman
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - D. J. Suson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, IN 46323–2094, USA
| | - H. Tajima
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - H. Takahashi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739–8526, Japan
| | - T. Takahashi
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229–8510, Japan
| | - T. Tanaka
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. B. Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. G. Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - G. Theureau
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chemie de l'Environnement (LPCE), LPCE UMR 6115 CNRS, F–45071 Orléans Cedex 02, France, and Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers (INSU), F–18330 Nançay, France
| | - D. J. Thompson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - L. Tibaldo
- Laboratoire Astrophysique Instrumentation Modélisation, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA)–Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l’Univers (IRFU)/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I–35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I–35131 Padova, Italy
| | - O. Tibolla
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, D–69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D. F. Torres
- Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - G. Tosti
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I–06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - A. Tramacere
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS), I–10133 Torino, Italy
| | - Y. Uchiyama
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. L. Usher
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - V. Vasileiou
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - C. Venter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - N. Vilchez
- Centre d'Étude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), BP 44346, F–30128 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - V. Vitale
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I–00133 Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I–00133 Roma, Italy
| | - A. P. Waite
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. Wang
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - B. L. Winer
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - K. S. Wood
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - R. Yamazaki
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739–8526, Japan
| | - T. Ylinen
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova, SE–106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar, SE–391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - M. Ziegler
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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Abdo AA, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Anderson B, Atwood WB, Axelsson M, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Baughman BM, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Bregeon J, Brez A, Brigida M, Bruel P, Burnett TH, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Casandjian JM, Cecchi C, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Conrad J, Dereli H, Dermer CD, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Digel SW, Di Bernardo G, Dormody M, do Couto e Silva E, Drell PS, Dubois R, Dumora D, Edmonds Y, Farnier C, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Focke WB, Frailis M, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gaggero D, Gargano F, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giebels B, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grondin MH, Grove JE, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Hanabata Y, Harding AK, Hayashida M, Hays E, Hughes RE, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Johnson RP, Johnson TJ, Johnson WN, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kataoka J, Kawai N, Kerr M, Knödlseder J, Kocian ML, Kuehn F, Kuss M, Lande J, Latronico L, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Madejski GM, Makeev A, Mazziotta MN, McConville W, McEnery JE, Meurer C, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nolan PL, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Okumura A, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Paneque D, Panetta JH, Parent D, Pelassa V, Pepe M, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Ritz S, Rodriguez AY, Roth M, Ryde F, Sadrozinski HFW, Sanchez D, Sander A, Saz Parkinson PM, Scargle JD, Sellerholm A, Sgrò C, Smith DA, Smith PD, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Starck JL, Stecker FW, Striani E, Strickman MS, Strong AW, Suson DJ, Tajima H, Takahashi H, Tanaka T, Thayer JB, Thayer JG, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Tosti G, Tramacere A, Uchiyama Y, Usher TL, Vasileiou V, Vilchez N, Vitale V, Waite AP, Wang P, Winer BL, Wood KS, Ylinen T, Ziegler M. Fermi large area telescope measurements of the diffuse gamma-ray emission at intermediate galactic latitudes. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 103:251101. [PMID: 20366246 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.251101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The diffuse galactic gamma-ray emission is produced by cosmic rays (CRs) interacting with the interstellar gas and radiation field. Measurements by the Energetic Gamma-Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) instrument on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory indicated excess gamma-ray emission greater, > or approximately equal to 1 GeV relative to diffuse galactic gamma-ray emission models consistent with directly measured CR spectra (the so-called "EGRET GeV excess"). The Large Area Telescope (LAT) instrument on the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope has measured the diffuse gamma-ray emission with improved sensitivity and resolution compared to EGRET. We report on LAT measurements for energies 100 MeV to 10 GeV and galactic latitudes 10 degrees < or = |b| < or = 20 degrees. The LAT spectrum for this region of the sky is well reproduced by a diffuse galactic gamma-ray emission model that is consistent with local CR spectra and inconsistent with the EGRET GeV excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Abdo
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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Abdo AA, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Axelsson M, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Baughman B, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Brez A, Brigida M, Bruel P, Burnett TH, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Casandjian JM, Cecchi C, Çelik Ö, Chaty S, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen Tanugi J, Cominsky LR, Conrad J, Corbel S, Corbet R, Dermer CD, de Palma F, Digel S, do Couto e Silva E, Drell PS, Dubois R, Dubus G, Dumora D, Farnier C, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Focke WB, Fortin P, Frailis M, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giavitto G, Giebels B, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grondin MH, Grove JE, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Hanabata Y, Harding A, Hayashida M, Hays E, Hill AB, Hjalmarsdotter L, Horan D, Hughes RE, Jackson MS, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Johnson TJ, Johnson WN, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kawai N, Kerr M, Knödlseder J, Kocian ML, Koerding E, Kuss M, Lande J, Latronico L, Lemoine Goumard M, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Madejski GM, Makeev A, Marchand L, Marelli M, Moerbeck WM, Mazziotta MN, McColl N, McEnery JE, Meurer C, Michelson PF, Migliari S, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nolan PL, Norris JP, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Ong RA, Ormes JF, Paneque D, Parent D, Pelassa V, Pepe M, Rollins MP, Piron F, Pooley G, Porter TA, Pottschmidt K, Rainò S, Rando R, Ray PS, Razzano M, Rea N, Readhead A, Reimer A, Reimer O, Richards JL, Rochester LS, Rodriguez J, Rodriguez AY, Romani RW, Ryde F, Sadrozinski HFW, Sander A, Parkinson PMS, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Smith DA, Smith PD, Spinelli P, Starck JL, Stevenson M, Strickman MS, Suson DJ, Takahashi H, Tanaka T, Thayer JB, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Tomsick JA, Torres DF, Tosti G, Tramacere A, Uchiyama Y, Usher TL, Vasileiou V, Vilchez N, Vitale V, Waite AP, Wang P, Wilms J, Winer BL, Wood KS, Ylinen T, Ziegler M. Modulated High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from the Microquasar Cygnus X-3. Science 2009; 326:1512-6. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1182174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Abdo AA, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Atwood WB, Axelsson M, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Baughman BM, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Bregeon J, Brez A, Brigida M, Bruel P, Burnett TH, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Casandjian JM, Cecchi C, Celik O, Charles E, Chaty S, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Conrad J, Cutini S, Dermer CD, de Palma F, Digel SW, Dormody M, do Couto e Silva E, Drell PS, Dubois R, Dumora D, Farnier C, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Focke WB, Frailis M, Fukazawa Y, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giebels B, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grove JE, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Hanabata Y, Harding AK, Hayashida M, Hays E, Horan D, Hughes RE, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Johnson RP, Johnson TJ, Johnson WN, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kawai N, Kerr M, Knödlseder J, Kuehn F, Kuss M, Lande J, Latronico L, Lemoine-Goumard M, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Makeev A, Mazziotta MN, McConville W, McEnery JE, Meurer C, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nolan PL, Norris JP, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Paneque D, Panetta JH, Parent D, Pelassa V, Pepe M, Pierbattista M, Piron F, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Rea N, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Ritz S, Rochester LS, Rodriguez AY, Romani RW, Roth M, Ryde F, Sadrozinski HFW, Sanchez D, Sander A, Saz Parkinson PM, Sgrò C, Smith DA, Smith PD, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Starck JL, Strickman MS, Suson DJ, Tajima H, Takahashi H, Tanaka T, Thayer JB, Thayer JG, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Tosti G, Tramacere A, Uchiyama Y, Usher TL, Vasileiou V, Vilchez N, Vitale V, Wang P, Webb N, Winer BL, Wood KS, Ylinen T, Ziegler M. Detection of high-energy gamma-ray emission from the globular cluster 47 Tucanae with Fermi. Science 2009; 325:845-8. [PMID: 19679807 DOI: 10.1126/science.1177023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We report the detection of gamma-ray emissions above 200 megaelectron volts at a significance level of 17sigma from the globular cluster 47 Tucanae, using data obtained with the Large Area Telescope onboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. Globular clusters are expected to emit gamma rays because of the large populations of millisecond pulsars that they contain. The spectral shape of 47 Tucanae is consistent with gamma-ray emission from a population of millisecond pulsars. The observed gamma-ray luminosity implies an upper limit of 60 millisecond pulsars present in 47 Tucanae.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Abdo
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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Abdo A, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Atwood W, Axelsson M, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Baring M, Bastieri D, Baughman B, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Bignami G, Blandford R, Bloom E, Bonamente E, Borgland A, Bregeon J, Brez A, Brigida M, Bruel P, Burnett T, Caliandro G, Cameron R, Camilo F, Caraveo P, Carlson P, Casandjian J, Cecchi C, Çelik Ö, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Cheung C, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cognard I, Cohen-Tanugi J, Cominsky L, Conrad J, Corbet R, Cutini S, Dermer C, Desvignes G, de Angelis A, de Luca A, de Palma F, Digel S, Dormody M, do Couto e Silva E, Drell P, Dubois R, Dumora D, Edmonds Y, Farnier C, Favuzzi C, Fegan S, Focke W, Frailis M, Freire P, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giebels B, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier I, Grondin MH, Grove J, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Hanabata Y, Harding A, Hayashida M, Hays E, Hobbs G, Hughes R, Jóhannesson G, Johnson A, Johnson R, Johnson T, Johnson W, Johnston S, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kataoka J, Kawai N, Kerr M, Knödlseder J, Kocian M, Kramer M, Kuss M, Lande J, Latronico L, Lemoine-Goumard M, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette M, Lubrano P, Madejski G, Makeev A, Manchester R, Marelli M, Mazziotta M, McConville W, McEnery J, McLaughlin M, Meurer C, Michelson P, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Moiseev A, Monte C, Monzani M, Morselli A, Moskalenko I, Murgia S, Nolan P, Norris J, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes J, Paneque D, Panetta J, Parent D, Pelassa V, Pepe M, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Porter T, Rainò S, Rando R, Ransom S, Ray P, Razzano M, Rea N, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Ritz S, Rochester L, Rodriguez A, Romani R, Roth M, Ryde F, Sadrozinski HW, Sanchez D, Sander A, Saz Parkinson P, Scargle J, Schalk T, Sgrò C, Siskind E, Smith D, Smith P, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Stappers B, Starck JL, Striani E, Strickman M, Suson D, Tajima H, Takahashi H, Tanaka T, Thayer J, Thayer J, Theureau G, Thompson D, Thorsett S, Tibaldo L, Torres D, Tosti G, Tramacere A, Uchiyama Y, Usher T, Van Etten A, Vasileiou V, Venter C, Vilchez N, Vitale V, Waite A, Wallace E, Wang P, Watters K, Webb N, Weltevrede P, Winer B, Wood K, Ylinen T, Ziegler M. A Population of Gamma-Ray Millisecond Pulsars Seen with the Fermi Large Area Telescope. Science 2009; 325:848-52. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1176113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Abdo
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - M. Ackermann
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Ajello
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - W. B. Atwood
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - M. Axelsson
- Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmo Particle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L. Baldini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J. Ballet
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA/IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - G. Barbiellini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - M. G. Baring
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, USA
| | - D. Bastieri
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - B. M. Baughman
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - K. Bechtol
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - B. Berenji
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - G. F. Bignami
- Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - R. D. Blandford
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. D. Bloom
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. Bonamente
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - A. W. Borgland
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. Bregeon
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - A. Brez
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Brigida
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P. Bruel
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - T. H. Burnett
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - G. A. Caliandro
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R. A. Cameron
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - F. Camilo
- Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - P. A. Caraveo
- INAF–Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - P. Carlson
- Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmo Particle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J. M. Casandjian
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA/IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - C. Cecchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ö. Çelik
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - E. Charles
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Chekhtman
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - C. C. Cheung
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - J. Chiang
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Ciprini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - R. Claus
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - I. Cognard
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l’Environnement, UMR 6115 CNRS, F45071 Orléans Cedex 02, and Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, F18330 Nançay, France
| | - J. Cohen-Tanugi
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - L. R. Cominsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA
| | - J. Conrad
- Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmo Particle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R. Corbet
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - S. Cutini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
| | - C. D. Dermer
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - G. Desvignes
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l’Environnement, UMR 6115 CNRS, F45071 Orléans Cedex 02, and Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, F18330 Nançay, France
| | - A. de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - A. de Luca
- Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - F. de Palma
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. W. Digel
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Dormody
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - E. do Couto e Silva
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. S. Drell
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. Dubois
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D. Dumora
- CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - Y. Edmonds
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - C. Farnier
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - C. Favuzzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. J. Fegan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - W. B. Focke
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Frailis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | | | - Y. Fukazawa
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - S. Funk
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. Fusco
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F. Gargano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D. Gasparrini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy
| | - N. Gehrels
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - S. Germani
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - B. Giebels
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - N. Giglietto
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F. Giordano
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - T. Glanzman
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - G. Godfrey
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - I. A. Grenier
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA/IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M. H. Grondin
- CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - J. E. Grove
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - L. Guillemot
- CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - S. Guiriec
- University of Alabama, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - Y. Hanabata
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - A. K. Harding
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - M. Hayashida
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. Hays
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - G. Hobbs
- Australia Telescope National Facility, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Epping, NSW 1710, Australia
| | - R. E. Hughes
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - G. Jóhannesson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. S. Johnson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R. P. Johnson
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - T. J. Johnson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - W. N. Johnson
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - S. Johnston
- Australia Telescope National Facility, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Epping, NSW 1710, Australia
| | - T. Kamae
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - H. Katagiri
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - J. Kataoka
- Waseda University, 1104 Totsukamachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo 1698050, Japan
| | - N. Kawai
- Cosmic Radiation Laboratory, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Wako, Saitama 3510198, Japan
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro City, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - M. Kerr
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - J. Knödlseder
- Centre d’Étude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, BP 44346, F-30128 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - M. L. Kocian
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Kramer
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - M. Kuss
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J. Lande
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - L. Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Lemoine-Goumard
- CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - F. Longo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - F. Loparco
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - B. Lott
- CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - M. N. Lovellette
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - P. Lubrano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - G. M. Madejski
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Makeev
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - R. N. Manchester
- Australia Telescope National Facility, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Epping, NSW 1710, Australia
| | - M. Marelli
- INAF–Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - M. N. Mazziotta
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - W. McConville
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - J. E. McEnery
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - M. A. McLaughlin
- Department of Physics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - C. Meurer
- Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmo Particle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P. F. Michelson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - W. Mitthumsiri
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. Mizuno
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - A. A. Moiseev
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - C. Monte
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. E. Monzani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Morselli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - I. V. Moskalenko
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Murgia
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - P. L. Nolan
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. P. Norris
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - E. Nuss
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - T. Ohsugi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - N. Omodei
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E. Orlando
- Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J. F. Ormes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - D. Paneque
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. H. Panetta
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D. Parent
- CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - V. Pelassa
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - M. Pepe
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - M. Pesce-Rollins
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - F. Piron
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Astroparticules, Université Montpellier 2, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - T. A. Porter
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - S. Rainò
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R. Rando
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - S. M. Ransom
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - P. S. Ray
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - M. Razzano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - N. Rea
- Sterrenkundig Institut “Anton Pannekoek,” 1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai (IEECCSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A. Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - O. Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T. Reposeur
- CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - S. Ritz
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - L. S. Rochester
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Y. Rodriguez
- Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai (IEECCSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - R. W. Romani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M. Roth
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - F. Ryde
- Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmo Particle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H. F. W. Sadrozinski
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - D. Sanchez
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - A. Sander
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - P. M. Saz Parkinson
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - J. D. Scargle
- Space Sciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - T. L. Schalk
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - C. Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E. J. Siskind
- NYCB RealTime Computing Inc., Lattingtown, NY 11560, USA
| | - D. A. Smith
- CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre d’Études Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan, UMR 5797, 33175 Gradignan, France
| | - P. D. Smith
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - G. Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - P. Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - B. W. Stappers
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - J. L. Starck
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA/IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - E. Striani
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - M. S. Strickman
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - D. J. Suson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, IN 46323, USA
| | - H. Tajima
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - H. Takahashi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - T. Tanaka
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. B. Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J. G. Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - G. Theureau
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l’Environnement, UMR 6115 CNRS, F45071 Orléans Cedex 02, and Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, F18330 Nançay, France
| | - D. J. Thompson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - S. E. Thorsett
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - L. Tibaldo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - D. F. Torres
- Institut de Ciencies de l’Espai (IEECCSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G. Tosti
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - A. Tramacere
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale, I-10133 Torino, Italy
| | - Y. Uchiyama
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - T. L. Usher
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A. Van Etten
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - V. Vasileiou
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - C. Venter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Unit for Space Physics, NorthWest University, Potchefstroom Campus, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - N. Vilchez
- Centre d’Étude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, BP 44346, F-30128 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - V. Vitale
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - A. P. Waite
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E. Wallace
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - P. Wang
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - K. Watters
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics, and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - N. Webb
- Centre d’Étude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS/UPS, BP 44346, F-30128 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - P. Weltevrede
- Australia Telescope National Facility, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Epping, NSW 1710, Australia
| | - B. L. Winer
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - K. S. Wood
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - T. Ylinen
- Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmo Particle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - M. Ziegler
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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Abdo AA, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Anderson B, Atwood WB, Axelsson M, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Baring MG, Bastieri D, Baughman BM, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Bignami GF, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Bregeon J, Brez A, Brigida M, Bruel P, Burnett TH, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Casandjian JM, Cecchi C, Celik O, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Conrad J, Cutini S, Dermer CD, de Angelis A, de Luca A, de Palma F, Digel SW, Dormody M, do Couto e Silva E, Drell PS, Dubois R, Dumora D, Farnier C, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giebels B, Giglietto N, Giommi P, Giordano F, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grondin MH, Grove JE, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Gwon C, Hanabata Y, Harding AK, Hayashida M, Hays E, Hughes RE, Jóhannesson G, Johnson RP, Johnson TJ, Johnson WN, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kataoka J, Kawai N, Kerr M, Knödlseder J, Kocian ML, Kuss M, Lande J, Latronico L, Lemoine-Goumard M, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Madejski GM, Makeev A, Marelli M, Mazziotta MN, McConville W, McEnery JE, Meurer C, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nolan PL, Norris JP, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Paneque D, Parent D, Pelassa V, Pepe M, Pesce-Rollins M, Pierbattista M, Piron F, Porter TA, Primack JR, Rainò S, Rando R, Ray PS, Razzano M, Rea N, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Ritz S, Rochester LS, Rodriguez AY, Romani RW, Ryde F, Sadrozinski HFW, Sanchez D, Sander A, Saz Parkinson PM, Scargle JD, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Smith DA, Smith PD, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Starck JL, Strickman MS, Suson DJ, Tajima H, Takahashi H, Takahashi T, Tanaka T, Thayer JG, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Tibolla O, Torres DF, Tosti G, Tramacere A, Uchiyama Y, Usher TL, Van Etten A, Vasileiou V, Vilchez N, Vitale V, Waite AP, Wang P, Watters K, Winer BL, Wolff MT, Wood KS, Ylinen T, Ziegler M. Detection of 16 gamma-ray pulsars through blind frequency searches using the Fermi LAT. Science 2009; 325:840-4. [PMID: 19574346 DOI: 10.1126/science.1175558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Pulsars are rapidly rotating, highly magnetized neutron stars emitting radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum. Although there are more than 1800 known radio pulsars, until recently only seven were observed to pulse in gamma rays, and these were all discovered at other wavelengths. The Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) makes it possible to pinpoint neutron stars through their gamma-ray pulsations. We report the detection of 16 gamma-ray pulsars in blind frequency searches using the LAT. Most of these pulsars are coincident with previously unidentified gamma-ray sources, and many are associated with supernova remnants. Direct detection of gamma-ray pulsars enables studies of emission mechanisms, population statistics, and the energetics of pulsar wind nebulae and supernova remnants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Abdo
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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Abdo AA, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Atwood WB, Axelsson M, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Battelino M, Baughman BM, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bogaert G, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Bregeon J, Brez A, Brigida M, Bruel P, Burnett TH, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Carlson P, Casandjian JM, Cecchi C, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Cominsky LR, Conrad J, Cutini S, Dermer CD, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Digel SW, Di Bernardo G, do Couto E Silva E, Drell PS, Dubois R, Dumora D, Edmonds Y, Farnier C, Favuzzi C, Focke WB, Frailis M, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gaggero D, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giebels B, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grasso D, Grenier IA, Grondin MH, Grove JE, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Hanabata Y, Harding AK, Hartman RC, Hayashida M, Hays E, Hughes RE, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Johnson RP, Johnson WN, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kataoka J, Kawai N, Kerr M, Knödlseder J, Kocevski D, Kuehn F, Kuss M, Lande J, Latronico L, Lemoine-Goumard M, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Madejski GM, Makeev A, Massai MM, Mazziotta MN, McConville W, McEnery JE, Meurer C, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monte C, Monzani ME, Moretti E, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nolan PL, Norris JP, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Ozaki M, Paneque D, Panetta JH, Parent D, Pelassa V, Pepe M, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Pohl M, Porter TA, Profumo S, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Ritz S, Rochester LS, Rodriguez AY, Romani RW, Roth M, Ryde F, Sadrozinski HFW, Sanchez D, Sander A, Saz Parkinson PM, Scargle JD, Schalk TL, Sellerholm A, Sgrò C, Smith DA, Smith PD, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Starck JL, Stephens TE, Strickman MS, Strong AW, Suson DJ, Tajima H, Takahashi H, Takahashi T, Tanaka T, Thayer JB, Thayer JG, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Tibolla O, Torres DF, Tosti G, Tramacere A, Uchiyama Y, Usher TL, Van Etten A, Vasileiou V, Vilchez N, Vitale V, Waite AP, Wallace E, Wang P, Winer BL, Wood KS, Ylinen T, Ziegler M. Measurement of the cosmic ray e+ +e- spectrum from 20 GeV to 1 TeV with the Fermi Large Area Telescope. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 102:181101. [PMID: 19518855 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.181101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Designed as a high-sensitivity gamma-ray observatory, the Fermi Large Area Telescope is also an electron detector with a large acceptance exceeding 2 m;{2} sr at 300 GeV. Building on the gamma-ray analysis, we have developed an efficient electron detection strategy which provides sufficient background rejection for measurement of the steeply falling electron spectrum up to 1 TeV. Our high precision data show that the electron spectrum falls with energy as E-3.0 and does not exhibit prominent spectral features. Interpretations in terms of a conventional diffusive model as well as a potential local extra component are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Abdo
- National Research Council Research Associate and Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA
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Abdo AA, Ackermann M, Arimoto M, Asano K, Atwood WB, Axelsson M, Baldini L, Ballet J, Band DL, Barbiellini G, Baring MG, Bastieri D, Battelino M, Baughman BM, Bechtol K, Bellardi F, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Bhat PN, Bissaldi E, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bogaert G, Bogart JR, Bonamente E, Bonnell J, Borgland AW, Bouvier A, Bregeon J, Brez A, Briggs MS, Brigida M, Bruel P, Burnett TH, Burrows D, Busetto G, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Casandjian JM, Ceccanti M, Cecchi C, Celotti A, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Cominsky LR, Connaughton V, Conrad J, Costamante L, Cutini S, DeKlotz M, Dermer CD, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Digel SW, Dingus BL, do Couto e Silva E, Drell PS, Dubois R, Dumora D, Edmonds Y, Evans PA, Fabiani D, Farnier C, Favuzzi C, Finke J, Fishman G, Focke WB, Frailis M, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giebels B, Giglietto N, Giommi P, Giordano F, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Goldstein A, Granot J, Greiner J, Grenier IA, Grondin MH, Grove JE, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Haller G, Hanabata Y, Harding AK, Hayashida M, Hays E, Hernando Morat JA, Hoover A, Hughes RE, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Johnson RP, Johnson TJ, Johnson WN, Kamae T, Katagiri H, Kataoka J, Kavelaars A, Kawai N, Kelly H, Kennea J, Kerr M, Kippen RM, Knödlseder J, Kocevski D, Kocian ML, Komin N, Kouveliotou C, Kuehn F, Kuss M, Lande J, Landriu D, Larsson S, Latronico L, Lavalley C, Lee B, Lee SH, Lemoine-Goumard M, Lichti GG, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Madejski GM, Makeev A, Marangelli B, Mazziotta MN, McBreen S, McEnery JE, McGlynn S, Meegan C, Mészáros P, Meurer C, Michelson PF, Minuti M, Mirizzi N, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monte C, Monzani ME, Moretti E, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nakamori T, Nelson D, Nolan PL, Norris JP, Nuss E, Ohno M, Ohsugi T, Okumura A, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Ozaki M, Paciesas WS, Paneque D, Panetta JH, Parent D, Pelassa V, Pepe M, Perri M, Pesce-Rollins M, Petrosian V, Pinchera M, Piron F, Porter TA, Preece R, Rainò S, Ramirez-Ruiz E, Rando R, Rapposelli E, Razzano M, Razzaque S, Rea N, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Reyes LC, Ritz S, Rochester LS, Rodriguez AY, Roth M, Ryde F, Sadrozinski HFW, Sanchez D, Sander A, Saz Parkinson PM, Scargle JD, Schalk TL, Segal KN, Sgrò C, Shimokawabe T, Siskind EJ, Smith DA, Smith PD, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Stamatikos M, Starck JL, Stecker FW, Steinle H, Stephens TE, Strickman MS, Suson DJ, Tagliaferri G, Tajima H, Takahashi H, Takahashi T, Tanaka T, Tenze A, Thayer JB, Thayer JG, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Tosti G, Tramacere A, Turri M, Tuvi S, Usher TL, van der Horst AJ, Vigiani L, Vilchez N, Vitale V, von Kienlin A, Waite AP, Williams DA, Wilson-Hodge C, Winer BL, Wood KS, Wu XF, Yamazaki R, Ylinen T, Ziegler M. Fermi Observations of High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from GRB 080916C. Science 2009; 323:1688-93. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1169101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Abdo AA, Ackermann M, Atwood WB, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Baring MG, Bastieri D, Baughman BM, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Berenji B, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bogaert G, Bonamente E, Borgland AW, Bregeon J, Brez A, Brigida M, Bruel P, Burnett TH, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Carlson P, Casandjian JM, Cecchi C, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Cominsky LR, Conrad J, Cutini S, Davis DS, Dermer CD, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Digel SW, Dormody M, do Couto E Silva E, Drell PS, Dubois R, Dumora D, Edmonds Y, Farnier C, Focke WB, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Gehrels N, Germani S, Giebels B, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grondin MH, Grove JE, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Harding AK, Hartman RC, Hays E, Hughes RE, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Johnson RP, Johnson TJ, Johnson WN, Kamae T, Kanai Y, Kanbach G, Katagiri H, Kawai N, Kerr M, Kishishita T, Kiziltan B, Knödlseder J, Kocian ML, Komin N, Kuehn F, Kuss M, Latronico L, Lemoine-Goumard M, Longo F, Lonjou V, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Makeev A, Marelli M, Mazziotta MN, McEnery JE, McGlynn S, Meurer C, Michelson PF, Mineo T, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monte C, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nakamori T, Nolan PL, Nuss E, Ohno M, Ohsugi T, Okumura A, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Ozaki M, Paneque D, Panetta JH, Parent D, Pelassa V, Pepe M, Pesce-Rollins M, Piano G, Pieri L, Piron F, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Ray PS, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Ritz S, Rochester LS, Rodriguez AY, Romani RW, Roth M, Ryde F, Sadrozinski HFW, Sanchez D, Sander A, Parkinson PMS, Schalk TL, Sellerholm A, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Smith DA, Smith PD, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Starck JL, Strickman MS, Suson DJ, Tajima H, Takahashi H, Takahashi T, Tanaka T, Thayer JB, Thayer JG, Thompson DJ, Thorsett SE, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Tosti G, Tramacere A, Usher TL, Van Etten A, Vilchez N, Vitale V, Wang P, Watters K, Winer BL, Wood KS, Yasuda H, Ylinen T, Ziegler M. The Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope discovers the pulsar in the young galactic supernova remnant CTA 1. Science 2008; 322:1218-21. [PMID: 18927355 DOI: 10.1126/science.1165572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Energetic young pulsars and expanding blast waves [supernova remnants (SNRs)] are the most visible remains after massive stars, ending their lives, explode in core-collapse supernovae. The Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope has unveiled a radio quiet pulsar located near the center of the compact synchrotron nebula inside the supernova remnant CTA 1. The pulsar, discovered through its gamma-ray pulsations, has a period of 316.86 milliseconds and a period derivative of 3.614 x 10(-13) seconds per second. Its characteristic age of 10(4) years is comparable to that estimated for the SNR. We speculate that most unidentified Galactic gamma-ray sources associated with star-forming regions and SNRs are such young pulsars.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Abdo
- National Research Council Research Associate, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC 20001, USA
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44
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Albert J, Aliu E, Anderhub H, Antoranz P, Armada A, Asensio M, Baixeras C, Barrio JA, Bartelt M, Bartko H, Bastieri D, Bavikadi SR, Bednarek W, Berger K, Bigongiari C, Biland A, Bisesi E, Bock RK, Bordas P, Bosch-Ramon V, Bretz T, Britvitch I, Camara M, Carmona E, Chilingarian A, Ciprini S, Coarasa JA, Commichau S, Contreras JL, Cortina J, Curtef V, Danielyan V, Dazzi F, De Angelis A, de los Reyes R, De Lotto B, Domingo-SantamariÌa E, Dorner D, Doro M, Errando M, Fagiolini M, Ferenc D, FernaÌndez E, Firpo R, Flix J, Fonseca MV, Font L, Fuchs M, Galante N, Garczarczyk M, Gaug M, Giller M, Goebel F, Hakobyan D, Hayashida M, Hengstebeck T, HoÌhne D, Hose J, Hsu CC, Isar PG, Jacon P, Kalekin O, Kosyra R, Kranich D, Laatiaoui M, Laille A, Lenisa T, Liebing P, Lindfors E, Lombardi S, Longo F, LoÌpez J, LoÌpez M, Lorenz E, Lucarelli F, Majumdar P, Maneva G, Mannheim K, Mansutti O, Mariotti M, MartiÌnez M, Mase K, Mazin D, Merck C, Meucci M, Meyer M, Miranda JM, Mirzoyan R, Mizobuchi S, Moralejo A, Nilsson K, OnÌa-Wilhelmi E, OrdunÌa R, Otte N, Oya I, Paneque D, Paoletti R, Paredes JM, Pasanen M, Pascoli D, Pauss F, Pavel N, Pegna R, Persic M, Peruzzo L, Piccioli A, Poller M, Pooley G, Prandini E, Raymers A, Rhode W, RiboÌ M, Rico J, Riegel B, Rissi M, Robert A, Romero GE, RuÌgamer S, Saggion A, SaÌnchez A, Sartori P, Scalzotto V, Scapin V, Schmitt R, Schweizer T, Shayduk M, Shinozaki K, Shore SN, Sidro N, SillanpaÌaÌ A, Sobczynska D, Stamerra A, Stark LS, Takalo L, Temnikov P, Tescaro D, Teshima M, Tonello N, Torres A, Torres DF, Turini N, Vankov H, Vitale V, Wagner RM, Wibig T, Wittek W, Zanin R, Zapatero J. Variable Very-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from the Microquasar LS I +61 303. Science 2006; 312:1771-3. [PMID: 16709745 DOI: 10.1126/science.1128177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microquasars are binary star systems with relativistic radio-emitting jets. They are potential sources of cosmic rays and can be used to elucidate the physics of relativistic jets. We report the detection of variable gamma-ray emission above 100 gigaelectron volts from the microquasar LS I 61 + 303. Six orbital cycles were recorded. Several detections occur at a similar orbital phase, which suggests that the emission is periodic. The strongest gamma-ray emission is not observed when the two stars are closest to one another, implying a strong orbital modulation of the emission or absorption processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Albert
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E. Aliu
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - H. Anderhub
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - P. Antoranz
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Armada
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Asensio
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - C. Baixeras
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. A. Barrio
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Bartelt
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - H. Bartko
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Bastieri
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S. R. Bavikadi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - W. Bednarek
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - K. Berger
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - C. Bigongiari
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Biland
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E. Bisesi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. K. Bock
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - P. Bordas
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - V. Bosch-Ramon
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - T. Bretz
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - I. Britvitch
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Camara
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E. Carmona
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Chilingarian
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S. Ciprini
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. A. Coarasa
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S. Commichau
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. L. Contreras
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. Cortina
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - V. Curtef
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - V. Danielyan
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - F. Dazzi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. De Angelis
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. de los Reyes
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - B. De Lotto
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E. Domingo-SantamariÌa
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Dorner
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Doro
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Errando
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Fagiolini
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Ferenc
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E. FernaÌndez
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. Firpo
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. Flix
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. V. Fonseca
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - L. Font
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Fuchs
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N. Galante
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Garczarczyk
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Gaug
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Giller
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - F. Goebel
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Hakobyan
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Hayashida
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - T. Hengstebeck
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. HoÌhne
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. Hose
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - C. C. Hsu
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - P. G. Isar
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - P. Jacon
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - O. Kalekin
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. Kosyra
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Kranich
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Laatiaoui
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Laille
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - T. Lenisa
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - P. Liebing
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E. Lindfors
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S. Lombardi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - F. Longo
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. LoÌpez
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. LoÌpez
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E. Lorenz
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - F. Lucarelli
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - P. Majumdar
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - G. Maneva
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - K. Mannheim
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - O. Mansutti
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Mariotti
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. MartiÌnez
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - K. Mase
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Mazin
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - C. Merck
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Meucci
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Meyer
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. M. Miranda
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. Mirzoyan
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S. Mizobuchi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Moralejo
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - K. Nilsson
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E. OnÌa-Wilhelmi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. OrdunÌa
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N. Otte
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - I. Oya
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Paneque
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. Paoletti
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. M. Paredes
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Pasanen
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Pascoli
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - F. Pauss
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N. Pavel
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. Pegna
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Persic
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - L. Peruzzo
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Piccioli
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Poller
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - G. Pooley
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - E. Prandini
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Raymers
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - W. Rhode
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. RiboÌ
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. Rico
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - B. Riegel
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Rissi
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Robert
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - G. E. Romero
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S. RuÌgamer
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Saggion
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. SaÌnchez
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - P. Sartori
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - V. Scalzotto
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - V. Scapin
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. Schmitt
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - T. Schweizer
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Shayduk
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - K. Shinozaki
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - S. N. Shore
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N. Sidro
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. SillanpaÌaÌ
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Sobczynska
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Stamerra
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - L. S. Stark
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - L. Takalo
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - P. Temnikov
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. Tescaro
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M. Teshima
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N. Tonello
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A. Torres
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D. F. Torres
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N. Turini
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - H. Vankov
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - V. Vitale
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. M. Wagner
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - T. Wibig
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - W. Wittek
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R. Zanin
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J. Zapatero
- UniversitaÌt WuÌrzburg, D-97074 WuÌrzburg, Germany
- Institut de FiÌsica d'Altes Energies, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- EidgenoÌssische Technische Hochschule ZuÌrich, CH-8093 ZuÌrich, Switzerland
- Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- Universitat AutoÌnoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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